mirror of
https://github.com/jasons-gh/the-chomsky-index.git
synced 2026-03-11 08:54:36 +00:00
Add CNT files
This commit is contained in:
Jason Lobo
parent
bced310608
commit
66a5ee5585
154 changed files with 93590 additions and 0 deletions
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,960 @@
|
|||
good people good night everyone and everyone sorry for the delay
|
||||
I would like to thank the presence of each one in each one at the baron and say that the
|
||||
professor tones who had a setback why we ended up being late
|
||||
a little is and our idea is to follow the following dynamic is we give about 30
|
||||
minutes for him to give a presentation of the political picture of how
|
||||
he is seeing the situation is there will be a subsequent translation that the juliana
|
||||
who is here wanted to thank and help us with
|
||||
translation is we are broadcasting live who can share the networks
|
||||
of the baron also the transmission and the idea is that he would do the 30 minutes and
|
||||
then we open for a round of questions and that's when we have to
|
||||
finish here until about 19 15 at the most because it is not to be so late then
|
||||
wanted to thank and disabled to head rio the teacher shows that and have to
|
||||
study female I touch fans of heavy journalist blogger
|
||||
was
|
||||
today i wanted to say a few words about two extremes is still given with the
|
||||
press first about said press do
|
||||
free world right the vanguard of the free world that would be the press in england
|
||||
and the united states and then on the latin american press which is
|
||||
known for having a very rightist orientation and with little space
|
||||
for any divergent opinion it was pro tork jorge or the golden one in the form of mouth
|
||||
as the sun and rain is to begin I wanted to talk about the press
|
||||
English and wanted to quote a passage from a book that we all read that is is the
|
||||
of george orwell of animals the sale of animals is what he talks about
|
||||
that he's doing a satire is from the totalitarian world but that england
|
||||
shouldn't be too full of self considering that in england it is
|
||||
divergent opinions are usually suppressed without the use of violence
|
||||
two years ago a year the hotel doesn't talk much about how these ideas are
|
||||
divergent are suppressed but he speaks at least two ways as
|
||||
that happen one is that the press is is the means of de
|
||||
communication are held by wealthy men and the second is that people who have had
|
||||
access to a privileged education that went to oxy went to cambridge
|
||||
they simply know that there are certain things that are better left unsaid is this
|
||||
introduction in which the world of these things was suppressed and only appeared in
|
||||
in his papers and after 30 years that had already been published
|
||||
we get to the media from Western countries, we will realize that it is
|
||||
these two points that the geologist raised has a lot of subsidy in this one
|
||||
press
|
||||
regional joao da madeira we got works from a shopping media
|
||||
corporation
|
||||
we observe the structure of how the press works in these countries
|
||||
Westerners we will see that they are large corporations that belong to
|
||||
even bigger corporations that sell their product
|
||||
advertisers who are actually the real customers of these corporations
|
||||
so we have a business where the producers of their clients' news
|
||||
who are advertisers and advertising companies have the same interests
|
||||
and it is these interests that guide how this news is going to be modeled and how
|
||||
what will be interesting to be printed
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
the voice of an angel in having no smell of beautiful incense from oau portugal will be
|
||||
the second question that he believes that what the abel said that the question that the
|
||||
good education makes you know is what should be or shouldn't be said are you realize
|
||||
that this is also working a lot because people who have
|
||||
access to an elite education have been indoctrinated and trained to do so
|
||||
very well to discern what should not be said and not say it
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
we can go a step further than what was said and realize that this is already
|
||||
has been internalized so there are certain things that you just didn't say
|
||||
as you already know you shouldn't even let it go through your head
|
||||
and it is something that what is called common sense as hegemonic
|
||||
internalized
|
||||
the singers james cameron joined the list of those who think go calm back the worst
|
||||
pilot's first touch is the first step so understanding how the media
|
||||
works like the media is put these instruments into operation and at that point
|
||||
we already have thousands of pages literally written about how to
|
||||
these structures work in practice and the result is exactly what we
|
||||
can simply wait with one is what we can assume by already making her charge
|
||||
actions is without study is not but the studies that prove these things although he already
|
||||
has been is more than effects are they obviously have no interest
|
||||
to publicize them and that's what you're going to talk about now
|
||||
pocket is two examples of this are the farms the great great conflicts of
|
||||
invasion in which the united states has been involved since the second world war
|
||||
one of them was the invasion of indochina, right from the Vietnam war and another was the
|
||||
invasion of iraq both with abominable consequences
|
||||
the first 10 rock the hawks on the spectrum bank is war
|
||||
Vietnam ended in 1975 and since then you have many opinions about it
|
||||
but basically divide between two fields one of the fields thinks that the states
|
||||
united could have won the war had they had a strategy is better and and
|
||||
that this would have served a noble cause
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
is the most interesting because although it is a little more it is beyond the left but not
|
||||
not an inch more than what is established and one of the
|
||||
most commented most interesting opinions was that of anthony do new
|
||||
york times
|
||||
tomorrow today is that journalist's opinion is basically that the war started as
|
||||
an incredible but noko effort to do what was right and we know it was
|
||||
do what was right simply because the united states that was
|
||||
doing so by definition it would be doing what is right is harmless
|
||||
simply because they lost the war and from the 70s when
|
||||
it was very clear that that war was invincible which was actually clear
|
||||
is that the united states was not going to succeed in not achieving democracy and the
|
||||
freedom in that country at a cost that would be acceptable to the united states
|
||||
the same bus right mall
|
||||
is is most of the american press is about 70% of the press
|
||||
American is and does not consider that the war is simply a mistake but is
|
||||
something morally reprehensible
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
the long ones is every time they did opinion polls the answer from
|
||||
population was that war was not a mistake it was one thing is morally
|
||||
reprehensible and each of these people who came to that conclusion that the war
|
||||
was morally reprehensible had to come to that conclusion alone because
|
||||
the opinions that were disseminated were those that the war was an effort is
|
||||
wonderful but something is never these opinions that it could be something
|
||||
morally reprehensible were shown last night the egg shows today
|
||||
but when it comes to kicking because
|
||||
erroneous mall new years mixtape in kabul
|
||||
is how political scientists finally started to ask themselves why
|
||||
people were answering that is that the war was was morally wrong is
|
||||
they came up with the explanation that they are responding here because
|
||||
the united states shouldn't and shouldn't have liked so much money and so many
|
||||
American lives any conflict the other the other nerdy option because it would
|
||||
morally wrong is unthinkable it is better not to mention it visit is another and
|
||||
uol death was then that it would be easy to get a response from the people themselves if
|
||||
you do an open poll asking for a qualitative poll
|
||||
asking why they thought war was morally unacceptable but
|
||||
this was not considered viable chopstick nobody really wanted there was this
|
||||
that response and the other response option your cared for people who were very
|
||||
outside the margin of mainstream media like professor johns himself who
|
||||
treated the Serbian
|
||||
to record students for a rigorous London blue hill
|
||||
obama stayed in london at the beginning was completely supported by the elite and
|
||||
when things started to go wrong this support started to cool down
|
||||
but the heaviest criticism that this war heard yet was that of
|
||||
president obama who considered the war
|
||||
it just turned out to be a strategy that opinion about strategic error is not
|
||||
it is an original opinion of obama, it was an opinion that some people
|
||||
had some German generals had in
|
||||
regarding the Nazi defeat for russia for example is and we condemn these
|
||||
generals but the agent at the same time allows liberals to have that opinion
|
||||
on strategic error iraq without major consequences
|
||||
the water comes from araguaia in the 80s is a matter of a lack of
|
||||
freedom of expression is not with several vehicles being closed the draft and the
|
||||
professor jonas who was invited by a friend to give a lecture there
|
||||
is is by a friend of his who was actually original from guatemala and not from
|
||||
nicaragua and wii is not in 1989 he spent a week in nicaragua invitation is this
|
||||
friend to study a specific newspaper called la prensa
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
but the other object
|
||||
in the urine and the clerk five laps
|
||||
is this newspaper la prensa he was supporting is the war while the war
|
||||
something was happening that would not happen in most countries
|
||||
western countries and and yet the united states not only
|
||||
attentive to it as they would never discuss it was not within the field of
|
||||
things we could say about it
|
||||
today had a workshop is again in relation to venezuela is under on the chavez
|
||||
venezuela was harshly condemned by england the united states and by
|
||||
other Western countries simply because a channel of
|
||||
rtl tv was switched to a smaller channel at school
|
||||
it rains he likes and hi i'm cruel
|
||||
today, however, the pilot was far away [Music]
|
||||
still without god is he with him agrees with a conjunction of that of england and
|
||||
united states that it was a mistake by the Chavez government
|
||||
he condemns this action in relation to the tv channel hebe disagree with the
|
||||
second part that it would never happen in the united states in
|
||||
england this would not happen in the united states in england because this
|
||||
television channel would simply no longer exist and publishers would be
|
||||
shot in public square is imagined you have a coup d'etat and us
|
||||
united states for example where the team is publicly supporting this coup and
|
||||
always ask continued is circulating in the country while supporting the coup that
|
||||
what the country is experiencing year there was
|
||||
the funk funk brand
|
||||
however paulo costa the problem today i liked the
|
||||
pleads for the attack because he can film the show and pulls up first director is the
|
||||
left and center left governments that have passed to america
|
||||
Latin America in recent decades has generally had an open posture in
|
||||
relation to the press so the press continues to operate freely still
|
||||
that the press was is practically universally against these governments and
|
||||
make very harsh criticisms of governments and countries in those countries
|
||||
free in central countries england united states etc
|
||||
it would never happen if I would never have a press that would be
|
||||
universally uniformly beating governments like Latin companies
|
||||
American authorities were and were authorized by leftist governments
|
||||
the store is in the middle of the Chavez government for two years that was already in power is he
|
||||
i was naked in chile and was quite shocked to know what use
|
||||
the liberals the people from chile with whom he talked with that he had access to
|
||||
were very critical of venezuela and thought that xavi was implementing
|
||||
an autocracy a dictatorship called him a murderer and he was surprised even
|
||||
start reading the Chilean newspapers and they were all completely against Venezuela and
|
||||
they only criticized and only showed things with what Venezuela was doing
|
||||
doing
|
||||
we stayed all day even during the years of the Chavez government is not a one
|
||||
great Chilean opinion polling agency has done several polls is is in the
|
||||
Venezuela and confidence and is of the Venezuelans in democracy and in
|
||||
legitimacy of that of his government were among the largest on the Latin continent
|
||||
American along with Uruguay and this discrepancy at the time of possession of these
|
||||
research with the opinions they had was something that was never quite the
|
||||
inter na lisa never much discussed by those same intellectuals who had
|
||||
opinions is negative regarding Venezuela in
|
||||
field think the Argentine newspaper what is the
|
||||
landing is to run another example and ask you a question that I don't know
|
||||
answer is is the largest polling agency in the world getting states
|
||||
united is at a gallop and in 2013 she did a survey asking which country is
|
||||
who wants to make more threats to the world more threatening to the rest of the world were not going
|
||||
arise is still yielding a love that
|
||||
felt the use today remember by jo
|
||||
is this year is that the guys who asked this question the answer in the states
|
||||
united was always iran russia north korea and the rest of the world the answer was
|
||||
basically united states and this research was never published in the states
|
||||
united and after that the agency decided to stop asking this question obama and it's
|
||||
it all happened for years the crash theoretically was the government
|
||||
progressive so you can imagine the result of this research today is but then the
|
||||
people learned that certain things are not asked are not said is this
|
||||
presentation was brief but I think you can cover a little of what
|
||||
situation of the current panorama of the press in the said free countries and in america
|
||||
which is known for being a right-wing media monopoly
|
||||
it is tempting to continue because the examples abound
|
||||
but we will stop here and open the questions
|
||||
thank you teacher you have the chance teacher that is juliana i give you to you
|
||||
guys let's do this is a process and the dragon quest means to i ii and win
|
||||
it is paulo henrique pedro to see here in front of paulo favor we are sorry
|
||||
you can't see rita so 3 then you write it down and there for him
|
||||
paulo henrique pedro then you there we go to him to answer to open
|
||||
three more teachers we are who i have been a journalist for a long time and today i
|
||||
I dedicate especially to the job of doing political coverage on the internet
|
||||
my question is how do you explain that president squid has not
|
||||
faced the globe television network
|
||||
(Laughter)
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
the attack soon I don't understand them too but it took the band rock for years
|
||||
she is loki this is what happened in brazil it was no exception was the
|
||||
rule is the left that was in power in latin america was incredibly
|
||||
openly surpasses surprisingly even open to let the press run from the
|
||||
the way she wanted it is the same thing happened in nicaragua and
|
||||
in venezuela is a diogo government was also hard
|
||||
attacked by the press and left it with result to fight directly and without
|
||||
to directly retaliate against this press is that it criticized him something that would never happen
|
||||
in the central countries where if something like that is reproduced it is sc and it is
|
||||
immediately stopped and the newspaper editors and one has one if they were just
|
||||
arrested on an internship is he said these issues cannot be discussed
|
||||
in the united states i mean can he can speak these things for a group
|
||||
as well as ours but cannot be discussed in the press and even in
|
||||
universities and in spaces where this should have discussed the chance professor
|
||||
good night is the question i have here is to protect the center of the world are you sir
|
||||
says in several articles and in different texts and not only you but many
|
||||
people from the media including the global one that Brazil might become a
|
||||
colossus we didn't reach the operations account
|
||||
against corruption such as car wash is operations of corruptions that are
|
||||
aligned to the united states this is what i wanted to know
|
||||
that was a witty saleh ftmib site center world question quest in
|
||||
a fiat idea brasil the club going up
|
||||
uai two spouts the house itf is and famous couple
|
||||
and got chan in a jeu de o car wash
|
||||
kiss the globe the globe g1
|
||||
he and I said that this actually became a reality that over the years
|
||||
squid and dilma brazil has become has become a country
|
||||
the most respected country in the world during those years and achieving the
|
||||
organize the South American bloc in a way that has never been seen before and that
|
||||
it can happen again
|
||||
rita
|
||||
I was not even for I come from a board of a communication project
|
||||
was dismantled here in Brazil and also as people here sodom of
|
||||
movement is probably the most democratic freestyle in Brazil but my
|
||||
question is a disrespect to international society that could channel as
|
||||
the bag of potatoes signed with society and from brazil show
|
||||
Brazilian solidarity in an effective way and particularly when dealing with the
|
||||
January state I will ask my question but do you want
|
||||
translate before the practitioner must continue it is not like and it is projects
|
||||
witnessing this is only the denial of the reality of the one where the
|
||||
people followed those grenades a large exposure in full not
|
||||
everyone thought here and ask me nothing critical of the state
|
||||
is that I am finally doing what drugs especially the sample that the
|
||||
curator of the exhibition said she wanted rap rap sabratha in the unit
|
||||
could he understand well is it true money in fact the parking lots and
|
||||
that's it for me you can think the connection of the information discourse that it rains has to
|
||||
always have at each international scene of the girlfriend the head of the people from whom
|
||||
is understanding on the page in this expectation to see from a distance I'm sorry
|
||||
the question was very long and fields went public to communicate blackmail and
|
||||
you passed out two chinas well in 2011 doing action xb in ius do lem
|
||||
obama she rained on she wants you next edition hence I gave and wife and ed
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
the girl who dances streets I think Celso is a debauchery at 10 and
|
||||
[Music] Bahia that land said that this is the
|
||||
great idea at last in order to prevent dengue in
|
||||
about to the wind ao andante s the english and country and night and the end
|
||||
of the month falling similar to the final but the question is mine
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music] this highlight of tchipipa uendel sa
|
||||
laser kick the end of the slide there are generation kick the end of the straight nor rural
|
||||
dislike word line in ryan bingham think that s so is right stop little new
|
||||
generation x your ex time life aft to send brazil has a distant dream of
|
||||
all dark
|
||||
it is interesting to talk about the issue of torture in iraq because so far the
|
||||
people don't even know a crime why is the united states never signed
|
||||
the convention against torture and even when the united states is like that no
|
||||
these international conventions they usually put what he called
|
||||
reserves and and those reserves generally say that that does not apply to
|
||||
united states so is he
|
||||
they signed on to the issue of torture but excluding all practices that the
|
||||
cies the torture practices that pt
|
||||
hangs in iraq be today called the problem
|
||||
is has a specificity on the issue of torture in iraq because unlike the
|
||||
that happens in most other cases in guantanamo in the Latin dictatorships
|
||||
of what happened in Brazil where the United States generally
|
||||
supervise and train torturers but do not torture themselves is in the
|
||||
iraq it was the american soldiers themselves who did the torture this
|
||||
was considered somewhat problematic when they invaded the
|
||||
iraq they needed some justification
|
||||
one justification was that iraq would have weapons of mass destruction and the
|
||||
another justification was that saddam hussein was bothered by al qaeda
|
||||
although the two justifications were completely false they needed
|
||||
collecting data and testimonials support these statements and for that they
|
||||
did they needed for these tortures is waves to get
|
||||
the information that finally the urgent as a cent
|
||||
says the untrue information spoke puts the squid field tastes and
|
||||
field the final issue of this is always impunity is not because nobody anybody
|
||||
was was tried no one was punished by that time maybe people some
|
||||
rounds of stature debates but no one is from the army elite
|
||||
an example of this is the r15 jose is that in 1981 in cambodia is to release an order to
|
||||
what if you basically shot it is with
|
||||
with an air raid on anything anyone who had
|
||||
movement
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
this phrase is actually even published in the new york times
|
||||
in the context where nixon's tapes were leaked and published by the newspaper
|
||||
but he didn't focus much on his knife anymore and no one spoke ill of anyone who
|
||||
that in this sentence that called the project on the site is not good just for us if
|
||||
organizing here has many questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 people
|
||||
I think it will not be possible to talk to everyone, so I will try to be very
|
||||
fast and powerful to read the names of people who signed up for vcp
|
||||
that everyone is fine I had written in a certain excuse
|
||||
the group vinicius vinicius vanessa mariana
|
||||
with your name so mariana so ready adriano you here your name
|
||||
Julia and baby we are asked that I will not have it so let's try it
|
||||
not see if it will be possible to talk everyone is my question is the teacher said
|
||||
that the themes of communication the problems of communication are not discussed by
|
||||
big media I wanted him to comment a little on what in the
|
||||
his opinion changed with the emergence of the internet and the great
|
||||
social media platforms are thought to have made a contribution and face
|
||||
a little bit of common sense or if this is producing common sense ship and a new
|
||||
monopoly space is communication
|
||||
fine
|
||||
in this sense it is this framework is conceptual that framework of operation of the area of
|
||||
large media the traditional media can be changed modified is potentially
|
||||
these new technologies can be changed the taste of new technologies this new
|
||||
way to be the first found this great structure of functioning of the
|
||||
mind with it will or will not the idea and today - in the scandal
|
||||
sandro silva that the issue is much more for people like you than for
|
||||
it is and that is something that has been discussed for quite a while currently the
|
||||
question of net neutrality and how it works is that question that the
|
||||
internet as well as various technologies was developed by people and and
|
||||
so the incorporation program is basically being taken and that companies
|
||||
like google for example tend to privilege the interests of others
|
||||
big corporations and leaving ordinary people other people behind and
|
||||
who and ethics in this regard has now been implemented the government has taken and what
|
||||
this will probably continue in that direction if people don't
|
||||
able to organize themselves to change something in that sense we had the
|
||||
telesur would do 30 asked where he was right
|
||||
captain in we have data on the lawyers who studied in the states
|
||||
United are now working in the legal wars in Brazil children if they have
|
||||
also given is the narrative of the construction of corruption as a regional narrative
|
||||
also in the united states and also some movement in the united states to try and
|
||||
implement this feature at national level 1 and 2 quickly is what is the
|
||||
evaluation of the role of oea a in military interventions our militarism
|
||||
in the region
|
||||
the first thing that the repercussions in the united states of the narratives of
|
||||
Brazilian jurists who studied in the Brazilians who are now working in the
|
||||
legal wars and we also find here in Brazil a union between
|
||||
this between the media and the one that exists today we have a judicial system
|
||||
wanted to know if you are the tunnel also interest alliance of the mind of your
|
||||
readers and if that simply acquisition from the quick start
|
||||
professor james who hinted that ordering is dark and letter a un chan
|
||||
and if the impact of the world is complemented the question is whether in the near future maybe
|
||||
could elect a socialist government if it is politically seeking that it
|
||||
would allow and what impact this could have
|
||||
the night was still rainy
|
||||
dell technology covered wilson jose ramos horta e costa
|
||||
then they say 2 to 2
|
||||
this to think about it you have to think first what does a
|
||||
socialist government is in the united states today what has been what has been
|
||||
called socialism for example the bather in god who who claims to
|
||||
socialist is actually a social democracy
|
||||
very mild and and if this space starts he can see the chance of a
|
||||
of the government on these issues being elected is but this would be no less
|
||||
surprising so there are ideas are also new
|
||||
the government is already a socialist, it is much more difficult in the option that is
|
||||
on the table now although he also doesn't think it's an impossible thing to
|
||||
happen one day in the united states is for him what
|
||||
what we need to do at this point is to build these perspectives for the future
|
||||
in the present and finally planting seeds in the reality that we already have
|
||||
am the same human person marks account of us distant from the historic flight and touched
|
||||
for the goal and it was a request of what exactly people are studying the
|
||||
united states is a known case is that of the latin
|
||||
Americans who went to study economics in the united states and chicago
|
||||
mainly and became known as the chicago boys and will return
|
||||
for their countries and remembered for example those who voted for Chile
|
||||
did and during the pinochet government and succeeded in a few years with a
|
||||
chicago economists' advice is to destroy the economy of that
|
||||
country and this is a relevant thing to think about now if we stop to think
|
||||
the economist behind the employee is one of those kids from chicago too
|
||||
so looking at this history you can imagine what it is
|
||||
intending to do here in valenca and van
|
||||
already sold made us try to close in time
|
||||
good night teacher i am vanessa martina silva magazine editor
|
||||
southern dialogues I would like to know from you is if the
|
||||
Brazil based on this non-compliance with the UN decision regarding
|
||||
of the candidacy of the president president lula brazil then becomes a state
|
||||
scoundrel and in face of this situation is this positioning of Brazil currently
|
||||
we must fear for real intervention by the united states in
|
||||
venezuela since the protagonism that the country
|
||||
Brazil exercised that in the region there was a void no longer has this leadership
|
||||
good night teacher my name is ivan is a journalist from the forum magazine is mine
|
||||
question is whether you think the era of reconciling democracy and
|
||||
neoliberalism if it is being carried out there if there is no more possibility
|
||||
neoliberal governments to be democratic since in Brazil for
|
||||
example the neoliberal agenda is being imposed through a coup and
|
||||
that this has also been observed in other countries in latin america
|
||||
thank you west to blow out of hell s came in came and venezuela will give
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
in the 90s the paul factor and the uol
|
||||
did not understand the question is not whether the united states does not interfere in the
|
||||
venezuela because they are already interfering
|
||||
but perhaps the united states no longer has the same capacity to impose things
|
||||
latin america that they had in the last 10 or 15 years
|
||||
the countries of latin america managed to get rid of one of one of a subjugate
|
||||
so straight from the united states is not like at the time of the dictatorships
|
||||
Latin American countries that they all had not only support but specific direction
|
||||
coming from washington on hi little fans
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
fashion team work is in 1962 kennedy changed the armies' guidelines
|
||||
Latin American security is the hemisphere for national security the
|
||||
which is the same thing that you will take off the army collar and
|
||||
army against its own population and that has spawned a series of
|
||||
regimes the regime plague is throughout the
|
||||
continent is dictatorial regimes he thinks the united states no longer
|
||||
have that same power over Latin American countries but that is an issue
|
||||
again that is not even discussed in the united states
|
||||
good evening
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
jorge joao e was the human rights commission of the un that made this recommendation
|
||||
so that President Lula could be a candidate in the elections but it has to do
|
||||
that the un and this commission are not respected by the united states for
|
||||
example we cannot think of the un as an independent entity
|
||||
because her action is limited by what the most powerful nations personally
|
||||
united states whether or not they allow her to take jean on them
|
||||
johnny love government is for an example of how and overcomes during is the war of
|
||||
vietnam the attacks of the united states still
|
||||
china have never been convicted nor even discussed and in conversation on several off
|
||||
several people from the high ranking UN un have even discussed with him
|
||||
that the question is whether or not to say anything is condemned any
|
||||
the united states thing about closed vietnam is just to give an example
|
||||
another funny example is that the united states has a rule that if any
|
||||
American went to the international judo court
|
||||
the international criminal court is the united states can and in saving that american
|
||||
rescue this American what in Europe they call the invasion law
|
||||
another question of democracy and the end of it sml berlin and democracy is
|
||||
neoliberal and should involve the team more and night when it says team resolve was the
|
||||
2010 man william together and mail
|
||||
if silas and twitter those from the south the gaucho
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
neither me nor my motto is again this is a question that is in the hands of de
|
||||
people like you if those powers are allowed to act in accordance with your
|
||||
interests
|
||||
if they do not act according to their interests and and against the interests of the
|
||||
most of the population but it is not just a question of the
|
||||
liberalism leaving neoliberalism aside we are in a dodo phase of the
|
||||
capitalism that anyone who wants to read it knows that we are
|
||||
faced with a resistance problem even though the issue of heating
|
||||
for example is jeopardizing the continued existence of the
|
||||
humanity before that what the great
|
||||
corporations and governments in different countries have done is not is just not
|
||||
limit the use of fossil fuels for example but how to enhance this
|
||||
use and invest more and more in it so it's an example is we don't even have
|
||||
words is to describe and that kind of attitude
|
||||
but it is a radical example of what capitalism is you should do is
|
||||
you should invest in profit even when it means not investing in
|
||||
continuity of the human species of human societies but this is what the
|
||||
people are watching it happen now is I had ten questions
|
||||
we had four more subscribers but we had a schedule agreement with the
|
||||
professor johns that we would finish at 9 15 we are finishing at 9 and 18 wanted
|
||||
apologizing for lasagna to julia will bring mariana priest year but we
|
||||
ends here I wanted to thank the sounds that went well
|
||||
efe amanda peet and phil is obliged to all and
|
||||
children's ceis love of this finish wi fi internet
|
||||
I want to thank the foundation perseu open that he was here with us doing the
|
||||
live broadcast and I would also like to thank celso amorim who
|
||||
intermediate teaches south dialogue here tonight but could not be here
|
||||
with us so thank you amorim the foundation perseu open and to all who
|
||||
were here brigade people
|
||||
0
|
||||
6
|
||||
14
|
||||
18
|
||||
25
|
||||
34
|
||||
40
|
||||
44
|
||||
50
|
||||
56
|
||||
60
|
||||
68
|
||||
77
|
||||
106
|
||||
128
|
||||
136
|
||||
140
|
||||
144
|
||||
149
|
||||
155
|
||||
188
|
||||
214
|
||||
221
|
||||
233
|
||||
240
|
||||
244
|
||||
261
|
||||
300
|
||||
304
|
||||
310
|
||||
315
|
||||
319
|
||||
340
|
||||
347
|
||||
369
|
||||
375
|
||||
381
|
||||
384
|
||||
404
|
||||
459
|
||||
463
|
||||
468
|
||||
474
|
||||
479
|
||||
484
|
||||
489
|
||||
496
|
||||
503
|
||||
514
|
||||
527
|
||||
531
|
||||
538
|
||||
541
|
||||
546
|
||||
552
|
||||
582
|
||||
588
|
||||
594
|
||||
597
|
||||
605
|
||||
646
|
||||
660
|
||||
673
|
||||
680
|
||||
685
|
||||
691
|
||||
698
|
||||
703
|
||||
710
|
||||
716
|
||||
750
|
||||
755
|
||||
762
|
||||
780
|
||||
816
|
||||
823
|
||||
829
|
||||
835
|
||||
846
|
||||
871
|
||||
884
|
||||
889
|
||||
896
|
||||
913
|
||||
958
|
||||
966
|
||||
968
|
||||
973
|
||||
980
|
||||
986
|
||||
992
|
||||
1016
|
||||
1028
|
||||
1037
|
||||
1043
|
||||
1062
|
||||
1069
|
||||
1098
|
||||
1104
|
||||
1109
|
||||
1112
|
||||
1119
|
||||
1124
|
||||
1149
|
||||
1166
|
||||
1174
|
||||
1178
|
||||
1184
|
||||
1188
|
||||
1192
|
||||
1198
|
||||
1211
|
||||
1236
|
||||
1239
|
||||
1246
|
||||
1252
|
||||
1259
|
||||
1264
|
||||
1278
|
||||
1328
|
||||
1342
|
||||
1347
|
||||
1355
|
||||
1361
|
||||
1406
|
||||
1410
|
||||
1413
|
||||
1422
|
||||
1426
|
||||
1436
|
||||
1528
|
||||
1536
|
||||
1546
|
||||
1554
|
||||
1602
|
||||
1625
|
||||
1629
|
||||
1677
|
||||
1683
|
||||
1690
|
||||
1695
|
||||
1702
|
||||
1706
|
||||
1734
|
||||
1757
|
||||
1762
|
||||
1766
|
||||
1809
|
||||
1821
|
||||
1853
|
||||
1864
|
||||
1869
|
||||
1875
|
||||
1878
|
||||
1882
|
||||
1886
|
||||
1893
|
||||
1897
|
||||
1903
|
||||
1911
|
||||
1924
|
||||
1941
|
||||
1959
|
||||
1965
|
||||
1971
|
||||
1976
|
||||
1982
|
||||
1988
|
||||
1991
|
||||
1995
|
||||
2000
|
||||
2007
|
||||
2070
|
||||
2074
|
||||
2079
|
||||
2084
|
||||
2090
|
||||
2097
|
||||
2101
|
||||
2108
|
||||
2171
|
||||
2179
|
||||
2186
|
||||
2192
|
||||
2198
|
||||
2203
|
||||
2207
|
||||
2213
|
||||
2223
|
||||
2249
|
||||
2255
|
||||
2263
|
||||
2285
|
||||
2307
|
||||
2315
|
||||
2324
|
||||
2332
|
||||
2338
|
||||
2385
|
||||
2390
|
||||
2396
|
||||
2402
|
||||
2409
|
||||
2415
|
||||
2431
|
||||
2436
|
||||
2444
|
||||
2451
|
||||
2467
|
||||
2476
|
||||
2485
|
||||
2490
|
||||
2507
|
||||
2531
|
||||
2539
|
||||
2547
|
||||
2553
|
||||
2573
|
||||
2594
|
||||
2638
|
||||
2645
|
||||
2651
|
||||
2656
|
||||
2661
|
||||
2665
|
||||
2671
|
||||
2679
|
||||
2685
|
||||
2730
|
||||
2735
|
||||
2740
|
||||
2754
|
||||
2760
|
||||
2766
|
||||
2770
|
||||
2774
|
||||
2779
|
||||
2797
|
||||
2808
|
||||
2820
|
||||
2833
|
||||
2858
|
||||
2894
|
||||
2914
|
||||
2928
|
||||
2934
|
||||
2939
|
||||
2944
|
||||
2951
|
||||
2959
|
||||
2970
|
||||
2976
|
||||
2987
|
||||
2992
|
||||
3000
|
||||
3003
|
||||
3017
|
||||
3029
|
||||
3037
|
||||
3044
|
||||
3052
|
||||
3061
|
||||
3070
|
||||
3082
|
||||
3092
|
||||
3099
|
||||
3112
|
||||
3126
|
||||
3138
|
||||
3151
|
||||
3163
|
||||
3168
|
||||
3185
|
||||
3201
|
||||
3211
|
||||
3216
|
||||
3228
|
||||
3239
|
||||
3252
|
||||
3344
|
||||
3353
|
||||
3358
|
||||
3363
|
||||
3370
|
||||
3374
|
||||
3378
|
||||
3384
|
||||
3390
|
||||
3395
|
||||
3459
|
||||
3465
|
||||
3470
|
||||
3474
|
||||
3480
|
||||
3484
|
||||
3551
|
||||
3553
|
||||
3561
|
||||
3566
|
||||
3571
|
||||
3578
|
||||
3587
|
||||
3592
|
||||
3665
|
||||
3689
|
||||
3697
|
||||
3705
|
||||
3715
|
||||
3722
|
||||
3727
|
||||
3755
|
||||
3762
|
||||
3769
|
||||
3787
|
||||
3791
|
||||
3796
|
||||
3803
|
||||
3808
|
||||
3820
|
||||
3827
|
||||
3832
|
||||
3836
|
||||
3843
|
||||
3852
|
||||
3860
|
||||
3866
|
||||
3874
|
||||
3880
|
||||
3885
|
||||
3891
|
||||
3899
|
||||
3907
|
||||
3913
|
||||
3927
|
||||
3935
|
||||
3942
|
||||
3947
|
||||
3952
|
||||
4111
|
||||
4119
|
||||
4125
|
||||
4132
|
||||
4137
|
||||
4145
|
||||
4153
|
||||
4159
|
||||
4166
|
||||
4172
|
||||
4182
|
||||
4187
|
||||
4191
|
||||
4196
|
||||
4204
|
||||
4208
|
||||
4213
|
||||
4218
|
||||
4222
|
||||
4229
|
||||
4233
|
||||
4239
|
||||
4245
|
||||
4248
|
||||
4273
|
||||
4279
|
||||
4290
|
||||
4295
|
||||
4305
|
||||
4434
|
||||
4445
|
||||
4492
|
||||
4497
|
||||
4503
|
||||
4507
|
||||
4510
|
||||
4516
|
||||
4524
|
||||
4529
|
||||
4536
|
||||
4540
|
||||
4545
|
||||
4549
|
||||
4564
|
||||
4577
|
||||
4668
|
||||
4674
|
||||
4678
|
||||
4683
|
||||
4691
|
||||
4697
|
||||
4703
|
||||
4709
|
||||
4715
|
||||
4720
|
||||
4730
|
||||
4741
|
||||
4746
|
||||
4751
|
||||
4756
|
||||
4761
|
||||
4769
|
||||
4773
|
||||
4776
|
||||
4787
|
||||
4792
|
||||
4799
|
||||
4803
|
||||
4809
|
||||
4815
|
||||
4818
|
||||
4881
|
||||
4918
|
||||
4963
|
||||
5025
|
||||
5028
|
||||
5037
|
||||
5041
|
||||
5049
|
||||
5055
|
||||
5061
|
||||
5083
|
||||
5089
|
||||
5164
|
||||
5171
|
||||
5177
|
||||
5182
|
||||
5186
|
||||
5192
|
||||
5197
|
||||
5209
|
||||
5222
|
||||
5254
|
||||
5282
|
||||
5288
|
||||
5293
|
||||
5299
|
||||
5306
|
||||
5313
|
||||
5355
|
||||
5359
|
||||
5373
|
||||
5379
|
||||
5383
|
||||
5430
|
||||
5439
|
||||
5444
|
||||
5454
|
||||
5468
|
||||
5491
|
||||
5568
|
||||
5580
|
||||
5591
|
||||
5610
|
||||
5663
|
||||
5673
|
||||
5675
|
||||
5679
|
||||
5682
|
||||
5688
|
||||
5693
|
||||
5699
|
||||
5705
|
||||
5709
|
||||
5716
|
||||
5722
|
||||
5728
|
||||
5732
|
||||
5739
|
||||
5747
|
||||
5751
|
||||
5762
|
||||
5767
|
||||
5773
|
||||
5780
|
||||
5793
|
||||
5800
|
||||
5823
|
||||
5827
|
||||
5832
|
||||
5838
|
||||
5842
|
||||
54
cnt/'Caos total' _ AFP LQOeDg0qFf4.en.cnt
Normal file
54
cnt/'Caos total' _ AFP LQOeDg0qFf4.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
|||
and the American philosopher and linguist noam chomsky is incisive in assessing the
|
||||
responses to the new coronavirus pandemic in the united states and the developing world
|
||||
interview agence france-presse floors that is concerned with the world
|
||||
can pandemic the main factor for concern a political chaos ensued
|
||||
by world leaders new readers other than bunny leadership is chaotic
|
||||
the white house is in the hands of an interested megalomaniac partner nothing but
|
||||
of your own electoral expectations power doesn't care about country a
|
||||
fact after another is total chaos during guarantee the country and to the world
|
||||
one without the formalities of rockers the 91-year-old writer believes that the
|
||||
neoliberal system the maximum has been replaced by a health system
|
||||
universal is something that would be crucial in the pandemic
|
||||
united states are bottom of the barrel the government just didn't want to hear the
|
||||
American intelligence bombed the White House between January and February saying
|
||||
to an approaching pandemic series we need to do something together just
|
||||
analyzed the ranking on TV and the stock market that he considers important
|
||||
for his election in the group emerged civil in stock information deciding whether it is due to
|
||||
serious crisis like this gym is not our biggest problem let's recover
|
||||
at hard expense but not the recovery of the polar thaw from melting the increase in
|
||||
sea level and other deleterious effects of global warming today is
|
||||
and today the previous syllable interest on the other hand also seems to believe that
|
||||
digital technologies like the internet of things can become allies for the
|
||||
future the scholarship reveals systems of
|
||||
control are developing is not inevitable as is global warming
|
||||
it's not inevitable it will happen unless people have it we can
|
||||
seeing trends on the way the powerful forces behind are visible is not
|
||||
secrets can we let that happen a words sounds that believes another
|
||||
sure waiting for the united states here the country is on its way to the precipice and
|
||||
0
|
||||
6
|
||||
11
|
||||
16
|
||||
22
|
||||
32
|
||||
36
|
||||
40
|
||||
48
|
||||
55
|
||||
58
|
||||
65
|
||||
69
|
||||
73
|
||||
78
|
||||
82
|
||||
104
|
||||
109
|
||||
113
|
||||
118
|
||||
129
|
||||
134
|
||||
139
|
||||
143
|
||||
148
|
||||
153
|
||||
162
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: We turn now to Noam Chomsky, one of the world's best-known dissidents.
|
||||
He's institute professor emeritus at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he taught for
|
||||
more than 50 years.
|
||||
Juan Gonzalez and I spoke to him live on Democracy Now! on Tuesday's program.
|
||||
After the broadcast, we continued the conversation.
|
||||
I asked him to talk about the situation in Syria, as well as the broader Middle East.
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Syria is a horrible catastrophe.
|
||||
The Assad regime is a moral disgrace.
|
||||
They're carrying out horrendous acts, the Russians with them.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: Why the Russians with them?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Well, pretty simple reason: Syria is their one ally in the whole region.
|
||||
Not a close ally, but they do have--their one Mediterranean base is in Syria.
|
||||
It's the one country that's more or less cooperated with them.
|
||||
And they don't want to lose their one ally.
|
||||
It's very ugly, but that's what's happening.
|
||||
Meanwhile, there have been--it's kind of like the North Korean case we were discussing.
|
||||
There have been possible opportunities to terminate the horrors.
|
||||
In 2012, there was an initiative from the Russians, which was not pursued, so we don't
|
||||
know how serious it was, but it was a proposal to--for a negotiated settlement, in which
|
||||
Assad would be phased out, not immediately.
|
||||
You know, you can't tell them, "We're going to murder you.
|
||||
Please negotiate."
|
||||
That's not going to work.
|
||||
But some system in which, in the course of negotiations, he would be removed, and some
|
||||
kind of settlement would be made.
|
||||
The West would not accept it, not just the United States.
|
||||
France, England, the United States simply refused to even consider it.
|
||||
At the time, they believed they could overthrow Assad, so they didn't want to do this, so
|
||||
the war went on.
|
||||
Could it have worked?
|
||||
You never know for sure.
|
||||
But it could have been pursued.
|
||||
Meanwhile, Qatar and Saudi Arabia are supporting jihadi groups, which are not all that different
|
||||
from ISIS.
|
||||
So you have a horror story on all sides.
|
||||
The Syrian people are being decimated.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: And the U.S. now sending 400 more troops to Syria.
|
||||
But if the U.S. has a better relationship with Russia, could that change everything?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: It could lead to some kind of accommodation in which a negotiated diplomatic
|
||||
settlement would be implemented, which would by no means be lovely, but it would at least
|
||||
cut down the level of violence, which is critical, because the country is simply being destroyed.
|
||||
It's descending to suicide.
|
||||
5
|
||||
8
|
||||
13
|
||||
14
|
||||
18
|
||||
20
|
||||
25
|
||||
30
|
||||
34
|
||||
39
|
||||
40
|
||||
47
|
||||
52
|
||||
58
|
||||
60
|
||||
65
|
||||
71
|
||||
77
|
||||
88
|
||||
96
|
||||
99
|
||||
102
|
||||
104
|
||||
105
|
||||
111
|
||||
112
|
||||
116
|
||||
120
|
||||
127
|
||||
128
|
||||
130
|
||||
131
|
||||
134
|
||||
142
|
||||
144
|
||||
147
|
||||
149
|
||||
153
|
||||
157
|
||||
167
|
||||
175
|
||||
181
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
|
|||
The following content is provided under a Creative
|
||||
Commons license.
|
||||
Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare
|
||||
continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free.
|
||||
To make a donation, or to view additional materials
|
||||
from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare
|
||||
at ocw.mit.edu.
|
||||
MICHEL DEGRAFF: I don't want to make anyone jealous who
|
||||
came before, but I think we can say pretty safely
|
||||
that we saved one of the best for last, right?
|
||||
I won't say the best.
|
||||
OK?
|
||||
All right.
|
||||
So as you can see, throughout the course
|
||||
we looked at these issues about how language, race, ethnicity,
|
||||
gender, how they can be used to create various hierarchies.
|
||||
And as you can see now after the semester,
|
||||
these are tools, really.
|
||||
They're not inherently part of who we are,
|
||||
but they are tools that various pools of power
|
||||
use to keep control, to create hierarchies.
|
||||
And I think last week, you guys you had a very good discussion
|
||||
with Dr. Aleman about how sometimes these hierarchies can
|
||||
be internalized.
|
||||
And there was a very good discussion,
|
||||
as I can tell, from the video that she took for me about how
|
||||
you, yourself, we need to do some work inside of us
|
||||
to go beyond these threats that these terror attacks impose
|
||||
on us.
|
||||
So we went very micro.
|
||||
So we went very macro, then went micro.
|
||||
And today, with my friend and colleague, Noam Chomsky,
|
||||
we're going to go my macro again.
|
||||
But I guess you've read the papers.
|
||||
I read the papers.
|
||||
And I must say, Noam, I was very disturbed by what I read.
|
||||
But the fact is that those are the data.
|
||||
So this is MIT.
|
||||
We are very much involved in trying to understand knowledge.
|
||||
And many of you throughout the semester
|
||||
made a case that we have all this knowledge here at MIT.
|
||||
But often, this knowledge does not translate into action
|
||||
into the real world.
|
||||
And in a way, I think with Noam's entire life,
|
||||
we have an example of how that can happen.
|
||||
How we can take very abstract, technical knowledge
|
||||
and make it available to the world
|
||||
and try to make it better.
|
||||
And the theme of this course throughout
|
||||
was how to build bridges, how to make change and build bridges.
|
||||
So we hope that with Noam today, we'll
|
||||
get a clear sense of how that can happen.
|
||||
And perhaps, how we might, with some luck,
|
||||
save the world, right?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: I think the best way to proceed is--
|
||||
in a court seminar is for you to say what you're interested in.
|
||||
I'll see if I have some way of reacting to it.
|
||||
Lots of things I could talk about.
|
||||
I mean, one thing we could talk about related
|
||||
is right in the headlines.
|
||||
So there are things which is an opening for things we can do.
|
||||
That's the plan that was just made public yesterday
|
||||
to deport Haitians back to Haiti from Boston.
|
||||
That's a very live issue.
|
||||
A lot of lives depend on it.
|
||||
We can do something about it right here if we want.
|
||||
It turns out-- I didn't know this--
|
||||
that the Haitian Ambassador, Michel just
|
||||
told me, who is pleading with the government
|
||||
not to carry out this onerous and destructive act,
|
||||
is actually a former MIT student, who
|
||||
wrote about these topics in his thesis.
|
||||
So that's one of many things that could be discussed.
|
||||
1
|
||||
3
|
||||
5
|
||||
7
|
||||
11
|
||||
14
|
||||
18
|
||||
22
|
||||
24
|
||||
28
|
||||
32
|
||||
34
|
||||
34
|
||||
37
|
||||
38
|
||||
45
|
||||
49
|
||||
54
|
||||
55
|
||||
58
|
||||
61
|
||||
64
|
||||
67
|
||||
71
|
||||
72
|
||||
74
|
||||
79
|
||||
82
|
||||
85
|
||||
86
|
||||
88
|
||||
90
|
||||
95
|
||||
97
|
||||
100
|
||||
101
|
||||
106
|
||||
109
|
||||
111
|
||||
114
|
||||
117
|
||||
120
|
||||
123
|
||||
125
|
||||
128
|
||||
131
|
||||
133
|
||||
135
|
||||
136
|
||||
138
|
||||
142
|
||||
145
|
||||
147
|
||||
150
|
||||
152
|
||||
156
|
||||
161
|
||||
164
|
||||
167
|
||||
170
|
||||
173
|
||||
179
|
||||
183
|
||||
193
|
||||
195
|
||||
197
|
||||
200
|
||||
202
|
||||
206
|
||||
209
|
||||
214
|
||||
218
|
||||
222
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
|||
are you but no more since
|
||||
they are on fire aznar stick and trade
|
||||
as I said at the time if there is no problem in having a base
|
||||
North American in perfect Ecuador we can give permission to install in
|
||||
that base as long as they give us permission to install a military base
|
||||
Ecuadorian in Miami if there is no problem they will accept
|
||||
one
|
||||
i
|
||||
but a society
|
||||
2
|
||||
8
|
||||
52
|
||||
56
|
||||
62
|
||||
66
|
||||
70
|
||||
77
|
||||
80
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
|
|||
"Noam Chomsky Is a Soft Revolution" by Foy Vance.
|
||||
This is Democracy Now!
|
||||
I'm Amy Goodman, as we return to our conversation with the world-renowned dissident, linguist
|
||||
and professor Noam Chomsky.
|
||||
Let's turn to the situation in Gaza.
|
||||
Israel's Internal Security Minister Gilad Erdan said Thursday Israel could launch another
|
||||
wide-scale military operation against the Gaza Strip.
|
||||
This comes after Israel's violent crackdown on peaceful protests in Gaza from March to
|
||||
May, when Israeli forces killed over 136 Palestinians, injured over 14,000 Palestinians.
|
||||
I want to turn to the Canadian doctor, the Palestinian-Canadian doctor Tarek Loubani,
|
||||
who was shot by Israeli forces in both legs while he was helping treat Palestinians injured
|
||||
by Israeli forces during the nonviolent Great March of Return.
|
||||
It was May 14th, a Monday.
|
||||
I asked Dr. Loubani--this is right after he was shot--if he felt he was targeted.
|
||||
I don't know the answer to that.
|
||||
I don't know what orders they received or what was in their heads, so I can't tell
|
||||
you if we were deliberately targeted.
|
||||
What I can tell you is the things that I do know.
|
||||
In the six weeks of the March, there were no paramedic casualties.
|
||||
And in one day, 19 paramedics--18 wounded plus one killed--and myself were all injured,
|
||||
so--or were all shot with live ammunition.
|
||||
We were all--Musa was actually in a rescue at the time, but everybody else I've talked
|
||||
to was like me.
|
||||
We were away during a lull, without smoke, without any chaos at all, and we were targeted--and
|
||||
we were, rather, hit by live ammunition, most of us in the lower limbs.
|
||||
So, it's very, very hard to believe that the Israelis who shot me and the Israelis
|
||||
who shot my other colleagues--just from our medical crew, four of us were shot, including
|
||||
Musa Abuhassanin, who passed away--It's very hard to believe that they didn't know
|
||||
who we were, they didn't know what we were doing, and that they were aiming at anything
|
||||
else.
|
||||
So, later that same day, May 14th, the man that Tarek was just talking about, Dr. Loubani
|
||||
was talking about, paramedic Musa Abuhassanin, was shot and killed by Israeli forces.
|
||||
He was shot in the chest.
|
||||
Dr. Loubani tweeted a photo captioned, "A haunting photo, Friday, May 11.
|
||||
Left: Mohammed Migdad, shot in the right ankle.
|
||||
Hassan Abusaada.
|
||||
Tarek Loubani, shot in left leg and right knee.
|
||||
Moumin Silmi.
|
||||
Youssef Almamlouk.
|
||||
Musa Abuhassanin, shot in the thorax and killed.
|
||||
Volunteer unknown.
|
||||
Photographer: shot and wounded."
|
||||
And he showed this photograph that he had, that he thought he was just going to have
|
||||
for a scrapbook, and then realized these were some of the last days of their lives.
|
||||
What's going on in Gaza right now, from your perspective, Noam?
|
||||
We can add to that list the young Palestinian woman, a medic, who was murdered by a sniper,
|
||||
far from the so-called border, when she was tending to a wounded patient.
|
||||
Yes, it's hideously ugly.
|
||||
But there's a background, as always.
|
||||
The crucial background is that Israeli--this Israeli stranglehold on Gaza, which has reduced
|
||||
the life to bare survival, has reached the point where the United Nations, other analysts
|
||||
predict that by the year 2020, Gaza will literally be uninhabitable.
|
||||
That's two million people, half of them children, being caged in a prison, carefully
|
||||
controlled, savage restrictions on food, on anything that comes to them, to the extent
|
||||
that the fishermen are kept close to shore so they can't fish, the sewage plants have
|
||||
been destroyed, the power plants have been attacked.
|
||||
The official program--official--was to keep Gaza on what was called a diet, barely enough
|
||||
to survive.
|
||||
Doesn't look good if they all starve to death.
|
||||
Notice that this is occupied territory, as recognized by--even by the United States,
|
||||
everyone but Israel.
|
||||
So, here's a population kept in a prison, in an occupied territory, fed a diet to keep
|
||||
them at bare survival, constantly used as a punching bag for what's called--what
|
||||
calls itself the most moral army in the world, now reaching a point where within a couple
|
||||
years it will be uninhabitable, yes, and in addition to that you have sadistic acts like
|
||||
highly trained snipers killing a young Palestinian woman medic when she's tending a patient,
|
||||
and what the doctor just described.
|
||||
What do we do with it?
|
||||
We actually react to that.
|
||||
The United States has reacted.
|
||||
It has reacted by very sharply cutting its funding to the one organization, UNRWA, U.N.
|
||||
organization, that keeps the population barely alive.
|
||||
That's our response, along with, of course, overwhelming support for Israel, providing
|
||||
with the arms, diplomatic support and so on.
|
||||
One of the most extraordinary scandals, if that's the right word, in the modern world.
|
||||
Can we do something about it?
|
||||
Sure, of course we can.
|
||||
Gaza should be a thriving Mediterranean paradise.
|
||||
It has a wonderful location, has agricultural resources, could be marvelous beaches, fishing,
|
||||
sea resources, even has natural gas offshore, which it's not being allowed to use.
|
||||
So there's plenty that can be done.
|
||||
But we've--the U.S. has preferred, under repeated administrations, but much worse now,
|
||||
to, as usual, support the murderers.
|
||||
Noam, Israel is threatening another strike on Gaza like what they called Operation Protective
|
||||
Edge in 2014 when they killed well over 2,000 people--about, oh, around a quarter of that
|
||||
number children.
|
||||
Yes, they are threatening.
|
||||
If you look over the record--there's no time to talk about it now--there's a marvelous
|
||||
book that just came out, incidentally.
|
||||
Norman Finkelstein's book Gaza, which is about Gaza's martyrdom, is a definitive
|
||||
study of this.
|
||||
But what's happened since 2005 is pretty straightforward.
|
||||
I mean, the previous history is ugly enough.
|
||||
But in 2005, Ariel Sharon, other Israeli hawks, recognized that it didn't make any sense
|
||||
to keep a couple of thousand Jewish settlers illegally settling in Gaza, using up most
|
||||
of its resources and devoting a large part of the Israeli army to protecting them.
|
||||
That was totally senseless.
|
||||
So they decided to move them from their illegal, subsidized settlements in Gaza to illegal,
|
||||
subsidized settlements in areas that Israel wanted to keep, in the West Bank, in the Golan
|
||||
Heights.
|
||||
It was framed as a traumatic event, but that was a play for world opinion.
|
||||
It was basically a joke.
|
||||
They could have done it quite easily.
|
||||
And they pulled out, and that was called a withdrawal.
|
||||
But they remained under total Israeli occupation, just that the army wasn't inside Gaza; it
|
||||
was controlling it from the outside.
|
||||
There was an agreement reached in November 2005 between the Palestinians and Israel on
|
||||
a ceasefire, no violence, opening Gaza's seaport, rebuilding the airport that Israel
|
||||
had destroyed, opening the border so that there could be free flow between Israel and
|
||||
Egypt and so on.
|
||||
That agreement lasted a couple of weeks, in--that was November.
|
||||
In January, the Palestinians committed a major crime: They ran a free election, recognized
|
||||
to be free and fair, only one in the Arab world.
|
||||
But it came out the wrong way.
|
||||
The wrong people won: Hamas.
|
||||
Israel, at once, escalated violence, tightened the siege, increased the repression against
|
||||
Gaza, imposed the diet.
|
||||
The U.S. reacted by standard operating procedure: started to organize a military coup.
|
||||
Hamas preempted the military coup, which was an even greater crime.
|
||||
Violence, the U.S.-Israeli violence, increased.
|
||||
The savagery of the siege increased, and so on.
|
||||
Then it goes on like that.
|
||||
Repeatedly, there's an episode of what Israel calls mowing the lawn.
|
||||
Smash them up.
|
||||
They're defenseless, of course.
|
||||
Then there's an agreement reached, which Hamas accepts and lives up to.
|
||||
Israel violates it constantly.
|
||||
Finally, an Israeli escalation of the violation leads to some Hamas response, which Israel
|
||||
uses as a pretext for the next episode of mowing the lawn.
|
||||
I've reviewed this.
|
||||
Norman Finkelstein reviews it in his book.
|
||||
Others have.
|
||||
That's been the history since 2005.
|
||||
So, yes, there might be another one.
|
||||
But now we're reaching a point where it's almost terminal.
|
||||
Repeat, it's expected that the Gaza Strip, having been devastated so savagely over the
|
||||
years, will literally become uninhabitable.
|
||||
Now, there are ways to deal with this.
|
||||
It's not a--doesn't take a brilliant scientist to figure it out.
|
||||
It's quite obvious.
|
||||
And Noam, the solution that you say that is straightforward and simple?
|
||||
Very straightforward.
|
||||
Live up to the terms of the November 2005 agreement.
|
||||
Allow Gaza to reconstruct.
|
||||
Open the entry points to Israel and Egypt.
|
||||
Rebuild the seaport that was smashed.
|
||||
Rebuild the airport that Israel destroyed.
|
||||
Allow them to reconstruct the power plants.
|
||||
Let them become a flourishing Mediterranean site.
|
||||
And, of course, permit--remember that the famous Oslo Agreements required, explicitly,
|
||||
that the Gaza Strip and the West Bank be a unified territory and that its territorial
|
||||
integrity must be maintained.
|
||||
Israel and the United States reacted at once by separating them.
|
||||
OK?
|
||||
That's not a law of nature, either.
|
||||
Palestinian national rights can be achieved, if the U.S., Israel are willing to accept
|
||||
that.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky, the world-renowned political dissident, author and linguist, now a laureate
|
||||
professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Arizona, Tucson.
|
||||
Chomsky taught for 50 years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
|
||||
Visit Democracynow.org to watch our first full hour with Noam Chomsky, discussing immigration,
|
||||
U.S. foreign policy in Latin America and more.
|
||||
In the coming week, you'll hear Noam Chomsky on North Korea, Yemen, Iran and more.
|
||||
And that does it for our broadcast.
|
||||
I'm Amy Goodman.
|
||||
Our website, Democracynow.org.
|
||||
Thanks for joining us.
|
||||
0
|
||||
1
|
||||
2
|
||||
5
|
||||
7
|
||||
10
|
||||
16
|
||||
20
|
||||
26
|
||||
34
|
||||
39
|
||||
45
|
||||
49
|
||||
51
|
||||
57
|
||||
59
|
||||
66
|
||||
68
|
||||
71
|
||||
76
|
||||
86
|
||||
90
|
||||
94
|
||||
96
|
||||
102
|
||||
107
|
||||
114
|
||||
119
|
||||
123
|
||||
130
|
||||
131
|
||||
137
|
||||
142
|
||||
144
|
||||
149
|
||||
152
|
||||
154
|
||||
157
|
||||
158
|
||||
159
|
||||
163
|
||||
165
|
||||
168
|
||||
173
|
||||
178
|
||||
182
|
||||
191
|
||||
197
|
||||
200
|
||||
203
|
||||
215
|
||||
226
|
||||
234
|
||||
244
|
||||
257
|
||||
264
|
||||
268
|
||||
279
|
||||
280
|
||||
283
|
||||
289
|
||||
290
|
||||
299
|
||||
304
|
||||
311
|
||||
318
|
||||
325
|
||||
328
|
||||
330
|
||||
331
|
||||
334
|
||||
343
|
||||
346
|
||||
352
|
||||
355
|
||||
363
|
||||
364
|
||||
366
|
||||
372
|
||||
386
|
||||
394
|
||||
398
|
||||
404
|
||||
408
|
||||
415
|
||||
422
|
||||
423
|
||||
425
|
||||
431
|
||||
434
|
||||
445
|
||||
446
|
||||
451
|
||||
455
|
||||
464
|
||||
472
|
||||
480
|
||||
482
|
||||
491
|
||||
497
|
||||
498
|
||||
503
|
||||
505
|
||||
506
|
||||
510
|
||||
517
|
||||
519
|
||||
528
|
||||
541
|
||||
548
|
||||
549
|
||||
555
|
||||
563
|
||||
567
|
||||
570
|
||||
573
|
||||
583
|
||||
586
|
||||
595
|
||||
601
|
||||
605
|
||||
609
|
||||
611
|
||||
619
|
||||
620
|
||||
622
|
||||
632
|
||||
634
|
||||
641
|
||||
648
|
||||
650
|
||||
652
|
||||
653
|
||||
656
|
||||
659
|
||||
662
|
||||
672
|
||||
674
|
||||
678
|
||||
684
|
||||
685
|
||||
689
|
||||
691
|
||||
696
|
||||
701
|
||||
708
|
||||
712
|
||||
714
|
||||
718
|
||||
723
|
||||
732
|
||||
743
|
||||
746
|
||||
750
|
||||
751
|
||||
756
|
||||
762
|
||||
763
|
||||
768
|
||||
773
|
||||
778
|
||||
783
|
||||
786
|
||||
792
|
||||
794
|
||||
795
|
||||
796
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
|
|||
you just need an idea to change the world
|
||||
and
|
||||
our project is called ideas world-changing ideas do not come to everyone's mind far
|
||||
not everyone here we just flew a statue
|
||||
freedom seems to me that in order for you to be visited by a great idea you need to have
|
||||
a very free mind not burdened with political and religious prohibitions and
|
||||
even moral ideas create and destroy the idea does not always change the world to
|
||||
the best they can ruin can enrich but in order to change the world
|
||||
all you need is ideas and it's true, in my opinion, this is how our journey began
|
||||
in America they say today the most intellectually developed country is the most
|
||||
ingenious economy on the planet with this you can argue of course but you can
|
||||
still count on Boolean laureates and the number of patented inventions and
|
||||
change your mind to argue anyway, our task is completely different
|
||||
show a world without borders and science without borders and the triumph of human thought
|
||||
which borders are also useless and why did we start from America
|
||||
well, why not
|
||||
the speed of thought is said to be equal to the speed of light and of course we have no possibility
|
||||
to reliably depict the flight of human thought
|
||||
but if you think about it, why shouldn't he be so so beautiful so
|
||||
exciting so uneven and thrilling
|
||||
our heroes are people who change the world to the best of their strength and capabilities not a child
|
||||
Michael Gazzaniga first divided the hemispheres of the human brain and the
|
||||
most not only eased the suffering of many seriously ill people, but also discovered
|
||||
amazing properties of the brain the so-called phenomenon of 2 minds in one
|
||||
body jin sharp ideologue of modern revolutions
|
||||
controversial character but he seems to like it even more controversial john
|
||||
perkins repentant economic killer
|
||||
at first mercilessly shackled the world with loans from the American government
|
||||
and now he preaches love and altruism from a small but very comfortable
|
||||
islands and finally Noam Chomsky linguist and public figure
|
||||
our Socrates as the Americans call him to get to know them with all of us
|
||||
circled the perimeter of the usa new york boston all this is los angeles
|
||||
big cities and people changing the world
|
||||
abraham noam chomsky american linguist political scientist public figure
|
||||
Linguistics professor at MIT author
|
||||
classification of formal languages called the Chomsky hierarchy is known
|
||||
their radical left political views and criticism of foreign policy
|
||||
us government was born in 1928 in philadelphia since 1945 studied philosophy
|
||||
and linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania for 61 years has been teaching at
|
||||
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in his doctoral dissertation hamske
|
||||
began to develop linguistic ideas which he then revealed in more detail
|
||||
in 1957 in the book Syntactic Structures
|
||||
his works on generative grammars contributed significantly to the decline
|
||||
behaviorism and promoted the development of cognitive sciences
|
||||
but Chomsky agrees with you, modern linguistics cannot yet offer
|
||||
the world of explanation of the phenomenon of appearance on earth
|
||||
different languages and therefore passes through the centuries without losing meaning and relevance
|
||||
legends about the tower of Babel, the punishment for pride became for people
|
||||
mixing of languages people ceased to understand each other and
|
||||
dispersed across the land without leaving others Babylonian ambitions Babylonian tradition
|
||||
almost every nation in Burma and Mexico has a tower
|
||||
among the Tlingit tribe in Alaska and in ancient Greece, scientists are especially surprised
|
||||
the fact that this is the legend of the tower to the sky appears among isolated peoples
|
||||
from a friend and no longer intersecting in historical and cultural planes and
|
||||
everyone has their own idea of how the Babylonian
|
||||
the tower, in our opinion, it could well come out and such as this building
|
||||
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Teaches Noam Chomsky here
|
||||
the most famous linguist of our time, he made a real revolution in
|
||||
linguistics including when he said that language is an innate mechanism of communication
|
||||
and explained why exactly a person is able to master this talent to speak
|
||||
albeit in different languages, but in the end it is no longer a complaint to a linguist
|
||||
okay virone tower
|
||||
behind the skin
|
||||
a gun
|
||||
hello, thank you for agreeing to this interview and taking the time for us
|
||||
today I am pleased to be strongly suppose that we have this property
|
||||
speaking properties to use language has been given since
|
||||
from the very beginning, but why did we so relatively recently learned this
|
||||
we cannot say exactly when we
|
||||
received this gift well, definitely during evolution
|
||||
a person over the past hundred thousand years, in fact, this determines our race
|
||||
it was during this period that human homo sapiens mastered speech and we can
|
||||
trace the emergence of languages, it seems to me that this property appeared in
|
||||
for a very short time compared to the entire period of evolution with
|
||||
since this human ability appeared, it has been used constantly for
|
||||
it is a short time in this instant in terms of evolution
|
||||
there was a development of man of the industrial revolution, so on but
|
||||
no significant changes in brain function occurred
|
||||
human cognitive abilities have changed little in this sense we are identical
|
||||
Aboriginal tribes and how if the ability to language
|
||||
this is an innate mechanism, but let's say if we consider this knowledge as a kind of key
|
||||
what kind of door does he open with regard to scientists
|
||||
they need to determine which properties of the language are innate which
|
||||
acquired the next question is what are the variations as far as possible changes in
|
||||
language system, you can artificially create linguistic systems that
|
||||
nevertheless will not become a language because they will not meet the requirements
|
||||
human language laws of my development
|
||||
however, we cannot study the properties of language on other kinds of creatures except
|
||||
human since animals have no language but even with humans and such experiments
|
||||
it is very difficult to carry out it is necessary to use some indirect methods
|
||||
learning the language system does not exactly lead to very interest
|
||||
the result of how scientists can use this information further
|
||||
resulted in we want to know how it developed
|
||||
language systems are what fundamentally distinguishes us not only from other living
|
||||
creatures but also from other primates we all
|
||||
human beings come from a small group of people who lived in africa and we
|
||||
we can trace our origins from there are archaeological
|
||||
evidence confirming that the person appeared approximately 100 150 thousand
|
||||
years ago, there are also archaeological facts related to the development of the language
|
||||
therefore, it is safe to say that over the past 50 thousand years, an explicit
|
||||
evolution did not happen so this is the window in which this amazing
|
||||
property of a person properties of language it is rather narrow in this new
|
||||
Chomsky was called a revolutionary of linguistics, the idea of changing the world turned out to be
|
||||
simple and ingenious why does a child start talking in the first two years
|
||||
life in the native language because Chomsky answers that there are 7 and language containing
|
||||
all possible principles of all languages of the world are an innate mechanism of mastering
|
||||
language which will choose the required algorithm
|
||||
depending on which language the child should speak this mechanism
|
||||
works until about 12 years old, by the way, he explains her childish ease in learning
|
||||
foreign languages that are becoming difficult to access in
|
||||
later age, Chomsky's main argument is
|
||||
parents do not tell the child which language constructions are impossible, however
|
||||
the child very quickly understands what is what
|
||||
and I'm sure Chomsky has some pre-set information for the kid for this
|
||||
that you can't figure out what and in what sequence you speak science
|
||||
we can say with confidence that a person has very serious
|
||||
innate properties we know about it thanks to observations
|
||||
reborn babies are surrounded by a complex environment love he hears sounds
|
||||
the child sees objects instantly reflexively
|
||||
selects language-related information from this environment and is pretty good
|
||||
I understand what is happening absorbing this information it passes
|
||||
through several stages at the age of six months 10 months two years and so on
|
||||
and gradually he acquires what we have with you the language before our eyes
|
||||
something magical happens thanks to which a person can learn a language
|
||||
but scientists want to know how a newborn baby of one day about labor
|
||||
determines in which language howl amongst he lives this is a non-trivial task at the very
|
||||
in fact, we now know that a person acquires some abilities even before
|
||||
birth being in the womb research
|
||||
show that the child can distinguish the speech of the mother whose voice he never
|
||||
heard another woman speak means something is happening before birth
|
||||
the child somehow tunes in to a particular system on this topic was carried out
|
||||
many studies have studied languages of different categories and it turned out that before
|
||||
gaining speech and language no matter what language surrounds the child so that
|
||||
the adopted child begins to speak the language of the parents as easily as
|
||||
biological this suggests that the mechanism of acquisition and cognition is the same
|
||||
for all languages even if the child was born in the Amazon forest in brazil
|
||||
then he has the universal ability to speak any language
|
||||
if he gets into a certain environment, then he can learn, let's say Russian and
|
||||
then studies at the university in Moscow
|
||||
generative universal grammar conceived by boorish for half a century determined
|
||||
the development of linguistics, the task of scientists of the next generations is to confirm or
|
||||
refute the new chomsky then and neil and believe to travel missionary and
|
||||
targets in South America discovered the Piraha people speaking their
|
||||
Piraha language, which does not fit into the theory of universal
|
||||
grammar but so far this is only an exception confirming the rule
|
||||
how language is evolving today to what is humanity moving
|
||||
there is a lot of talk about language evolution however languages do not evolve language is
|
||||
programmed properties are a pretty tough system this ability
|
||||
creates a certain area of our brain and this ability has not changed since
|
||||
the moment of its origin for the reasons that I have already spoken about but the languages themselves
|
||||
changing constantly when the Normans conquered Britain it changed
|
||||
English my grandchildren do not speak as I spoke at their age but slang
|
||||
teenagers generally change the language in one generation
|
||||
however, all these are only superficial changes within a given structure
|
||||
we want to understand what kind of structure it is, what is this rigid form that is not
|
||||
allows the language to change dramatically if you ask
|
||||
the question of how a negative sentence is constructed in English or
|
||||
some other language, then as a rule there is an element
|
||||
meaning negation in English is the word not which is in the middle
|
||||
sentences can be invented pseudo language in which this element
|
||||
not appears in third place in sentences this is a very simple rule with
|
||||
the point of view of mathematics, however, there is no such language and people could not
|
||||
to learn it
|
||||
language has two aspects, sound and meaning, but how the combination of sounds is associated with
|
||||
understanding of these meanings why it is believed that the name given to the child from birth
|
||||
determines his fate and character and can this be shifted to the scale of whole
|
||||
peoples speak differently how language develops national character
|
||||
can tell about my experience my parents gave me a name but this is a Hebrew word
|
||||
which has never been used as a name for me to say, but it
|
||||
means pleasure pleasure in the bible there is
|
||||
expression 10 however the name itself but not when I
|
||||
grew up with this strange name people most often called me Norman just wrong
|
||||
heard when I introduced myself, I said okay, I'll live as a Norman sometimes at
|
||||
I have problems at the airport but in fact
|
||||
the name does not play a big role, but there is another hypothesis that is being discussed already
|
||||
a couple of hundred years how does the language you speak affect the perception of the world
|
||||
there are many attempts at how you interpret the social environment
|
||||
demonstrate such a connection but they are not very convincing rather there is
|
||||
evidence that language has little effect on the perception of the world may be small
|
||||
differences but they are not dominant but
|
||||
it's amazing that you think so and that the emotional is rich emotionally
|
||||
colored language does not affect our thoughts in any way does not affect our character and
|
||||
our fate, I now propose to recall the work of George Orwell 1984
|
||||
remember there was a new language invented newspeak and it was scary don't forget
|
||||
that at the snouts he thought mostly aban
|
||||
and what could happen to her in the future, and Newspeak was an illustration of that
|
||||
what could have happened there well this is not a new language this is new
|
||||
using language when fame starts to mean the opposite of their meaning
|
||||
the very concept of Newspeak is precisely related to the concept of double thinking double
|
||||
standards when there are two opposite concepts in the brain, that's for
|
||||
to reconcile them and a new one was created, it exists in any
|
||||
society and we have newspeak and we will take the term aggression from you
|
||||
international law, it has a certain meaning, however
|
||||
in the English-speaking world, this word is used only when aggression is directed
|
||||
against us when we carry out the aggression ourselves
|
||||
we call it trying or something, it's not just us
|
||||
this is a universal thing you can swagger Hitler's invasion of Poland
|
||||
it was not aggression but defense and defense against the wild terror of the Poles.
|
||||
the Nazis practically destroyed northern China
|
||||
40 years ago I saw interesting documents and there is completely noble
|
||||
rhetoric to save poor Chinese from bandits
|
||||
give them a Japanese paradise and Hitler captured Czechoslovakia from the purest
|
||||
incentives to end ethnic cleansing and establish German civilization
|
||||
the same thing when America pokes its nose into other countries and when Russia invades
|
||||
to other countries always the same any of us telling another's crime
|
||||
exaggerates a person he adds his attitude shows how much it is
|
||||
awful this is newspeak double thinking double standards they are everywhere and in
|
||||
culture and in the system of power, you said about the inventions of language, I remembered
|
||||
an attempt by people to invent the language of international communication, Esperanto, and this
|
||||
the language did not develop and did not become popular in your opinion why is it
|
||||
a kind of parasite language those who speak it subconsciously
|
||||
use knowledge of their own language to speak from
|
||||
the first why this language did not take root for this are social and cultural
|
||||
reasons it could be used as an international language there were attempts to
|
||||
done but failed because the language of international communication
|
||||
the truly international language has become the English language of the most powerful
|
||||
states view scientific international
|
||||
symposia from austria to thailand mainly in english 1
|
||||
in the morning listened to the BBC broadcast of the conference in singapore delegate
|
||||
from china speaks english this is the power of british feathers american
|
||||
empire if so you can dream up
|
||||
assume that humanity will sooner or later come to the need to speak
|
||||
in one language was view mens nike will they speak the same language
|
||||
I hope not, it would be a very boring language and so it disappears very quickly
|
||||
usually refer to Aboriginal languages, but in reality languages are rapidly disappearing and
|
||||
in the center of europe, say in italy, there are many people who cannot
|
||||
talk to their grandmothers because they speak a different language and what
|
||||
today it is called Italian in fact it is a collection of different languages
|
||||
whose speakers often do not understand each other and disappear in Germany
|
||||
a few years ago I had a doctoral student who studied
|
||||
German grammar after graduation he got a job in Germany to teach
|
||||
German student German they speak a dialect
|
||||
they need to learn correct German in general, now many Germans speak
|
||||
in English and with another country in the United States themselves there are areas where in
|
||||
colleges teach standard English because the language in which
|
||||
students say this is a kind of English
|
||||
comes a very rapid decline of languages, many disappear under the pressure of powerful
|
||||
powers imposing their language according to unesco experts in the world exist
|
||||
about 6,700 languages but half of them will soon disappear on average every 15
|
||||
days at least one language ceases to be used moreover specialists
|
||||
believe that 96 percent of languages are spoken by only 4 percent of the population
|
||||
planets and 150 teeth of Russia have died in the last century 2 but now it is next in line
|
||||
dozens are bad news for a dying language before and for scientists
|
||||
linguists in this course of life itself
|
||||
but there is a reverse process, the revival of languages in Europe, for example, in Spain this
|
||||
Basque country and Catalonia or Welsh in the UK is sometimes associated
|
||||
with the need for national self and identification
|
||||
sometimes it is a means of resisting pressure and sometimes these languages are used
|
||||
for music of songs and other similar things, it all started recently and revival
|
||||
languages is much slower than their decline and disappearance is obvious
|
||||
the number of languages has decreased in the last adieus me the most recent
|
||||
question our world is constantly changing and in words declarations of international laws
|
||||
it seems to be getting better but is there a change for the better in
|
||||
in fact and in your opinion, what idea in the near future could change this
|
||||
world for the better and phil, I think that if you look at a long stretch of history
|
||||
we will see steps forward for example we have abolished slavery and even until recently
|
||||
time women and this is half of the population
|
||||
considered property under British law, for example, a woman was simply
|
||||
considered the property of a father or husband it was very recently
|
||||
but this changed minority rights to a certain extent began to be respected
|
||||
a lot of things have happened there is opposition to violence these are all steps forward but on the other
|
||||
side of the human race is now threatened
|
||||
destruction of the environment of its existence, the first is a catastrophic change
|
||||
the climate is very serious and very gloomy
|
||||
perspective and not so distant future it seems to me that we are marching towards
|
||||
this cliff is pretty fast and the second is a war, I think it's just a miracle
|
||||
that during the last 60 years we have avoided a nuclear war that could
|
||||
destroy the whole world much can be done to overcome this
|
||||
threat however not much is done here are two
|
||||
vectors in which the development of civilization is going on; change on the one hand
|
||||
positive and, on the other hand, destructive and it depends on us which of these directions
|
||||
to win believe it does not depend on God from people
|
||||
we made sure that noam chomsky despite the biblical name
|
||||
not at all religious this wonderful admitted absolutely
|
||||
scientifically by the majority of an intellectual and an enthusiastic attitude towards their
|
||||
subject but he is Finnish they say that neither he nor
|
||||
other linguists, together with neuroscientists, cannot say how our brain has changed and
|
||||
what made different groups of people associate with certain concepts
|
||||
different sounds is unclear why almost all languages are based on
|
||||
these are the rules, by the way, and Chomsky and other scientists in the study of these
|
||||
universal rules go backwards looking for diversity
|
||||
variants of verbal constructions and some universal restrictions then
|
||||
there is as it is impossible to say in any language the topic is not yet fully disclosed
|
||||
therefore the Bible remains the best explanation for the uninitiated
|
||||
let's mix their language there so that one does not understand the speech of the other
|
||||
39
|
||||
57
|
||||
68
|
||||
75
|
||||
77
|
||||
82
|
||||
87
|
||||
92
|
||||
98
|
||||
104
|
||||
110
|
||||
114
|
||||
119
|
||||
123
|
||||
129
|
||||
133
|
||||
140
|
||||
145
|
||||
148
|
||||
153
|
||||
160
|
||||
167
|
||||
170
|
||||
175
|
||||
179
|
||||
182
|
||||
188
|
||||
190
|
||||
194
|
||||
198
|
||||
202
|
||||
207
|
||||
212
|
||||
219
|
||||
225
|
||||
229
|
||||
233
|
||||
237
|
||||
245
|
||||
250
|
||||
254
|
||||
258
|
||||
263
|
||||
267
|
||||
274
|
||||
279
|
||||
281
|
||||
286
|
||||
291
|
||||
295
|
||||
300
|
||||
304
|
||||
308
|
||||
312
|
||||
317
|
||||
321
|
||||
325
|
||||
330
|
||||
333
|
||||
338
|
||||
343
|
||||
347
|
||||
352
|
||||
358
|
||||
363
|
||||
367
|
||||
372
|
||||
375
|
||||
379
|
||||
383
|
||||
388
|
||||
393
|
||||
398
|
||||
403
|
||||
410
|
||||
415
|
||||
419
|
||||
424
|
||||
427
|
||||
432
|
||||
436
|
||||
443
|
||||
449
|
||||
455
|
||||
461
|
||||
466
|
||||
472
|
||||
474
|
||||
479
|
||||
484
|
||||
488
|
||||
492
|
||||
496
|
||||
500
|
||||
504
|
||||
509
|
||||
514
|
||||
518
|
||||
523
|
||||
528
|
||||
533
|
||||
538
|
||||
545
|
||||
549
|
||||
553
|
||||
559
|
||||
564
|
||||
566
|
||||
571
|
||||
575
|
||||
579
|
||||
584
|
||||
588
|
||||
591
|
||||
596
|
||||
603
|
||||
608
|
||||
614
|
||||
620
|
||||
624
|
||||
629
|
||||
633
|
||||
639
|
||||
646
|
||||
651
|
||||
656
|
||||
662
|
||||
667
|
||||
671
|
||||
676
|
||||
682
|
||||
689
|
||||
694
|
||||
700
|
||||
705
|
||||
711
|
||||
716
|
||||
722
|
||||
727
|
||||
732
|
||||
737
|
||||
741
|
||||
746
|
||||
750
|
||||
754
|
||||
762
|
||||
768
|
||||
775
|
||||
780
|
||||
787
|
||||
793
|
||||
798
|
||||
804
|
||||
808
|
||||
814
|
||||
820
|
||||
824
|
||||
829
|
||||
833
|
||||
838
|
||||
842
|
||||
847
|
||||
851
|
||||
857
|
||||
862
|
||||
867
|
||||
871
|
||||
878
|
||||
885
|
||||
891
|
||||
896
|
||||
903
|
||||
908
|
||||
913
|
||||
916
|
||||
923
|
||||
930
|
||||
936
|
||||
941
|
||||
946
|
||||
950
|
||||
956
|
||||
962
|
||||
969
|
||||
979
|
||||
982
|
||||
987
|
||||
992
|
||||
998
|
||||
1004
|
||||
1009
|
||||
1014
|
||||
1019
|
||||
1024
|
||||
1029
|
||||
1033
|
||||
1038
|
||||
1043
|
||||
1050
|
||||
1052
|
||||
1057
|
||||
1060
|
||||
1065
|
||||
1070
|
||||
1076
|
||||
1082
|
||||
1087
|
||||
1093
|
||||
1099
|
||||
1104
|
||||
1111
|
||||
1115
|
||||
1119
|
||||
1126
|
||||
1132
|
||||
1137
|
||||
1142
|
||||
1146
|
||||
1151
|
||||
1155
|
||||
1160
|
||||
1162
|
||||
1166
|
||||
1172
|
||||
1177
|
||||
1183
|
||||
1188
|
||||
1194
|
||||
1198
|
||||
1205
|
||||
1209
|
||||
1214
|
||||
1218
|
||||
1224
|
||||
1229
|
||||
1233
|
||||
1237
|
||||
1242
|
||||
1247
|
||||
1254
|
||||
1258
|
||||
1263
|
||||
1269
|
||||
1275
|
||||
1282
|
||||
1289
|
||||
1295
|
||||
1298
|
||||
1304
|
||||
1312
|
||||
1317
|
||||
1322
|
||||
1329
|
||||
1333
|
||||
1339
|
||||
1344
|
||||
1350
|
||||
1353
|
||||
1359
|
||||
1364
|
||||
1369
|
||||
1374
|
||||
1377
|
||||
1382
|
||||
1384
|
||||
1390
|
||||
1396
|
||||
1400
|
||||
1404
|
||||
1408
|
||||
1413
|
||||
1418
|
||||
1424
|
||||
1428
|
||||
1433
|
||||
1436
|
||||
1439
|
||||
1444
|
||||
1448
|
||||
1453
|
||||
1458
|
||||
1462
|
||||
1466
|
||||
1471
|
||||
1479
|
||||
822
cnt/Bad Religion _ Noam Chomsky 7' -GLIdS0jZrw.en.cnt
Normal file
822
cnt/Bad Religion _ Noam Chomsky 7' -GLIdS0jZrw.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,822 @@
|
|||
I know that
|
||||
|
||||
yeah
|
||||
|
||||
margins basket size
|
||||
|
||||
the first
|
||||
|
||||
day time baby
|
||||
|
||||
together
|
||||
together
|
||||
together Oh God
|
||||
|
||||
the burden is
|
||||
|
||||
PRN thanks are
|
||||
PRN thanks are
|
||||
PRN thanks are oh stop you better
|
||||
|
||||
I think we altered it
|
||||
I think we altered it
|
||||
I think we altered it Oh cousin
|
||||
|
||||
president funny yesterday
|
||||
president funny yesterday
|
||||
president funny yesterday our days are too
|
||||
our days are too
|
||||
our days are too oh love you bet it is
|
||||
|
||||
we also don't you know
|
||||
|
||||
as I talked at the end of January we are
|
||||
as I talked at the end of January we are
|
||||
as I talked at the end of January we are in the midst of the disaster that could
|
||||
in the midst of the disaster that could
|
||||
in the midst of the disaster that could turn into a huge catastrophe the US Air
|
||||
turn into a huge catastrophe the US Air
|
||||
turn into a huge catastrophe the US Air Force is pounding large parts of Iraq
|
||||
Force is pounding large parts of Iraq
|
||||
Force is pounding large parts of Iraq and wait the dust killing them of no one
|
||||
and wait the dust killing them of no one
|
||||
and wait the dust killing them of no one knows how many people American troops
|
||||
knows how many people American troops
|
||||
knows how many people American troops are about to march into what could be a
|
||||
are about to march into what could be a
|
||||
are about to march into what could be a meat grinder there are two countries
|
||||
meat grinder there are two countries
|
||||
meat grinder there are two countries fighting this war the United States and
|
||||
fighting this war the United States and
|
||||
fighting this war the United States and England despite extreme US pressures and
|
||||
England despite extreme US pressures and
|
||||
England despite extreme US pressures and threats few others have been willing to
|
||||
threats few others have been willing to
|
||||
threats few others have been willing to give more than token support except for
|
||||
give more than token support except for
|
||||
give more than token support except for the finally dictatorships the rule of
|
||||
the finally dictatorships the rule of
|
||||
the finally dictatorships the rule of Gulf oil producers in the region
|
||||
Gulf oil producers in the region
|
||||
Gulf oil producers in the region opposition to the u.s. British war is so
|
||||
opposition to the u.s. British war is so
|
||||
opposition to the u.s. British war is so extreme that it's turning into mass
|
||||
extreme that it's turning into mass
|
||||
extreme that it's turning into mass popular support for the hated tyrant
|
||||
popular support for the hated tyrant
|
||||
popular support for the hated tyrant Saddam Hussein why are the United States
|
||||
Saddam Hussein why are the United States
|
||||
Saddam Hussein why are the United States and England virtually alone in fighting
|
||||
and England virtually alone in fighting
|
||||
and England virtually alone in fighting a war that almost no one else wants it's
|
||||
a war that almost no one else wants it's
|
||||
a war that almost no one else wants it's something that we ought to try to
|
||||
something that we ought to try to
|
||||
something that we ought to try to understand let's go back to last July
|
||||
understand let's go back to last July
|
||||
understand let's go back to last July when the Iraqi dictator was George
|
||||
when the Iraqi dictator was George
|
||||
when the Iraqi dictator was George Bush's amiable friend and favored
|
||||
Bush's amiable friend and favored
|
||||
Bush's amiable friend and favored trading partner true he was a murderous
|
||||
trading partner true he was a murderous
|
||||
trading partner true he was a murderous gangster we'd set up maybe the worst
|
||||
gangster we'd set up maybe the worst
|
||||
gangster we'd set up maybe the worst tyranny in the world but you could make
|
||||
tyranny in the world but you could make
|
||||
tyranny in the world but you could make plenty of money trading with him and it
|
||||
plenty of money trading with him and it
|
||||
plenty of money trading with him and it looked as if he was our thug so
|
||||
looked as if he was our thug so
|
||||
looked as if he was our thug so therefore he was quite okay on august
|
||||
therefore he was quite okay on august
|
||||
therefore he was quite okay on august 2nd everything changed the State
|
||||
2nd everything changed the State
|
||||
2nd everything changed the State Department had let Saddam Hussein know
|
||||
Department had let Saddam Hussein know
|
||||
Department had let Saddam Hussein know that it had no serious objection that he
|
||||
that it had no serious objection that he
|
||||
that it had no serious objection that he settled some border disputes with quate
|
||||
settled some border disputes with quate
|
||||
settled some border disputes with quate by force but he took over the whole
|
||||
by force but he took over the whole
|
||||
by force but he took over the whole country that's not acceptable
|
||||
country that's not acceptable
|
||||
country that's not acceptable this region is US turf and no one and
|
||||
this region is US turf and no one and
|
||||
this region is US turf and no one and that means no one is allowed to strike
|
||||
that means no one is allowed to strike
|
||||
that means no one is allowed to strike an independent course the Iraqi dictator
|
||||
an independent course the Iraqi dictator
|
||||
an independent course the Iraqi dictator therefore changed overnight from a
|
||||
therefore changed overnight from a
|
||||
therefore changed overnight from a moderate whose behavior was improving to
|
||||
moderate whose behavior was improving to
|
||||
moderate whose behavior was improving to a new Hitler who had to be stopped
|
||||
a new Hitler who had to be stopped
|
||||
a new Hitler who had to be stopped before he conquered the world he had
|
||||
before he conquered the world he had
|
||||
before he conquered the world he had stepped on the wrong toes ours
|
||||
stepped on the wrong toes ours
|
||||
stepped on the wrong toes ours there were two very different reactions
|
||||
there were two very different reactions
|
||||
there were two very different reactions to erect aggression the first was at the
|
||||
to erect aggression the first was at the
|
||||
to erect aggression the first was at the United Nations where the Security
|
||||
United Nations where the Security
|
||||
United Nations where the Security Council immediately imposed sanctions
|
||||
Council immediately imposed sanctions
|
||||
Council immediately imposed sanctions and that means sanctions and diplomacy
|
||||
and that means sanctions and diplomacy
|
||||
and that means sanctions and diplomacy that means negotiations to arrange
|
||||
that means negotiations to arrange
|
||||
that means negotiations to arrange withdrawal as the sanctions take effect
|
||||
withdrawal as the sanctions take effect
|
||||
withdrawal as the sanctions take effect that's actually the usual US response to
|
||||
that's actually the usual US response to
|
||||
that's actually the usual US response to a UN response to aggression usually that
|
||||
a UN response to aggression usually that
|
||||
a UN response to aggression usually that response is blocked by the great powers
|
||||
response is blocked by the great powers
|
||||
response is blocked by the great powers the United States in fact is far in the
|
||||
the United States in fact is far in the
|
||||
the United States in fact is far in the lead with Britain right behind it
|
||||
lead with Britain right behind it
|
||||
lead with Britain right behind it usually they support her carry out
|
||||
usually they support her carry out
|
||||
usually they support her carry out aggression themselves but the to warrior
|
||||
aggression themselves but the to warrior
|
||||
aggression themselves but the to warrior states happen to be opposed to this act
|
||||
states happen to be opposed to this act
|
||||
states happen to be opposed to this act of aggression instead of supporting it
|
||||
of aggression instead of supporting it
|
||||
of aggression instead of supporting it carrying it out so they allowed the UN
|
||||
carrying it out so they allowed the UN
|
||||
carrying it out so they allowed the UN sanctions to be imposed but the US and
|
||||
sanctions to be imposed but the US and
|
||||
sanctions to be imposed but the US and Britain at once moved to undercut the
|
||||
Britain at once moved to undercut the
|
||||
Britain at once moved to undercut the peaceful means prescribed by
|
||||
peaceful means prescribed by
|
||||
peaceful means prescribed by international law sanctions were
|
||||
international law sanctions were
|
||||
international law sanctions were undercut by dispatch of a huge
|
||||
undercut by dispatch of a huge
|
||||
undercut by dispatch of a huge Expeditionary Force to the desert
|
||||
Expeditionary Force to the desert
|
||||
Expeditionary Force to the desert instead of a small deterrent force which
|
||||
instead of a small deterrent force which
|
||||
instead of a small deterrent force which could be kept in place while the
|
||||
could be kept in place while the
|
||||
could be kept in place while the sanctions took effect as they were
|
||||
sanctions took effect as they were
|
||||
sanctions took effect as they were almost sure to do in this case and the
|
||||
almost sure to do in this case and the
|
||||
almost sure to do in this case and the US and Britain made it crystal clear
|
||||
US and Britain made it crystal clear
|
||||
US and Britain made it crystal clear that they would not permit any form of
|
||||
that they would not permit any form of
|
||||
that they would not permit any form of diplomacy now that's important to
|
||||
diplomacy now that's important to
|
||||
diplomacy now that's important to understand the official story is that
|
||||
understand the official story is that
|
||||
understand the official story is that George Bush went the last mile for peace
|
||||
George Bush went the last mile for peace
|
||||
George Bush went the last mile for peace turning the force only after
|
||||
turning the force only after
|
||||
turning the force only after extraordinary diplomatic efforts were
|
||||
extraordinary diplomatic efforts were
|
||||
extraordinary diplomatic efforts were exhausted those are the words of the
|
||||
exhausted those are the words of the
|
||||
exhausted those are the words of the President and no one expects the
|
||||
President and no one expects the
|
||||
President and no one expects the government to tell the truth but that's
|
||||
government to tell the truth but that's
|
||||
government to tell the truth but that's a bit too much from August the US
|
||||
a bit too much from August the US
|
||||
a bit too much from August the US position has been explicit unwavering
|
||||
position has been explicit unwavering
|
||||
position has been explicit unwavering and unambiguous there will be no
|
||||
and unambiguous there will be no
|
||||
and unambiguous there will be no negotiations Washington has been happy
|
||||
negotiations Washington has been happy
|
||||
negotiations Washington has been happy to deliver an ultimatum saying
|
||||
to deliver an ultimatum saying
|
||||
to deliver an ultimatum saying capitulate or die that's not diplomacy
|
||||
capitulate or die that's not diplomacy
|
||||
capitulate or die that's not diplomacy official reasoning on this was spelled
|
||||
official reasoning on this was spelled
|
||||
official reasoning on this was spelled out by New York Times diplomatic
|
||||
out by New York Times diplomatic
|
||||
out by New York Times diplomatic correspondent Thomas Friedman last
|
||||
correspondent Thomas Friedman last
|
||||
correspondent Thomas Friedman last August he said that the administration
|
||||
August he said that the administration
|
||||
August he said that the administration feared that a diplomatic track might in
|
||||
feared that a diplomatic track might in
|
||||
feared that a diplomatic track might in his words defuse the crisis at the cost
|
||||
his words defuse the crisis at the cost
|
||||
his words defuse the crisis at the cost of a few token gains for Iraq
|
||||
of a few token gains for Iraq
|
||||
of a few token gains for Iraq perhaps a quaity island or minor border
|
||||
perhaps a quaity island or minor border
|
||||
perhaps a quaity island or minor border adjustments or issues recognized to be
|
||||
adjustments or issues recognized to be
|
||||
adjustments or issues recognized to be negotiable anything short of
|
||||
negotiable anything short of
|
||||
negotiable anything short of capitulation to US force is unacceptable
|
||||
capitulation to US force is unacceptable
|
||||
capitulation to US force is unacceptable whatever the consequences at just that
|
||||
whatever the consequences at just that
|
||||
whatever the consequences at just that time the US had received an Iraqi offer
|
||||
time the US had received an Iraqi offer
|
||||
time the US had received an Iraqi offer for a settlement in very much the terms
|
||||
for a settlement in very much the terms
|
||||
for a settlement in very much the terms the treatment outlined a government
|
||||
the treatment outlined a government
|
||||
the treatment outlined a government Mideast specialist described the offer
|
||||
Mideast specialist described the offer
|
||||
Mideast specialist described the offer as serious and negotiable it was
|
||||
as serious and negotiable it was
|
||||
as serious and negotiable it was instantly dismissed as were subsequent
|
||||
instantly dismissed as were subsequent
|
||||
instantly dismissed as were subsequent proposals from Iraq and others the last
|
||||
proposals from Iraq and others the last
|
||||
proposals from Iraq and others the last known example was disclosed by US
|
||||
known example was disclosed by US
|
||||
known example was disclosed by US officials on January second it was an
|
||||
officials on January second it was an
|
||||
officials on January second it was an Iraqi offer to withdraw completely in
|
||||
Iraqi offer to withdraw completely in
|
||||
Iraqi offer to withdraw completely in return for agreement on the Palestinian
|
||||
return for agreement on the Palestinian
|
||||
return for agreement on the Palestinian problem and the banning of weapons of
|
||||
problem and the banning of weapons of
|
||||
problem and the banning of weapons of mass destruction
|
||||
mass destruction
|
||||
mass destruction US officials described that offer as
|
||||
US officials described that offer as
|
||||
US officials described that offer as interesting because it dropped any
|
||||
interesting because it dropped any
|
||||
interesting because it dropped any border claims a State Department Mideast
|
||||
border claims a State Department Mideast
|
||||
border claims a State Department Mideast expert described it as a serious
|
||||
expert described it as a serious
|
||||
expert described it as a serious pre-negotiation position it seemed that
|
||||
pre-negotiation position it seemed that
|
||||
pre-negotiation position it seemed that it might be enough just to express
|
||||
it might be enough just to express
|
||||
it might be enough just to express willingness to deal with these two
|
||||
willingness to deal with these two
|
||||
willingness to deal with these two outstanding issues George Bush's
|
||||
outstanding issues George Bush's
|
||||
outstanding issues George Bush's response was a letter to Saddam Hussein
|
||||
response was a letter to Saddam Hussein
|
||||
response was a letter to Saddam Hussein saying that there would be no
|
||||
saying that there would be no
|
||||
saying that there would be no negotiations capitulate or dot now the
|
||||
negotiations capitulate or dot now the
|
||||
negotiations capitulate or dot now the official reason for this is that the
|
||||
official reason for this is that the
|
||||
official reason for this is that the United States can't reward aggressors by
|
||||
United States can't reward aggressors by
|
||||
United States can't reward aggressors by allowing what's called linkage to the
|
||||
allowing what's called linkage to the
|
||||
allowing what's called linkage to the arab-israel conflict and the elimination
|
||||
arab-israel conflict and the elimination
|
||||
arab-israel conflict and the elimination of weapons of mass destruction as Iraq
|
||||
of weapons of mass destruction as Iraq
|
||||
of weapons of mass destruction as Iraq had in fact bone requested but we know
|
||||
had in fact bone requested but we know
|
||||
had in fact bone requested but we know for certain that the official reason is
|
||||
for certain that the official reason is
|
||||
for certain that the official reason is a fraud the u.s. commonly rewards
|
||||
a fraud the u.s. commonly rewards
|
||||
a fraud the u.s. commonly rewards aggressors and pursues a laborat
|
||||
aggressors and pursues a laborat
|
||||
aggressors and pursues a laborat even in the case of far worse crimes
|
||||
even in the case of far worse crimes
|
||||
even in the case of far worse crimes that this one furthermore the US had
|
||||
that this one furthermore the US had
|
||||
that this one furthermore the US had rejected a diplomatic settlement of
|
||||
rejected a diplomatic settlement of
|
||||
rejected a diplomatic settlement of these two outstanding issues including
|
||||
these two outstanding issues including
|
||||
these two outstanding issues including Iraqi offers long before the invasion of
|
||||
Iraqi offers long before the invasion of
|
||||
Iraqi offers long before the invasion of Kuwait the US has rejected diplomacy
|
||||
Kuwait the US has rejected diplomacy
|
||||
Kuwait the US has rejected diplomacy because it opposes a settlement of the
|
||||
because it opposes a settlement of the
|
||||
because it opposes a settlement of the arab-israel conflict that recognizes
|
||||
arab-israel conflict that recognizes
|
||||
arab-israel conflict that recognizes Palestinian rights and it wants Israel
|
||||
Palestinian rights and it wants Israel
|
||||
Palestinian rights and it wants Israel to retain its hundreds of nuclear
|
||||
to retain its hundreds of nuclear
|
||||
to retain its hundreds of nuclear weapons since the u.s. is virtually
|
||||
weapons since the u.s. is virtually
|
||||
weapons since the u.s. is virtually alone in the world in this stand apart
|
||||
alone in the world in this stand apart
|
||||
alone in the world in this stand apart from Israel it rejects diplomacy and
|
||||
from Israel it rejects diplomacy and
|
||||
from Israel it rejects diplomacy and therefore rejects linkage that's the
|
||||
therefore rejects linkage that's the
|
||||
therefore rejects linkage that's the plain and simple truth of the matter
|
||||
plain and simple truth of the matter
|
||||
plain and simple truth of the matter why have the US and England insisted on
|
||||
why have the US and England insisted on
|
||||
why have the US and England insisted on rejecting a diplomatic settlement which
|
||||
rejecting a diplomatic settlement which
|
||||
rejecting a diplomatic settlement which might well have ended the crisis without
|
||||
might well have ended the crisis without
|
||||
might well have ended the crisis without war to answer this question we have to
|
||||
war to answer this question we have to
|
||||
war to answer this question we have to ask just how these two countries are
|
||||
ask just how these two countries are
|
||||
ask just how these two countries are different from others and the answers
|
||||
different from others and the answers
|
||||
different from others and the answers are pretty clear the US and Britain are
|
||||
are pretty clear the US and Britain are
|
||||
are pretty clear the US and Britain are the two countries that impose the
|
||||
the two countries that impose the
|
||||
the two countries that impose the imperial settlement on the region and
|
||||
imperial settlement on the region and
|
||||
imperial settlement on the region and they naturally arranged it in their own
|
||||
they naturally arranged it in their own
|
||||
they naturally arranged it in their own interest the settlement they imposed
|
||||
interest the settlement they imposed
|
||||
interest the settlement they imposed guaranteed that the United States and
|
||||
guaranteed that the United States and
|
||||
guaranteed that the United States and its British Ally would control the
|
||||
its British Ally would control the
|
||||
its British Ally would control the richest energy reserves in the world and
|
||||
richest energy reserves in the world and
|
||||
richest energy reserves in the world and crucially with benefit from the enormous
|
||||
crucially with benefit from the enormous
|
||||
crucially with benefit from the enormous profits that they yield these profits
|
||||
profits that they yield these profits
|
||||
profits that they yield these profits have given a very substantial support to
|
||||
have given a very substantial support to
|
||||
have given a very substantial support to US and British corporations financial
|
||||
US and British corporations financial
|
||||
US and British corporations financial institutions and their economies
|
||||
institutions and their economies
|
||||
institutions and their economies generally the essential points captured
|
||||
generally the essential points captured
|
||||
generally the essential points captured by a joke playing around Wall Street
|
||||
by a joke playing around Wall Street
|
||||
by a joke playing around Wall Street question why to the United States and
|
||||
question why to the United States and
|
||||
question why to the United States and quate need each other answer equate as a
|
||||
quate need each other answer equate as a
|
||||
quate need each other answer equate as a banking system without a country and the
|
||||
banking system without a country and the
|
||||
banking system without a country and the United States is a country without a
|
||||
United States is a country without a
|
||||
United States is a country without a banking system like a lot of jokes it's
|
||||
banking system like a lot of jokes it's
|
||||
banking system like a lot of jokes it's not a joke there's a second major
|
||||
not a joke there's a second major
|
||||
not a joke there's a second major respect in which the US and Britain are
|
||||
respect in which the US and Britain are
|
||||
respect in which the US and Britain are different from their allies they have
|
||||
different from their allies they have
|
||||
different from their allies they have troubled economies but they have a near
|
||||
troubled economies but they have a near
|
||||
troubled economies but they have a near monopoly of force with the Russians
|
||||
monopoly of force with the Russians
|
||||
monopoly of force with the Russians having withdrawn from the world there is
|
||||
having withdrawn from the world there is
|
||||
having withdrawn from the world there is no longer any deterrent to their use of
|
||||
no longer any deterrent to their use of
|
||||
no longer any deterrent to their use of force it hardly comes as a surprise that
|
||||
force it hardly comes as a surprise that
|
||||
force it hardly comes as a surprise that the two warrior states want to establish
|
||||
the two warrior states want to establish
|
||||
the two warrior states want to establish the principle that the new world order
|
||||
the principle that the new world order
|
||||
the principle that the new world order is to be ruled by force in which they
|
||||
is to be ruled by force in which they
|
||||
is to be ruled by force in which they reign supreme that's not a pretty
|
||||
reign supreme that's not a pretty
|
||||
reign supreme that's not a pretty picture and it's going to become much
|
||||
picture and it's going to become much
|
||||
picture and it's going to become much uglier if the citizens of the two
|
||||
uglier if the citizens of the two
|
||||
uglier if the citizens of the two radical military states allow this to
|
||||
radical military states allow this to
|
||||
radical military states allow this to happen
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
27
|
||||
74
|
||||
74
|
||||
165
|
||||
165
|
||||
178
|
||||
178
|
||||
181
|
||||
181
|
||||
189
|
||||
189
|
||||
191
|
||||
191
|
||||
215
|
||||
216
|
||||
220
|
||||
220
|
||||
223
|
||||
223
|
||||
226
|
||||
226
|
||||
229
|
||||
229
|
||||
254
|
||||
254
|
||||
258
|
||||
258
|
||||
260
|
||||
260
|
||||
264
|
||||
264
|
||||
289
|
||||
289
|
||||
292
|
||||
292
|
||||
294
|
||||
294
|
||||
298
|
||||
298
|
||||
300
|
||||
300
|
||||
303
|
||||
303
|
||||
306
|
||||
306
|
||||
308
|
||||
308
|
||||
310
|
||||
310
|
||||
313
|
||||
313
|
||||
316
|
||||
316
|
||||
319
|
||||
319
|
||||
321
|
||||
321
|
||||
324
|
||||
324
|
||||
327
|
||||
327
|
||||
329
|
||||
329
|
||||
331
|
||||
331
|
||||
334
|
||||
334
|
||||
337
|
||||
337
|
||||
339
|
||||
339
|
||||
342
|
||||
342
|
||||
343
|
||||
343
|
||||
346
|
||||
346
|
||||
349
|
||||
349
|
||||
351
|
||||
351
|
||||
354
|
||||
354
|
||||
356
|
||||
356
|
||||
358
|
||||
358
|
||||
360
|
||||
360
|
||||
362
|
||||
362
|
||||
365
|
||||
365
|
||||
367
|
||||
367
|
||||
369
|
||||
369
|
||||
372
|
||||
372
|
||||
374
|
||||
374
|
||||
376
|
||||
376
|
||||
379
|
||||
379
|
||||
382
|
||||
382
|
||||
384
|
||||
384
|
||||
387
|
||||
387
|
||||
390
|
||||
390
|
||||
392
|
||||
392
|
||||
394
|
||||
394
|
||||
396
|
||||
396
|
||||
399
|
||||
399
|
||||
401
|
||||
401
|
||||
404
|
||||
404
|
||||
406
|
||||
406
|
||||
408
|
||||
408
|
||||
411
|
||||
411
|
||||
413
|
||||
413
|
||||
415
|
||||
415
|
||||
418
|
||||
418
|
||||
422
|
||||
422
|
||||
424
|
||||
424
|
||||
426
|
||||
426
|
||||
428
|
||||
428
|
||||
431
|
||||
431
|
||||
433
|
||||
433
|
||||
435
|
||||
435
|
||||
437
|
||||
437
|
||||
440
|
||||
440
|
||||
443
|
||||
443
|
||||
445
|
||||
445
|
||||
446
|
||||
446
|
||||
449
|
||||
449
|
||||
451
|
||||
451
|
||||
453
|
||||
453
|
||||
455
|
||||
455
|
||||
457
|
||||
457
|
||||
459
|
||||
459
|
||||
462
|
||||
462
|
||||
463
|
||||
463
|
||||
466
|
||||
466
|
||||
468
|
||||
468
|
||||
471
|
||||
471
|
||||
473
|
||||
473
|
||||
476
|
||||
476
|
||||
478
|
||||
478
|
||||
480
|
||||
480
|
||||
482
|
||||
482
|
||||
484
|
||||
484
|
||||
487
|
||||
487
|
||||
490
|
||||
490
|
||||
492
|
||||
492
|
||||
495
|
||||
495
|
||||
497
|
||||
497
|
||||
500
|
||||
500
|
||||
503
|
||||
503
|
||||
505
|
||||
505
|
||||
507
|
||||
507
|
||||
510
|
||||
510
|
||||
512
|
||||
512
|
||||
515
|
||||
515
|
||||
518
|
||||
518
|
||||
520
|
||||
520
|
||||
524
|
||||
524
|
||||
526
|
||||
526
|
||||
529
|
||||
529
|
||||
532
|
||||
532
|
||||
535
|
||||
535
|
||||
537
|
||||
537
|
||||
540
|
||||
540
|
||||
541
|
||||
541
|
||||
544
|
||||
544
|
||||
546
|
||||
546
|
||||
549
|
||||
549
|
||||
552
|
||||
552
|
||||
554
|
||||
554
|
||||
556
|
||||
556
|
||||
559
|
||||
559
|
||||
561
|
||||
561
|
||||
562
|
||||
562
|
||||
564
|
||||
564
|
||||
566
|
||||
566
|
||||
569
|
||||
569
|
||||
571
|
||||
571
|
||||
574
|
||||
574
|
||||
576
|
||||
576
|
||||
577
|
||||
577
|
||||
580
|
||||
580
|
||||
582
|
||||
582
|
||||
584
|
||||
584
|
||||
587
|
||||
587
|
||||
589
|
||||
589
|
||||
591
|
||||
591
|
||||
593
|
||||
593
|
||||
595
|
||||
595
|
||||
598
|
||||
598
|
||||
601
|
||||
601
|
||||
603
|
||||
603
|
||||
606
|
||||
606
|
||||
608
|
||||
608
|
||||
610
|
||||
610
|
||||
614
|
||||
614
|
||||
616
|
||||
616
|
||||
618
|
||||
618
|
||||
621
|
||||
621
|
||||
624
|
||||
624
|
||||
626
|
||||
626
|
||||
628
|
||||
628
|
||||
631
|
||||
631
|
||||
633
|
||||
633
|
||||
636
|
||||
636
|
||||
638
|
||||
638
|
||||
640
|
||||
640
|
||||
643
|
||||
643
|
||||
645
|
||||
645
|
||||
648
|
||||
648
|
||||
650
|
||||
650
|
||||
652
|
||||
652
|
||||
654
|
||||
654
|
||||
656
|
||||
656
|
||||
658
|
||||
658
|
||||
661
|
||||
661
|
||||
662
|
||||
662
|
||||
664
|
||||
664
|
||||
666
|
||||
666
|
||||
668
|
||||
668
|
||||
670
|
||||
670
|
||||
673
|
||||
673
|
||||
675
|
||||
675
|
||||
678
|
||||
678
|
||||
680
|
||||
680
|
||||
682
|
||||
682
|
||||
685
|
||||
685
|
||||
687
|
||||
687
|
||||
690
|
||||
690
|
||||
692
|
||||
692
|
||||
695
|
||||
695
|
||||
698
|
||||
698
|
||||
700
|
||||
700
|
||||
702
|
||||
702
|
||||
704
|
||||
704
|
||||
707
|
||||
707
|
||||
709
|
||||
709
|
||||
711
|
||||
711
|
||||
714
|
||||
714
|
||||
716
|
||||
716
|
||||
719
|
||||
719
|
||||
721
|
||||
721
|
||||
723
|
||||
723
|
||||
727
|
||||
727
|
||||
729
|
||||
729
|
||||
732
|
||||
732
|
||||
734
|
||||
734
|
||||
736
|
||||
736
|
||||
738
|
||||
738
|
||||
741
|
||||
741
|
||||
744
|
||||
744
|
||||
820
cnt/CHOMSKY - TAIBO II #FILZócaloLibertad kfvtD4ptZ-k.en.cnt
Normal file
820
cnt/CHOMSKY - TAIBO II #FILZócaloLibertad kfvtD4ptZ-k.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
|
|||
applaud compadre
|
||||
good good night again
|
||||
in these meetings in a half-crazed plinth this one that does not lower the heat or
|
||||
speed is a pleasure to have you with us
|
||||
as a reference to libertarian critical thinking
|
||||
Thank you very much for being in Mexico again
|
||||
has he receives images from the public jose ramon if he receives images from the public
|
||||
okay
|
||||
I think the first thing we could say is that
|
||||
that the profound changes that have occurred in Mexico are somehow
|
||||
reestablishes the connection with the us and I don't mean the formal connections with the
|
||||
trump usa i mean real country to country connections
|
||||
ever jokingly said what
|
||||
I said some places in the US had to be bombarded with your books and
|
||||
rita hayworth movies when she takes off her glove
|
||||
the pan the globe and the famous field [Music]
|
||||
rita hayworth on keyboard
|
||||
our message must not be reaching
|
||||
if we wanted to ask you about everything
|
||||
How do you see the perspective of Mexico-United States relations from
|
||||
down right now
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
what Chomsky says is that this question refers to him makes him remember some
|
||||
occasion in which he taught at the University of Arizona a course in
|
||||
radical political philosophy and then they began to have contact with the
|
||||
University of Hermosillo which is very close to the University of Arizona
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
and then [Music]
|
||||
there are many ways to connect there are the real ways while i was giving
|
||||
This course in Arizona Chomsky found a way to invite students from the
|
||||
University of Hermosillo so that they could visit them on that side of the border and
|
||||
at the same time that this visit was reciprocal of seeing students visiting
|
||||
also the university of hermosillo and some some connection mechanisms
|
||||
between peoples are real are materials like this like this example but that
|
||||
there are also many other symbolic ways through which
|
||||
North American peoples of the American and the Mexican can
|
||||
may have contact that even this same event that we are carrying out in
|
||||
this moment and through which, thanks to which we are being able to
|
||||
knowing chomsky's library because he is from his home is a way too
|
||||
through which the peoples are getting closer since we are people
|
||||
real
|
||||
if not
|
||||
the necessary relationship between two peoples that are separated by a meter of
|
||||
border
|
||||
would necessarily pose a connection from below in terms of the problems
|
||||
common we have because suddenly we think
|
||||
like Latin Americans who suffer from the presence of the United States
|
||||
from Latin American
|
||||
but at the same time and the injustices suffered by the American people
|
||||
This is a historic moment although it is not very clear who can help
|
||||
who
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
says that one of the examples in which the problematic
|
||||
that you live day by day or you live day by day the peoples saw the night of
|
||||
yesterday well with the battles so strong with the violence so strong that it was lived
|
||||
in Culiacan between the drug cartels and the Mexican state itself
|
||||
battles same violent events that would not happen were it not for the
|
||||
the United States there is a huge consumption of drugs that remain illegal and that if not
|
||||
the illegality or that amount of consumption existed from outside because drug traffickers do not
|
||||
they would have the power they have
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
45 years ago
|
||||
[Music] 4 or 5 years ago there was a meeting one
|
||||
summit of all of all america of all not only north america but also
|
||||
in Central and South America and there were aptas and I don't remember Jones that it was in
|
||||
Cartagena Colombia and there were two things in which you can never reach a
|
||||
The first agreement was the admission of Cuba once again to the economy of
|
||||
Latin America so that it could also trade and the US did not vote in favor and
|
||||
Canada vote in the same direction to support the United States and the other
|
||||
situation in which they could not reach a new account agreement with
|
||||
the same procedure due to the refusal of the United States and the endorsement and with the endorsement of
|
||||
Canada was the decriminalization of drugs and this has to be understood
|
||||
the decriminalization of drug use no that does not mean in a way
|
||||
immediate legalization of drugs but at least the decriminalization of
|
||||
drug use, the US did not want to and this has been a suffering
|
||||
effects have continued to be felt by the two peoples
|
||||
the usa which has a huge amount of consumption and therefore also a
|
||||
huge number of people who are considered criminals for consuming
|
||||
drugs and on the other hand Mexico, which being a producer and exporter to the
|
||||
America is falling apart due to the violence generated by the
|
||||
criminalization of drugs
|
||||
In Mexico it is very common to say poor Mexico so far from God and so close to
|
||||
The USA phase that is attributed to many characters including Porfirio Diaz
|
||||
I would like to reverse the phrase
|
||||
I would like to reverse the phrase that is to say poor of the us so close to
|
||||
Mexico and so far from the best of its history
|
||||
I don't tell you this because because I couldn't think I couldn't think of me
|
||||
same in 200 references of culture
|
||||
American who have formed me
|
||||
from from the best novels of chandler hammett
|
||||
raymond chandler and dashiell hammett up hardware books' fast up
|
||||
your first arguments against the vietnam war
|
||||
and I can spend hours saying plays movies songs yes that would be
|
||||
of me without blowing in the wind and no
|
||||
where to where I want to take you to the idea that the only real bridge to
|
||||
from which we can create a new relationship with the us is culture
|
||||
also control
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
Well, if indeed he can notice it at the University of Tucson in Arizona
|
||||
which is in new classes at least half of the student population are
|
||||
Mexicans not only in the university but throughout the entire southern strip
|
||||
of the border between the us and mexico because there is a huge amount of population
|
||||
Mexican Mexican music has also greatly influenced music
|
||||
North America in those same regions and but beyond that beyond this
|
||||
mutual influence that both peoples have culturally speaking from the
|
||||
creation of our Chomsky popular culture also observes the enormous
|
||||
concern that the two peoples have in reference to the conflicts that
|
||||
exist because of the militarization of the border militarization that began to
|
||||
occur in a more intense way with the administration of bill clinton but that
|
||||
started from the time of the signature here I have known as the tlc I do not know
|
||||
began to militarize the border and that has reached its maximum expression with
|
||||
this government of trump chomsky considers that a fate should be established
|
||||
in agreement similar to that of the countries of the European Union in that
|
||||
Well, they also have their free trade agreement, finally that is what
|
||||
the european union is where there is not only transit of goods and capital
|
||||
but there is also free transit of people and that is the point at which
|
||||
We would have to reach the United States and Mexico where the borders
|
||||
still exist geographically and politically but that people already
|
||||
could move freely between those two countries without so much
|
||||
protocol no
|
||||
have been a permanent political analyst for the last 50 years or 40 years
|
||||
good news donald trump stay or go
|
||||
[Laughs]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music] three hands
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
Oh no
|
||||
yes luck of the organization
|
||||
[Music] and well we are considers that it is known that
|
||||
There are several various statistical models thanks to which one can with a
|
||||
more or a greater or lesser closeness to predict what will be the result of
|
||||
elections and one of those models has to do with investigating what is the
|
||||
perception that the people have about the state of the economy this does not want
|
||||
say the real state that the economies keep but the perception they have
|
||||
people regarding their country's economy and that these studies indicate that
|
||||
the American people consider the economy to be good enough
|
||||
and if that perception is maintained, there is a high probability that Trump will win
|
||||
elections unless something unexpected happened
|
||||
within which could be some that people begin to take more
|
||||
importance to certain policies and certain decisions that trump makes
|
||||
with respect to other topics within which probably the most
|
||||
terrifying and the most troublesome from Chomsky's perspective whether
|
||||
your statements and your attitude towards climate change climate change
|
||||
that trump denies and in fact not only trump but the entire republican party and that and
|
||||
that if concrete actions are not taken, Chomsky considers that the
|
||||
humanity only a few years before the
|
||||
true atrocities of this climate change
|
||||
wow
|
||||
efe
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music and
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
good [Music]
|
||||
two
|
||||
Author
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
and not only that, but even though most of the countries in the world are already
|
||||
doing something to change their extractive policies and change their policies
|
||||
Regarding the exploitation of the environment, it seems that the United States is the
|
||||
the only country in the world where this has not changed and is not being carried out and
|
||||
continue to extract using natural resources in a way
|
||||
indiscriminate this is going to affect, in general terms, the whole world of
|
||||
a lethal way in a lethal way changing the natural relationships of
|
||||
unimaginable ways
|
||||
This would directly affect Mexico, particularly it could be noted in the
|
||||
gulf of mexico where if oil is exploited as it has been proposed that
|
||||
exploit people and animals the ecosystem could die poisoned by
|
||||
time that in case the poles will actually end up melting for
|
||||
global warming there would be many areas that will end up being unavoidable
|
||||
the same gulf would overflow and that can already be seen in some other latitudes
|
||||
the world effects of climate change chomsky shares that in india
|
||||
this past summer temperatures exceeded 50 degrees were reached
|
||||
where people then had to protect themselves from and sleep in the open
|
||||
because it was absolutely impossible to stay inside the houses during
|
||||
night by the amount of heat they absorbed and she at and at the same time in
|
||||
Japan we could see this in images on the news and on the internet
|
||||
just a few weeks ago there was a cyclone
|
||||
because of a force also unusual despite being an industrial country and being
|
||||
a technologically developed country are not exempt from suffering the force of
|
||||
nature and well that
|
||||
2 today
|
||||
then
|
||||
dunn and him
|
||||
no
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
confrontation the gift of the technical order
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
and
|
||||
i
|
||||
and music]
|
||||
and there is more
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
Well then, four more years of trump in environmental terms
|
||||
could be the difference between still having chances to survive as
|
||||
kind or of probably succumbing this hard the facts and that is why it is only
|
||||
the first of the two great problems that Chomsky observes in case of
|
||||
Trump to continue in power and the next problem is the reopening of the
|
||||
huge risk posed by a nuclear war worldwide
|
||||
Chomsky shares that Trump has just recently annulled a treaty that
|
||||
had been signed by Gorbachev and Reagan since the 1980s for the
|
||||
non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and that it breaks just annulled that agreement and
|
||||
not only that but another one that prohibited countries from developing technology
|
||||
nuclear nuclear weapons that could be fired executed from space and
|
||||
then with these two missing treaties it seems that he is
|
||||
is inviting Russia to enter a new nuclear arms race that
|
||||
could endanger all of humanity particularly these
|
||||
next four years maybe i could ask a question
|
||||
after
|
||||
He states that he is still in the first four years of the government
|
||||
American presidents tend to be less belligerent to unleash on
|
||||
the following a tougher policy and thus reelection space
|
||||
that happened and records the last American presidencies
|
||||
Do you think we would expect a movie in case of Trump re-election
|
||||
even more belligerent more regressive politics
|
||||
no
|
||||
as [Music]
|
||||
[Music] white
|
||||
and work
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
future rest
|
||||
after
|
||||
and music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
and nothing
|
||||
on mondays where
|
||||
Well, in front of Trump, what we have is a single president of the state of the
|
||||
The US has never had a previous president who said that he is the chosen one
|
||||
the sous en one while stretching the arms with the palms facing the
|
||||
sky and himself looking up at the sky and that there had never been a
|
||||
secretary of state who would be the equivalent of our secretary of
|
||||
government that says our president was sent by god to protect the
|
||||
people of israel from the iranis then we are in one we are in one dimension
|
||||
completely different awareness of a supposed historical role that he has
|
||||
as president in the us at the same time even though trump has said that
|
||||
has withdrawn troops from the Middle East as announced when withdrawing troops from
|
||||
Syrian and Afghan troops but on the other side is sending new
|
||||
Troops have just sent two thousand elements 2.000 troops to Saudi Arabia with the
|
||||
intention that the war that country is carrying
|
||||
carried out against Yemen and that is leaving that country destroyed, I mean Yemen and
|
||||
returning to europe these this treaty that trump abolished between gorbachev and
|
||||
Reagan had to do with the proliferation of short-term missiles.
|
||||
achieve this means constantly the anato or the organization of the
|
||||
treaty of the north atlantic and the countries of europe were constantly
|
||||
threatening each other with short-range ballistic missiles however
|
||||
once reagan and trump sorry reagan and that cork signing this
|
||||
treaty withdrew the missiles that were threatening each other there are
|
||||
since the abolition of this treaty by trump has put everything
|
||||
along the border between western europe and russia new missiles
|
||||
threatening it
|
||||
a war could break out at any moment
|
||||
thinking what to take care of
|
||||
yes
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
1st
|
||||
future
|
||||
[Music] the dead
|
||||
[Music] he
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
wow
|
||||
or
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
yes
|
||||
two
|
||||
[Music] when I woke up
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
yes
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
Well, and to complete the question I asked him, he says well, you propose that the
|
||||
better trump will not have anything to worry about because in his second
|
||||
candidacy as it would be the last and then it would no longer have a third term
|
||||
to the presidency but today what would happen if I decided not to release the presidency
|
||||
legally in the US if you could apply a third time you do not have legally no
|
||||
they have limits they do not do it by tradition but they could run forever if
|
||||
so they decided like george washington did it only twice then
|
||||
respect that tradition but what if trump decided no no
|
||||
leave the presidency and then it will turn out that although he decides to stay
|
||||
de facto with the support of a whole series of militias that exist because besides the
|
||||
American people is a people that is heavily armed many of the
|
||||
which are considered to be identified with ideology of white supremacy and that
|
||||
they have a real fear it is not a scam it is not an unfounded fear but there is
|
||||
statistics that contemplate that in the coming years
|
||||
what today is still the white majority will end is
|
||||
became a white minority and under no circumstances consider
|
||||
that this is desirable because it would imply what they call it
|
||||
to the disappearance of Anglo-Saxon Christian culture while they are
|
||||
also strongly and radically Christian and therefore are
|
||||
seeing them threatened by cultures by barbaric non-Christian civilizations
|
||||
that endanger their own survival and that many of these
|
||||
groups are so heavily armed that they even exceed the reaction force
|
||||
what the local police have, not the US army, the army
|
||||
American would have the ability to subdue them
|
||||
but but already when you are in front of such a particular scenario where
|
||||
It could be that the peoples who support these discourses of supremacy
|
||||
white and who support trump, who is their because their leader took to the streets to
|
||||
defend their permanence and the military would have to respond to
|
||||
submit to those groups because we are talking about a highly
|
||||
chaotic for the us and what and what not if not highly probable
|
||||
if there is a possibility that it will happen
|
||||
restoration
|
||||
after an absolutely discouraging outlook like the one you just
|
||||
trace in Mexico at the moment we are living in a climate of relative
|
||||
euphoria
|
||||
you were about to throw an ice cube on our backs
|
||||
let's say we can still tell us tell us how we can help you not relax
|
||||
thrombus the mexicans
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
the rise of the same
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
best script in both cases
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
the manager of smart for the world [Music]
|
||||
at
|
||||
well there is not being honest there is not much that the Mexican people can do
|
||||
But if there is much that the American people can do and that of
|
||||
fact is already being done particularly by generations of
|
||||
young people who are organizing to try that through repudiation
|
||||
towards the liberal model that has been implemented in the US during the
|
||||
last 40 years and the results of which have been appalling
|
||||
is and is proliferating the idea for the first time of something that is quite
|
||||
new to the American mindset that would be the establishment of
|
||||
social democratic policies and not only that but movements that are
|
||||
taking to the streets through speeches particularly at this time of
|
||||
environmental claims where they have forced the same companies and have
|
||||
forced the us congress to have to put it on its legislative agenda
|
||||
to discuss the new legislation that must lead to
|
||||
carry out the legislative reforms that they have to carry out precisely
|
||||
to avoid all these issues of ecological devastation in parallel with
|
||||
environmental movements also exist particularly along the
|
||||
border between arizona and mexico young people who are organizing to go and
|
||||
helping migrants to people who are trying to flee from a
|
||||
reality of poverty of suffering where survival conditions
|
||||
are extremely difficult towards the US and they have to cross the desert and then
|
||||
young people are organizing to help them cross the desert at the time
|
||||
that giving them food and on many occasions also shelter
|
||||
yes
|
||||
I asked him who thinks he could and who thinks he could be a
|
||||
option to defeat trump in the next election and in particular to
|
||||
by bernie sanders demille
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
and
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
and
|
||||
one
|
||||
Thank you
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
in the existing thick
|
||||
from our side
|
||||
God has brought us to our
|
||||
[Music] Can't tell yet who will be
|
||||
candidate by the Democrats cannot be known yet towards
|
||||
where is noam chomsky going to attend the next vote
|
||||
particularly the candidate that would be of his predilection would be bernie sanders
|
||||
but at the same time bernie is constantly getting attacks from
|
||||
media that caricature him that ridicule him that
|
||||
they misrepresent all his statements to make him look like an unviable person
|
||||
and that perhaps the only person he considers could be a candidate
|
||||
democrat would be elizabeth warren, which is that within what is possible is
|
||||
better than donald trump because basically anyone else would be
|
||||
better than donald trump consider chomsky and then why can't you tell
|
||||
still properly what is going to happen, however what can
|
||||
to know is that there is some hope because throughout the United States there are
|
||||
movements of people who are raising awareness the same tucson their
|
||||
city the city he lives in is arguing over whether he should
|
||||
consider whether it owes itself a sanctuary city which
|
||||
would mean that all those people who are being persecuted
|
||||
by the border patrol and that they had managed to escape could arrive
|
||||
to Tucson and there they could not be arrested and then they would receive refuge
|
||||
throughout the length and breadth of the city so that I can no longer not live with fear
|
||||
of being persecuted and yet you still cannot know what is going to happen
|
||||
next year there is however still some hope and would like to
|
||||
chomsky close with the following reflection something that the
|
||||
people of Mexico to show the North American people how convenient
|
||||
is to have a social democratic government progress in such a way that we
|
||||
let us set an example for them that our relationships
|
||||
better sociopolitical do in such a way that then the Americans
|
||||
they will turn what they do to the south and say look what can be done look
|
||||
what can be done without having a social democratic government and finally
|
||||
well we are on the edge of what will determine the fate of the
|
||||
humanity for normal good in the next 20 years he says this has been
|
||||
said many times but it had never been true but this time it is true
|
||||
what is decided now is what will lead to what will lead to
|
||||
short humanity
|
||||
no
|
||||
Thank you very much it has been a pleasure to have you with us again in the socket of the
|
||||
Mexico City
|
||||
thank you very much to all
|
||||
they also have a chelsea suddenly it's very good gives him the chances and
|
||||
the dimension of what a book fair is the book as a vehicle for
|
||||
transport ideas debates reflections to transport to this city and
|
||||
this moment one of the smartest thinkers on the planet today
|
||||
good night thank you very much marina has information
|
||||
0
|
||||
10
|
||||
14
|
||||
22
|
||||
28
|
||||
37
|
||||
43
|
||||
49
|
||||
53
|
||||
58
|
||||
64
|
||||
72
|
||||
79
|
||||
84
|
||||
91
|
||||
101
|
||||
110
|
||||
119
|
||||
124
|
||||
132
|
||||
137
|
||||
155
|
||||
190
|
||||
196
|
||||
202
|
||||
206
|
||||
213
|
||||
221
|
||||
228
|
||||
241
|
||||
250
|
||||
259
|
||||
284
|
||||
289
|
||||
294
|
||||
298
|
||||
302
|
||||
306
|
||||
312
|
||||
314
|
||||
319
|
||||
325
|
||||
329
|
||||
333
|
||||
337
|
||||
352
|
||||
356
|
||||
363
|
||||
373
|
||||
380
|
||||
386
|
||||
401
|
||||
408
|
||||
420
|
||||
424
|
||||
441
|
||||
459
|
||||
471
|
||||
477
|
||||
481
|
||||
487
|
||||
494
|
||||
498
|
||||
505
|
||||
509
|
||||
530
|
||||
543
|
||||
565
|
||||
576
|
||||
592
|
||||
606
|
||||
612
|
||||
617
|
||||
622
|
||||
628
|
||||
635
|
||||
640
|
||||
644
|
||||
649
|
||||
655
|
||||
660
|
||||
664
|
||||
672
|
||||
675
|
||||
681
|
||||
684
|
||||
690
|
||||
699
|
||||
703
|
||||
710
|
||||
716
|
||||
728
|
||||
735
|
||||
746
|
||||
753
|
||||
757
|
||||
766
|
||||
775
|
||||
782
|
||||
786
|
||||
795
|
||||
801
|
||||
806
|
||||
821
|
||||
844
|
||||
881
|
||||
896
|
||||
915
|
||||
932
|
||||
937
|
||||
941
|
||||
946
|
||||
950
|
||||
955
|
||||
961
|
||||
965
|
||||
970
|
||||
974
|
||||
979
|
||||
986
|
||||
993
|
||||
997
|
||||
1004
|
||||
1008
|
||||
1011
|
||||
1016
|
||||
1020
|
||||
1026
|
||||
1029
|
||||
1034
|
||||
1039
|
||||
1048
|
||||
1061
|
||||
1084
|
||||
1099
|
||||
1131
|
||||
1143
|
||||
1151
|
||||
1158
|
||||
1164
|
||||
1170
|
||||
1174
|
||||
1180
|
||||
1185
|
||||
1190
|
||||
1196
|
||||
1201
|
||||
1206
|
||||
1211
|
||||
1215
|
||||
1219
|
||||
1224
|
||||
1228
|
||||
1236
|
||||
1243
|
||||
1247
|
||||
1252
|
||||
1261
|
||||
1267
|
||||
1288
|
||||
1317
|
||||
1325
|
||||
1340
|
||||
1347
|
||||
1352
|
||||
1362
|
||||
1372
|
||||
1394
|
||||
1400
|
||||
1405
|
||||
1409
|
||||
1414
|
||||
1418
|
||||
1424
|
||||
1431
|
||||
1434
|
||||
1438
|
||||
1442
|
||||
1447
|
||||
1452
|
||||
1456
|
||||
1461
|
||||
1467
|
||||
1471
|
||||
1477
|
||||
1482
|
||||
1486
|
||||
1490
|
||||
1494
|
||||
1498
|
||||
1505
|
||||
1514
|
||||
1518
|
||||
1521
|
||||
1528
|
||||
1531
|
||||
1555
|
||||
1566
|
||||
1574
|
||||
1579
|
||||
1587
|
||||
1597
|
||||
1609
|
||||
1625
|
||||
1629
|
||||
1634
|
||||
1639
|
||||
1645
|
||||
1651
|
||||
1659
|
||||
1664
|
||||
1672
|
||||
1677
|
||||
1685
|
||||
1691
|
||||
1697
|
||||
1703
|
||||
1710
|
||||
1714
|
||||
1739
|
||||
1749
|
||||
1754
|
||||
1759
|
||||
1770
|
||||
1783
|
||||
1788
|
||||
1796
|
||||
1804
|
||||
1814
|
||||
1824
|
||||
1833
|
||||
1855
|
||||
1869
|
||||
1873
|
||||
1879
|
||||
1889
|
||||
1908
|
||||
1927
|
||||
1937
|
||||
1941
|
||||
1947
|
||||
1951
|
||||
1955
|
||||
1959
|
||||
1966
|
||||
1972
|
||||
1980
|
||||
1987
|
||||
1992
|
||||
1996
|
||||
2002
|
||||
2006
|
||||
2012
|
||||
2020
|
||||
2027
|
||||
2034
|
||||
2042
|
||||
2048
|
||||
2052
|
||||
2057
|
||||
2062
|
||||
2067
|
||||
2071
|
||||
2087
|
||||
2091
|
||||
2096
|
||||
2101
|
||||
2106
|
||||
2108
|
||||
2113
|
||||
2117
|
||||
2129
|
||||
2135
|
||||
2141
|
||||
2147
|
||||
2180
|
||||
2188
|
||||
2193
|
||||
2203
|
||||
2214
|
||||
2221
|
||||
2226
|
||||
2235
|
||||
2248
|
||||
2254
|
||||
2259
|
||||
2263
|
||||
2271
|
||||
2275
|
||||
2280
|
||||
2284
|
||||
2288
|
||||
2294
|
||||
2300
|
||||
2304
|
||||
2309
|
||||
2316
|
||||
2320
|
||||
2323
|
||||
2327
|
||||
2331
|
||||
2336
|
||||
2344
|
||||
2349
|
||||
2354
|
||||
2358
|
||||
2363
|
||||
2366
|
||||
2371
|
||||
2377
|
||||
2382
|
||||
2388
|
||||
2391
|
||||
2398
|
||||
2406
|
||||
2411
|
||||
2416
|
||||
2420
|
||||
2424
|
||||
2436
|
||||
2442
|
||||
2483
|
||||
2493
|
||||
2513
|
||||
2521
|
||||
2550
|
||||
2560
|
||||
2577
|
||||
2586
|
||||
2596
|
||||
2618
|
||||
2623
|
||||
2626
|
||||
2628
|
||||
2635
|
||||
2639
|
||||
2644
|
||||
2649
|
||||
2652
|
||||
2660
|
||||
2666
|
||||
2672
|
||||
2676
|
||||
2682
|
||||
2684
|
||||
2689
|
||||
2694
|
||||
2698
|
||||
2704
|
||||
2708
|
||||
2712
|
||||
2717
|
||||
2722
|
||||
2736
|
||||
2741
|
||||
2745
|
||||
2773
|
||||
2786
|
||||
2789
|
||||
2795
|
||||
2801
|
||||
2811
|
||||
2814
|
||||
2827
|
||||
2850
|
||||
2864
|
||||
2871
|
||||
2878
|
||||
2887
|
||||
2894
|
||||
2899
|
||||
2903
|
||||
2908
|
||||
2912
|
||||
2917
|
||||
2924
|
||||
2930
|
||||
2933
|
||||
2939
|
||||
2942
|
||||
2946
|
||||
2951
|
||||
2955
|
||||
2961
|
||||
2965
|
||||
2969
|
||||
2973
|
||||
2980
|
||||
2986
|
||||
2992
|
||||
2997
|
||||
3003
|
||||
3010
|
||||
3014
|
||||
3020
|
||||
3025
|
||||
3030
|
||||
3037
|
||||
3041
|
||||
3044
|
||||
3049
|
||||
3052
|
||||
3059
|
||||
3066
|
||||
3083
|
||||
3088
|
||||
3095
|
||||
3101
|
||||
3106
|
||||
3111
|
||||
488
cnt/CONTRAVIA Chomsky z_wmgIcxbg4.en.cnt
Normal file
488
cnt/CONTRAVIA Chomsky z_wmgIcxbg4.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
|
|||
the following program is suitable for the whole family
|
||||
sponsored by the embassy of the netherlands the program for the
|
||||
democracy and human rights country colombia sponsored by the european union
|
||||
and the organizations that comprise it present
|
||||
good evening on today's show we have a very special guest
|
||||
78-year-old American philosopher intellectual father of modern linguistics
|
||||
intellectual writer I mean noam chomsky who was listed just a few
|
||||
weeks by new york times as one of the most important living intellectuals
|
||||
of humanity we place it in magic the university of massachusetts does
|
||||
a few weeks with the journalists simon europa
|
||||
simone the general impressions of this interview good and the impression is
|
||||
shocking shocking is mighty's place in this university since 1944
|
||||
god 65 people among students and teachers who won the nobel prize
|
||||
from this hour of interviews with others well the conclusion is this image is from
|
||||
the South American region and Latin America in general completely outside of
|
||||
control of the unique states that are coming out of the US control of
|
||||
hands and the other thing that hit me on the
|
||||
Chomsky's attention to Colombia
|
||||
you are not only enterpises but with many other writings
|
||||
it seems to me that they are directing many many steps good moods thank you very much
|
||||
precisely the width that lecture in written dissertations has devoted to
|
||||
Colombia and because that is the question simply because Colombia is
|
||||
crossed by two issues of international people at that time the issue
|
||||
ecological and the issue of drugs is also worth bearing in mind that no
|
||||
expansion of critics over the last years of foreign policy
|
||||
American not only with or under the administration of George Bush since
|
||||
the wartime in vietnam and there is one detail in particular with noam
|
||||
chomsky on September 11 the same September 11 when the attack on
|
||||
twin hook towers producing a tremendous trial against politics
|
||||
American outside accusing her of being the only responsible and guilty of
|
||||
the attacks of September 11, which was worth the enmity that
|
||||
good part of intellectuals not only North American
|
||||
but of the world some analytical critics have tried to locate the
|
||||
kim shows on the left but there aren't many who define themselves as a man in
|
||||
libertarian and a man clearly the artist that's our theme today in
|
||||
contravia welcome and welcome
|
||||
counter
|
||||
ah
|
||||
- He continues to put a bullet against which the only way to pacify the country is a
|
||||
Gonzalez's complaint
|
||||
well
|
||||
with the events of the last decade in the system of domination the continent
|
||||
has moved towards a degree of independence which washington is not going to
|
||||
tolerate but you really can't do much about it
|
||||
the election of lula in brazil was of great concern but a great relief to the
|
||||
know that their policies are very similar to those of governments
|
||||
However, this element of independence does not like the USA
|
||||
Today I was working I want to work with a different Argentina and I'm going to
|
||||
announce each step as corresponds to society
|
||||
there can't be two old men signed why I don't
|
||||
in Argentina Kirchner essentially told the International Monetary Fund
|
||||
him to leave and they couldn't do anything about it
|
||||
this fund is tied to the us treasury department this
|
||||
it was a hard hit for washington which was expecting a kind of tightening
|
||||
sometimes called a tightening of credit communities like those
|
||||
gangster movies and that's the role of the international monetary fund in
|
||||
gray end
|
||||
this is what the executive director calls a tightening of
|
||||
credit communities but kirchner did not play the same game and may
|
||||
Argentina and even Brazil get out of control of the monetary fund
|
||||
international
|
||||
we have won now we are going to make the change of the country is just like that
|
||||
most of the people
|
||||
bolivia as mentioned chose a very popular peasant leader from the center left
|
||||
But Ecuador will probably do the same quickly.
|
||||
Same way
|
||||
the indigenous people of the region who are quite a lot organized for the first time
|
||||
as a unit and it is the beginning of the creation of an indigenous nation like
|
||||
some call it from Bolivia this Ecuador to program proclaiming the
|
||||
indigenous rights since their populations are mostly
|
||||
indigenous and are not interested in resources stolen by the West or
|
||||
they control them themselves or they won't even exploit this for example for the
|
||||
peasants from ecuador it is not obvious that they let destroy their lands so that the
|
||||
people out there in trucks the traffic or in large masses like in new
|
||||
york 'may seem obvious to us but
|
||||
not for them then the pressure to maintain their lives their communities and their
|
||||
resources is of great fear for the west especially for the us and others
|
||||
powers which are used to treating other countries as in their
|
||||
own garden they take what they want crush people say some
|
||||
words of praise about democracy but they really are like your chips for
|
||||
move at will this is not happening and goes from venezuela to argentina and
|
||||
It even goes further in Mexico the same thing can happen since they can also
|
||||
elect a center-left government the only region that the us still have
|
||||
control is central america for the brutal wars that have been for more or
|
||||
minus a decade under the reagan administration in which they killed hundreds of
|
||||
thousands of people and destroyed societies and consequently these
|
||||
societies are crushed and controlled
|
||||
the father of what is happening there in the middle east and in the town of
|
||||
dac
|
||||
Venezuela is starting to send oil to make investments and they have
|
||||
been a great source of energy for the us since 1970
|
||||
even though before the 70s north america was a great producer and exporter but
|
||||
from that year things changed
|
||||
In this hemisphere, Venezuela is the leader and has the
|
||||
largest resources in the bolivia region also has many resources of
|
||||
natural gas that has not been exploited by the us but is looking for it
|
||||
exchange relationships exist and increase slowly the same as
|
||||
trade relations with europe and also south america south america and
|
||||
even south to south the latter being very new for example brazil south africa
|
||||
and india form a blue alliance and these are regions and relationships that
|
||||
they come out of the management and control of washington and although they believed and assumed that
|
||||
they were in control of the world after the second world war
|
||||
there will be no war there will be no war here there will be peace we will put the world
|
||||
a weapon and that that kind action against that
|
||||
we would live better economically socially culturally better than with
|
||||
USA or with the international community
|
||||
and there is pressure against the governments of the left by the us and they are going to
|
||||
try to stop this trend
|
||||
This can be seen with the expenditure they make towards Latin America, but there has been a
|
||||
big change
|
||||
during the cold war the so-called financial aid was higher than the
|
||||
military aid this has changed military aid today and is on par with
|
||||
the economy
|
||||
if not
|
||||
and military aid has increased tremendously in some parts but
|
||||
oriented towards Colombia for example the air base in ecuador is also
|
||||
column-oriented
|
||||
and the number of military in Latin America has reached its peak and
|
||||
is at levels compared to financial aid
|
||||
but beyond there has also been a change in military training this
|
||||
it has been a big problem due to the supervision and pressure of the congress and it has
|
||||
been restricted by the conditions of the rights
|
||||
humans
|
||||
well
|
||||
therefore the pentagon has taken the reins which enjoys no pressure
|
||||
restriction or supervision you can train torture personnel and not
|
||||
nothing less happens
|
||||
the pentagon is reviewing aid goals formerly called defense
|
||||
hemispheric kennedy the change for internal security
|
||||
and that means that it is against terrorism
|
||||
now it has also changed towards the world against drugs but with issues
|
||||
social
|
||||
radical groups and gangs are the targets now and under the power of the
|
||||
pentagon this is not supervised
|
||||
ah
|
||||
ah
|
||||
there is a drug problem in the us as in europe and other parts of the world
|
||||
and it is known how to confront it according to government studies
|
||||
but it does not give us the right for others to solve our problem where
|
||||
we have the best solution are the programs
|
||||
prevention and treatment and so this scourge must be confronted
|
||||
hurts done works we have not seen it work for example in tobacco that
|
||||
it is much more destructive than drugs
|
||||
if we look at strong drug deaths versus tobacco deaths
|
||||
the differences are monstrous
|
||||
the marijuana that has millions of consumers does not throw almost deaths but
|
||||
The problem with tobacco is that it is very serious in the United States.
|
||||
effectively and you don't find out here
|
||||
people smoking and those who do it at the university or other places are
|
||||
foreigners you may smoke but we are leaving here
|
||||
you find people smoking in the slums but the
|
||||
education has worked it's effective and it's not cost
|
||||
pride expansion in body the police action program is much more expensive
|
||||
ineffective and operations abroad for example in Colombia are
|
||||
expensive and least effective
|
||||
This transfer represents an investment of more than 12 million
|
||||
dollars in word and a nine month job
|
||||
With the internal drug problem in Colombia, it has not been possible to be
|
||||
controlled by the usa
|
||||
against drugs is more related to the counterinsurgency war because
|
||||
There are vast regions of Colombia beyond the control of the security forces.
|
||||
and if you want to see how little it is related to the war of the
|
||||
drugs its production is controlled by the paramilitaries and they do not go after them
|
||||
but against the peasants they call it fumigation but it really is a war
|
||||
chemistry
|
||||
it's personal charity aids
|
||||
and I've seen it and you're probably also made by mercenary forces
|
||||
they destroy vast areas of crops everything in their power
|
||||
biodiversity which is a very serious problem because it is an area very rich in
|
||||
plant and animal life resources in the world there are serious health problems there are
|
||||
peasant children getting sick and dying these people are taken out of
|
||||
her land
|
||||
Colombia is one of the places with the most population displacement towards areas
|
||||
urban after afghanistan and sweating
|
||||
there are some peasants who were displaced you left to convince
|
||||
by the anguish of money they were convinced by the anguish of
|
||||
money selling her land for a very serious price having her land
|
||||
for a price they were convinced by
|
||||
once these peasants are exiled the mining companies enter make their
|
||||
work the oil companies do their excavations
|
||||
freely and equally among the agro-industrial companies they cultivated it
|
||||
to export
|
||||
and this makes the rich get richer and the peasants if they survive by
|
||||
yes alone
|
||||
this happens with indigenous peoples, peasants and Afro-Colombians and they
|
||||
for example in cauca they are well organized but they can do nothing
|
||||
against the planes of the mercenary forces that enter fumigate devastate and
|
||||
they go
|
||||
under the pretext of the war on drugs
|
||||
the fight against drug trafficking continued just as strong here we did not lower the
|
||||
throttle to this and this is an example and with the help of the Americans
|
||||
we will continue with all our efforts with the core of the problem is still Colombia
|
||||
has received the largest military aid in the lower hemisphere since the 1990s
|
||||
the clinton administration and it was called the drug war the
|
||||
which for me is a scandal
|
||||
murphy iphone environmental event if you look at the indexes most people in
|
||||
colombia die from us tobacco production that people in us
|
||||
for the consumption of cocaine produced by colony
|
||||
it may be true in other countries but this does not entitle them to create a
|
||||
chemical warfare against areas for example in kentucky north carolina for
|
||||
eradicate plantations
|
||||
and what end but since it is the west that the base the
|
||||
that has the power is therefore not questioned it is claimed that it is done with the
|
||||
approval of the Colombian government and
|
||||
the whole concept is grotesque
|
||||
two
|
||||
clicks of interest
|
||||
by fumigation, coca production is reduced but for the
|
||||
peasants can survive growing coca in deeper areas of the jungle
|
||||
there are very few funds earmarked for alternative crops peasants do not
|
||||
they seek to grow coca for export but to survive and be able to feed
|
||||
their families and to face this if it were something serious it would be to create funds
|
||||
for eradication with alternatives such as alternative cultivation programs
|
||||
and there are but very small for example the subsidy of the European community
|
||||
towards tobacco prevention is much higher than all the subsidies intended
|
||||
for alternative cropping programs and the effect of sweeping the land and
|
||||
giving way to multinationals to exploit the areas tells us that the
|
||||
war on drugs is cynical
|
||||
i
|
||||
and Colombia's history of violence takes many years and is
|
||||
rooted in a country very rich and diverse in natural resources
|
||||
but it has always been controlled by a very wealthy elite white minority who live
|
||||
in luxuries
|
||||
while the rest of the population lives in misery
|
||||
this leads to the creation of conflicts, repressions and wars
|
||||
reaffirmed there in the cradle of laws and in the temple of democracy that the
|
||||
Willow's patriotic commitment to save safeguarding a free Colombia
|
||||
worthy safe and in peace keep well
|
||||
the conflict worsened in 1962 when they want and the military role changed
|
||||
internal security
|
||||
specifically in colombia kennedy sent a special forces mission
|
||||
under the command of the general of harvard to train and advise the forces of
|
||||
Colombian security to use paramilitary force against the forces
|
||||
communists which in the context of counterinsurgency means using the
|
||||
paramilitary force and terror against pastors who work with the
|
||||
peasants and against leaders
|
||||
and this is the legacy he has and left Colombia similar to that of other parts
|
||||
like the sponsorship of the coup d'etat in brazil that happened after his
|
||||
murder and that's where the conflict got worse south
|
||||
and that's where the conflict got worse and where the paramilitary forces
|
||||
developed into a significant force working together
|
||||
with military force to such an extent that the human rights organization
|
||||
has called the sixth division
|
||||
and
|
||||
5
|
||||
22
|
||||
28
|
||||
33
|
||||
38
|
||||
42
|
||||
48
|
||||
54
|
||||
59
|
||||
64
|
||||
67
|
||||
72
|
||||
79
|
||||
88
|
||||
95
|
||||
100
|
||||
104
|
||||
108
|
||||
111
|
||||
116
|
||||
121
|
||||
127
|
||||
131
|
||||
135
|
||||
139
|
||||
145
|
||||
150
|
||||
154
|
||||
159
|
||||
163
|
||||
169
|
||||
174
|
||||
177
|
||||
182
|
||||
186
|
||||
191
|
||||
248
|
||||
263
|
||||
278
|
||||
284
|
||||
293
|
||||
297
|
||||
302
|
||||
306
|
||||
318
|
||||
323
|
||||
327
|
||||
348
|
||||
352
|
||||
359
|
||||
366
|
||||
371
|
||||
374
|
||||
379
|
||||
382
|
||||
387
|
||||
392
|
||||
397
|
||||
401
|
||||
406
|
||||
411
|
||||
425
|
||||
432
|
||||
443
|
||||
449
|
||||
453
|
||||
461
|
||||
466
|
||||
471
|
||||
475
|
||||
479
|
||||
484
|
||||
496
|
||||
501
|
||||
505
|
||||
508
|
||||
513
|
||||
518
|
||||
523
|
||||
527
|
||||
531
|
||||
537
|
||||
542
|
||||
547
|
||||
552
|
||||
557
|
||||
561
|
||||
575
|
||||
582
|
||||
589
|
||||
593
|
||||
598
|
||||
603
|
||||
609
|
||||
613
|
||||
617
|
||||
628
|
||||
632
|
||||
636
|
||||
642
|
||||
647
|
||||
656
|
||||
665
|
||||
672
|
||||
678
|
||||
683
|
||||
689
|
||||
700
|
||||
706
|
||||
711
|
||||
715
|
||||
720
|
||||
725
|
||||
749
|
||||
757
|
||||
766
|
||||
771
|
||||
777
|
||||
785
|
||||
792
|
||||
799
|
||||
803
|
||||
806
|
||||
832
|
||||
842
|
||||
848
|
||||
853
|
||||
858
|
||||
864
|
||||
868
|
||||
879
|
||||
883
|
||||
892
|
||||
897
|
||||
911
|
||||
923
|
||||
943
|
||||
948
|
||||
951
|
||||
955
|
||||
958
|
||||
964
|
||||
969
|
||||
986
|
||||
991
|
||||
998
|
||||
1003
|
||||
1006
|
||||
1009
|
||||
1013
|
||||
1021
|
||||
1026
|
||||
1031
|
||||
1037
|
||||
1041
|
||||
1055
|
||||
1060
|
||||
1071
|
||||
1077
|
||||
1090
|
||||
1095
|
||||
1106
|
||||
1112
|
||||
1118
|
||||
1123
|
||||
1135
|
||||
1141
|
||||
1148
|
||||
1156
|
||||
1162
|
||||
1167
|
||||
1172
|
||||
1176
|
||||
1181
|
||||
1186
|
||||
1192
|
||||
1198
|
||||
1204
|
||||
1213
|
||||
1218
|
||||
1221
|
||||
1226
|
||||
1229
|
||||
1242
|
||||
1249
|
||||
1255
|
||||
1260
|
||||
1265
|
||||
1268
|
||||
1292
|
||||
1297
|
||||
1301
|
||||
1316
|
||||
1322
|
||||
1326
|
||||
1335
|
||||
1340
|
||||
1345
|
||||
1353
|
||||
1358
|
||||
1363
|
||||
1369
|
||||
1374
|
||||
1384
|
||||
1389
|
||||
1394
|
||||
1400
|
||||
1405
|
||||
1410
|
||||
1419
|
||||
1424
|
||||
1429
|
||||
1435
|
||||
1443
|
||||
1449
|
||||
1454
|
||||
1464
|
||||
1468
|
||||
1488
|
||||
1500
|
||||
1505
|
||||
1516
|
||||
1522
|
||||
1526
|
||||
1535
|
||||
1556
|
||||
1563
|
||||
1568
|
||||
1580
|
||||
1586
|
||||
1592
|
||||
1597
|
||||
1602
|
||||
1607
|
||||
1612
|
||||
1616
|
||||
1624
|
||||
1630
|
||||
1634
|
||||
1643
|
||||
1649
|
||||
1653
|
||||
1658
|
||||
1685
|
||||
70
cnt/CONVERSATORIO NOAM CHOMSKY dBBwysIPFzc.en.cnt
Normal file
70
cnt/CONVERSATORIO NOAM CHOMSKY dBBwysIPFzc.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
|||
[Music] and already this
|
||||
noam chomsky and the origins project that brings together the brightest minds in the
|
||||
planet address the importance of social participation and collaboration
|
||||
around climate change with the presence of the philosopher linguist
|
||||
and activist noam chomsky in the conversation called a great debate
|
||||
of the project origins climate change environmental and social consequences
|
||||
for mexico and the world begins the international colloquium the harassment of
|
||||
wall-to-wall civilization that will address various axes such as the new orders
|
||||
economic democracy and the role of the internet in it among others
|
||||
tonight talk about the background that comes with climate change
|
||||
capitalism has been imposed by force
|
||||
and obviously this imposed system has cultural implications and
|
||||
economic and structurally it does not have a soul, that is why it attempts to
|
||||
against survival and human health that's why we have to go back
|
||||
to analyze the traditional way of organizing ourselves in community and
|
||||
relate to nature and how we understand work and this
|
||||
question has taken for granted far beyond technological issues and
|
||||
we will talk about that
|
||||
climate change and the topic that you will see presented today in the
|
||||
nights has implications that go beyond the physical have implications
|
||||
social and economic in mexico youtube is also impacted by the change
|
||||
climate and because of the neighbor that it has that is also has implications in
|
||||
trade in trade and these implications affect countries and the
|
||||
climate change is the biggest market failure in history and that's the
|
||||
problem does not recognize walls or walls or borders and therefore its solution
|
||||
needs the collective action the origins project is an initiative
|
||||
created in 2009 at arizona state university that brings together prominent
|
||||
experts to explore many of the most scientific and social problems
|
||||
urgent of our time the harassments to the wall civilization to
|
||||
Wall is organized by the Unam and the University of Guadalajara with the
|
||||
purpose of issuing an open declaration of rejection of any type of
|
||||
wall that you want to build both real and metaphorical that prevents dialogue and
|
||||
solidarity more information at www punto los acoso
|
||||
to civilization mx point for tv unam sweet arches
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
1
|
||||
5
|
||||
9
|
||||
12
|
||||
17
|
||||
21
|
||||
26
|
||||
30
|
||||
35
|
||||
40
|
||||
46
|
||||
52
|
||||
56
|
||||
61
|
||||
65
|
||||
69
|
||||
74
|
||||
78
|
||||
86
|
||||
90
|
||||
95
|
||||
102
|
||||
106
|
||||
114
|
||||
119
|
||||
125
|
||||
130
|
||||
134
|
||||
138
|
||||
143
|
||||
147
|
||||
152
|
||||
157
|
||||
163
|
||||
170
|
||||
292
cnt/Chomsky & Foucault - Justice versus Power J5wuB_p63YM.en.cnt
Normal file
292
cnt/Chomsky & Foucault - Justice versus Power J5wuB_p63YM.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
0
|
||||
1
|
||||
4
|
||||
7
|
||||
10
|
||||
13
|
||||
16
|
||||
18
|
||||
20
|
||||
23
|
||||
26
|
||||
29
|
||||
32
|
||||
35
|
||||
38
|
||||
42
|
||||
45
|
||||
47
|
||||
50
|
||||
52
|
||||
55
|
||||
58
|
||||
61
|
||||
63
|
||||
65
|
||||
67
|
||||
69
|
||||
71
|
||||
73
|
||||
76
|
||||
78
|
||||
82
|
||||
85
|
||||
88
|
||||
91
|
||||
93
|
||||
293
|
||||
295
|
||||
299
|
||||
302
|
||||
303
|
||||
307
|
||||
310
|
||||
313
|
||||
316
|
||||
320
|
||||
323
|
||||
326
|
||||
329
|
||||
332
|
||||
335
|
||||
338
|
||||
341
|
||||
343
|
||||
347
|
||||
350
|
||||
351
|
||||
355
|
||||
358
|
||||
361
|
||||
364
|
||||
366
|
||||
370
|
||||
371
|
||||
375
|
||||
378
|
||||
381
|
||||
384
|
||||
386
|
||||
389
|
||||
392
|
||||
393
|
||||
397
|
||||
400
|
||||
403
|
||||
405
|
||||
407
|
||||
562
|
||||
564
|
||||
567
|
||||
570
|
||||
573
|
||||
576
|
||||
578
|
||||
581
|
||||
583
|
||||
585
|
||||
589
|
||||
592
|
||||
595
|
||||
598
|
||||
600
|
||||
602
|
||||
605
|
||||
608
|
||||
611
|
||||
614
|
||||
617
|
||||
620
|
||||
622
|
||||
624
|
||||
627
|
||||
630
|
||||
631
|
||||
634
|
||||
636
|
||||
638
|
||||
640
|
||||
643
|
||||
646
|
||||
649
|
||||
650
|
||||
653
|
||||
656
|
||||
659
|
||||
662
|
||||
664
|
||||
665
|
||||
668
|
||||
671
|
||||
675
|
||||
678
|
||||
681
|
||||
684
|
||||
686
|
||||
688
|
||||
720
|
||||
724
|
||||
728
|
||||
731
|
||||
734
|
||||
737
|
||||
738
|
||||
741
|
||||
744
|
||||
747
|
||||
748
|
||||
751
|
||||
754
|
||||
760
|
||||
762
|
||||
764
|
||||
768
|
||||
769
|
||||
772
|
||||
775
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: Noam, I wanted to, before we get to your book, your latest book, ask you
|
||||
about this latest development in the United States.
|
||||
The director of the Central Intelligence Agency gave his first major address, and he focused
|
||||
on WikiLeaks.
|
||||
And it looks like now the U.S. is preparing an arrest warrant for Julian Assange, who's
|
||||
been holed up in the Ecuadorean Embassy in London for almost five years now.
|
||||
Pompeo calling WikiLeaks a "hostile non-state intelligence service," calling Julian Assange
|
||||
himself a "demon," and said he's not protected by the First Amendment.
|
||||
Your thoughts?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Well, I think it speaks for itself.
|
||||
WikiLeaks has released lots of information that governments don't like.
|
||||
It's overwhelmingly information that citizens should have.
|
||||
It's information about what their governments are doing.
|
||||
And perfectly natural that systems of power don't want to be exposed, so they'll do
|
||||
what they can to prevent exposure.
|
||||
I think it's a disgraceful act.
|
||||
In fact, I think it's disgraceful even to keep Julian Assange holed up in the Ecuadorean
|
||||
Embassy.
|
||||
I did visit him there once, but you can guess yourself.
|
||||
It's, in many ways, worse than imprisonment.
|
||||
At least if you're in prison, you can see other prisoners, and you can get out and look
|
||||
at the sunshine now and then.
|
||||
He's in a small apartment, where he can't go out.
|
||||
You know, he can go to the balcony, but that's about it, a small--basically, a couple of
|
||||
rooms inside a small apartment.
|
||||
It's not a big embassy.
|
||||
The embassy is like a kind of an apartment in London, surrounded by police and so on.
|
||||
There's been no credible basis for any of this.
|
||||
And to go on to try to raise it to the level of criminal prosecutions, I think, is, again,
|
||||
one of these efforts to look tough at home, and the kind of effort that a government would
|
||||
carry out that is dedicated to trying to protect itself from exposure of facts that citizens
|
||||
should have, but systems of power don't want them to have.
|
||||
I think that's the crucial issue.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: The suggestions are it has to do with his aiding and abetting perhaps Chelsea
|
||||
Manning and also Edward Snowden, doing that with Edward Snowden, which he openly admits,
|
||||
while he's trapped in the Ecuadorean Embassy.
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: If the charge is true, he should be honored for it.
|
||||
Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden carried out heroic, courageous acts.
|
||||
They fulfilled the responsibility of somebody who takes citizenship seriously--that is,
|
||||
who believes that the people of a country ought to know something about what their government
|
||||
is up to.
|
||||
OK?
|
||||
Like if their government is carrying out murderous, brutal attacks in Iraq, people should know
|
||||
about it.
|
||||
Takes us back to Martin Luther King's talk in 1967.
|
||||
If the government is, and corporations, too, incidentally, are listening in to your telephone
|
||||
conversations and what you're doing, you know, tapping this discussion and so on, we
|
||||
should know about it.
|
||||
Governments have no right to do things like that.
|
||||
And people should know about it.
|
||||
And if they think it's OK, fine, let them decide, not do it in secret.
|
||||
And I think people wouldn't agree to it.
|
||||
That's why it's kept secret.
|
||||
Why else keep it secret?
|
||||
You know?
|
||||
And these are people who exposed it at great risk to themselves.
|
||||
So those are heroic, courageous acts.
|
||||
If WikiLeaks was abetting them, more power to them.
|
||||
That's what they should be doing.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: I mean, President Trump endorsed WikiLeaks, right?
|
||||
He said, "I love WikiLeaks," during the campaign.
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Yeah, when it was releasing things that he liked, yeah.
|
||||
Any system of power will do that.
|
||||
"You release information that I like, it's great.
|
||||
But I don't want to be exposed."
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: That's MIT professor Noam Chomsky speaking on Monday at the First Parish Church
|
||||
in Cambridge.
|
||||
To see our full conversation, go to democracynow.org.
|
||||
That does it for our show.
|
||||
I'll be speaking at Middlebury College in Vermont today at noon, then on to the Vermont
|
||||
College of Fine Arts in Montpelier at 7:00.
|
||||
Tomorrow, Thursday, at noon, I'll be at Bennington College, tomorrow night at the
|
||||
Unitarian church on Pearl Street in Burlington, Vermont.
|
||||
Then, on Saturday night, after Democracy Now!'s 5-hour broadcast of the People's Climate March
|
||||
in Washington, D.C., I'll be speaking at the Plymouth Congregational Church.
|
||||
1
|
||||
7
|
||||
10
|
||||
17
|
||||
19
|
||||
25
|
||||
30
|
||||
37
|
||||
43
|
||||
45
|
||||
49
|
||||
56
|
||||
61
|
||||
67
|
||||
74
|
||||
78
|
||||
81
|
||||
89
|
||||
90
|
||||
95
|
||||
98
|
||||
103
|
||||
106
|
||||
110
|
||||
116
|
||||
117
|
||||
119
|
||||
125
|
||||
130
|
||||
139
|
||||
146
|
||||
156
|
||||
161
|
||||
162
|
||||
170
|
||||
179
|
||||
183
|
||||
189
|
||||
197
|
||||
203
|
||||
208
|
||||
209
|
||||
210
|
||||
216
|
||||
217
|
||||
221
|
||||
229
|
||||
237
|
||||
239
|
||||
241
|
||||
243
|
||||
247
|
||||
250
|
||||
252
|
||||
253
|
||||
254
|
||||
257
|
||||
262
|
||||
266
|
||||
267
|
||||
270
|
||||
272
|
||||
276
|
||||
278
|
||||
281
|
||||
284
|
||||
288
|
||||
289
|
||||
290
|
||||
292
|
||||
296
|
||||
298
|
||||
301
|
||||
304
|
||||
308
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
|||
The support for Israeli expansionism, repression, the whole alliance that's developing, that
|
||||
support has shifted in the United States from the more liberal sectors--roughly, the Democratic
|
||||
Party--to the far right.
|
||||
Not very long ago, support for Israel was based passionately in the liberal sectors
|
||||
of the population.
|
||||
It was a Democratic issue.
|
||||
It isn't anymore.
|
||||
In fact, if you look in the polls, people who identify themselves as Democrats by now
|
||||
tend to support Palestinian rights more than Israel.
|
||||
That's a dramatic change.
|
||||
Support for Israel now is in the most reactionary parts of the population: evangelical Christians,
|
||||
ultranationalists.
|
||||
Basically, it's a far-right issue.
|
||||
Among younger people, this is even more the case.
|
||||
I mean, I can see it myself, just in my own personal experience.
|
||||
Up until about maybe 10 or 15 years ago, if I was giving a talk at a university on Israel-Palestine,
|
||||
even my own university, MIT, I had to have police protection, literally.
|
||||
Police would try to prevent the meeting from being broken up.
|
||||
They wouldn't let me walk to my car alone.
|
||||
I had to be accompanied by police.
|
||||
Meetings were broken up.
|
||||
Nobody was objecting to any this.
|
||||
It was happening all the time.
|
||||
That's changed totally.
|
||||
And it's a very significant change.
|
||||
I think that sooner or later--I hope sooner--this may lead to a shift in U.S. policy.
|
||||
There are some very simple moves that could be made in U.S. policy that would change the
|
||||
situation in the Middle East dramatically.
|
||||
So, for example, one simple proposal is that the United States government should live up
|
||||
to U.S. law.
|
||||
That doesn't sound too dramatic.
|
||||
The United States has laws, like the so-called Leahy Law, Patrick Leahy Law, which requires
|
||||
that no military aid can be given to any military organization that is involved in systematic
|
||||
human rights abuses.
|
||||
Well, the Israeli army is involved in massive human rights abuses.
|
||||
If the U.S. were to live up to U.S. law, we would cut off aid to the IDF, the Israeli
|
||||
army.
|
||||
That step alone would have a major effect, not just the material aid, but the symbolic
|
||||
meaning of it.
|
||||
And it's quite possible that with the shift of public opinion, especially among younger
|
||||
people, there might come a point when there will be a call for the United States to follow
|
||||
its own laws.
|
||||
OK?
|
||||
Again, not a very dramatic appeal.
|
||||
And it wouldn't even be breaking new ground.
|
||||
0
|
||||
10
|
||||
20
|
||||
23
|
||||
33
|
||||
34
|
||||
36
|
||||
37
|
||||
50
|
||||
56
|
||||
60
|
||||
67
|
||||
68
|
||||
73
|
||||
75
|
||||
81
|
||||
91
|
||||
97
|
||||
102
|
||||
104
|
||||
107
|
||||
109
|
||||
111
|
||||
113
|
||||
115
|
||||
118
|
||||
126
|
||||
134
|
||||
136
|
||||
144
|
||||
145
|
||||
148
|
||||
157
|
||||
166
|
||||
168
|
||||
174
|
||||
182
|
||||
183
|
||||
190
|
||||
191
|
||||
197
|
||||
203
|
||||
204
|
||||
205
|
||||
208
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
|
|||
This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report.
|
||||
I'm Amy Goodman, with Juan Gonzalez.
|
||||
And, yes, our guest for the hour is Noam Chomsky, the world-renowned political dissident, linguist
|
||||
and author.
|
||||
His latest book is Requiem for the American Dream: The 10 Principles of Concentration
|
||||
of Wealth & Power.
|
||||
Juan?
|
||||
JUAN GONZALEZ: Noam Chomsky, I wanted to ask you--those on the left are accustomed
|
||||
to looking at the American government basically as in the service of the capitalist class,
|
||||
the politicians.
|
||||
Occasionally, you had a Rockefeller or an actual member of the capitalist class who
|
||||
went into government.
|
||||
But now, with this Trump administration, it's an extraordinary number of extremely wealthy
|
||||
people have actually moved directly into government.
|
||||
And yet you're seeing this narrative that they are attracting support from the white
|
||||
working class of the country.
|
||||
Could you talk about this, the capitalists directly taking over the running of government?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Well, as you say, they've run it all the time.
|
||||
The simple measures, like campaign funding alone, simple measure like that, is a very
|
||||
close predictor, not only of electoral victory, but even of policies.
|
||||
That's been true for a century.
|
||||
And if you take a look at the analysis of public attitude--a major topic in academic
|
||||
political science is comparing popular attitudes with public policy.
|
||||
It's pretty straightforward.
|
||||
Public policy, you can see.
|
||||
Popular attitudes, we know a lot about from extensive polling.
|
||||
And the results are pretty startling.
|
||||
Turns out that about 70 percent of voters, which is maybe half the electorate--about
|
||||
70 percent of voters are literally disenfranchised, the lower 70 percent on the income scale,
|
||||
meaning that their own representatives pay no attention to their--to their attitudes
|
||||
and preferences.
|
||||
If you move up the income scale, you get a little more correlation, more--a little more
|
||||
influence.
|
||||
The very top, which is probably a fraction of 1 percent, if you could get the data, it's
|
||||
where policy is set.
|
||||
Now, the Trump administration is kind of a caricature of this.
|
||||
It's always pretty much true.
|
||||
But here they're--it's as if they're kind of purposely trying to flaunt the fact
|
||||
that this country is run by Goldman Sachs and billionaires, and nobody else counts.
|
||||
JUAN GONZALEZ: Wilbur Ross, Betsy DeVos.
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Right, all of them.
|
||||
I mean, it's almost like a shocking parody, as if they're trying to show, "Yeah, what
|
||||
we all know is true is dramatically true, and we're going to show it to you."
|
||||
The interesting--an interesting question, the one you raise, is: How are they maintaining
|
||||
support among the people they're kicking in the face?
|
||||
That's not uninteresting.
|
||||
And if you look into it, there's a number of factors.
|
||||
One--first of all, many of the Trump voters, white working-class voters, quite a few of
|
||||
them voted for Obama in 2008.
|
||||
You go back to the Obama campaign, the exciting words were "hope" and "change."
|
||||
I don't usually agree with Sarah Palin, but when she asked, "Where's this hopey-changey
|
||||
stuff?" she wasn't talking nonsense.
|
||||
It quickly became clear there's no hope and there's no change.
|
||||
And the working people were significantly disillusioned.
|
||||
You could see it right in Massachusetts, where--when Kennedy died, you know, the "liberal lion."
|
||||
There was going to be a vote for--to replace him, 2010.
|
||||
Amazingly, a Republican won, in Democratic Massachusetts, Kennedy's seat.
|
||||
And union voters didn't vote for the Democrats.
|
||||
They were very upset by the fact that they had been cheated, they felt, rightly, by the
|
||||
Obama campaign of promises.
|
||||
And they turned to their bitter class enemy, who at least talks the words.
|
||||
The Republicans have mastered the technique of talking words as if you're sort of an
|
||||
ordinary guy, you know, kind of guy you'd meet in a bar, that sort of thing.
|
||||
It goes back to Reagan and his jellybeans, and Bush, you know, mispronouncing words,
|
||||
and so on and so forth.
|
||||
It's a game that's played.
|
||||
And it's a con game.
|
||||
But in the absence of any opposition, it works.
|
||||
And what happens when there is an opposition?
|
||||
That's very striking.
|
||||
The most astonishing fact about the last election, which is the Sanders achievements, that's
|
||||
a break from a century of American political history.
|
||||
As I said, you can pretty well predict electoral outcomes simply by campaign funding alone.
|
||||
There's other factors that intensify it.
|
||||
Here comes Sanders, somebody nobody ever heard of.
|
||||
No support from the wealthy, no support from corporations.
|
||||
The media ignored or disparaged him.
|
||||
He even used a scare word, "socialist."
|
||||
Came from nowhere.
|
||||
He would have won the Democratic Party nomination if it hadn't been for the shenanigans of
|
||||
the Obama-Clinton party managers who kept him out.
|
||||
Might have been president.
|
||||
From nothing.
|
||||
That's an incredible break.
|
||||
It shows what can happen when policies are proposed that do meet the general, just concerns
|
||||
of much of the population.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: Do you think he could still win if he ran again?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Well, there was a Fox News poll, couple of days ago--Fox News--asking who's
|
||||
the--trying to ask who's your favorite political figure.
|
||||
Sanders was way ahead, far ahead of anybody else, with no vocal, articulate support among
|
||||
the concentrations of power--media, corporations, elsewhere.
|
||||
In fact, if you look at policy preferences, you see something similar.
|
||||
We already mentioned the health issue.
|
||||
That's--and on issue after issue, much of the public that is actually voting for
|
||||
their bitter class enemy, if you look at the policies, actually favor social democratic
|
||||
policies, even environmental policies.
|
||||
0
|
||||
4
|
||||
6
|
||||
10
|
||||
11
|
||||
17
|
||||
18
|
||||
19
|
||||
24
|
||||
28
|
||||
29
|
||||
32
|
||||
34
|
||||
39
|
||||
42
|
||||
49
|
||||
50
|
||||
55
|
||||
63
|
||||
71
|
||||
76
|
||||
79
|
||||
89
|
||||
95
|
||||
97
|
||||
99
|
||||
103
|
||||
106
|
||||
113
|
||||
122
|
||||
129
|
||||
132
|
||||
137
|
||||
138
|
||||
144
|
||||
145
|
||||
152
|
||||
154
|
||||
160
|
||||
167
|
||||
169
|
||||
171
|
||||
177
|
||||
181
|
||||
187
|
||||
191
|
||||
193
|
||||
196
|
||||
203
|
||||
208
|
||||
215
|
||||
222
|
||||
226
|
||||
230
|
||||
233
|
||||
238
|
||||
243
|
||||
251
|
||||
255
|
||||
263
|
||||
266
|
||||
272
|
||||
277
|
||||
282
|
||||
288
|
||||
289
|
||||
292
|
||||
293
|
||||
297
|
||||
300
|
||||
302
|
||||
308
|
||||
314
|
||||
320
|
||||
324
|
||||
327
|
||||
332
|
||||
335
|
||||
339
|
||||
341
|
||||
347
|
||||
351
|
||||
352
|
||||
353
|
||||
355
|
||||
365
|
||||
366
|
||||
368
|
||||
372
|
||||
380
|
||||
390
|
||||
394
|
||||
401
|
||||
404
|
||||
411
|
||||
418
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report.
|
||||
I'm Amy Goodman.
|
||||
We return to MIT professor Noam Chomsky.
|
||||
Democracy Now!'s Juan Gonzalez and I spoke to him on Tuesday.
|
||||
JUAN GONZALEZ: I wanted to ask you about Latin America.
|
||||
We had a period, for about 10 years, of enormous social progress in Latin America--all these
|
||||
socially minded governments, reduction of income inequality, the only part of the world
|
||||
where there are no nuclear weapons.
|
||||
And yet, now we've seen, in the last few years, real steps backwards.
|
||||
Quite a few of the popular governments, with the exception of Ecuador, recently have been
|
||||
thrown out of office, and a deepening crisis in Venezuela.
|
||||
Your sense of what has happened, in that, after so much promise, all of a sudden it
|
||||
seems that the region is going backward?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Well, there were--there were real achievements.
|
||||
But the left governments failed to use the opportunity available to them to try to create
|
||||
sustainable, viable economies.
|
||||
Almost every one--Venezuela, Brazil, others, Argentina--relied on the rise in commodity
|
||||
prices, which is a temporary phenomenon.
|
||||
Commodity prices did rise, mainly because of the growth of China.
|
||||
So there was a rise in the oil price, of soy, and so on and so forth.
|
||||
And instead of trying to develop a sustainable economy with manufacturing, agriculture and
|
||||
so on--like Venezuela is potentially a rich agricultural country, but they didn't develop
|
||||
it--they simply relied on the commodity--raw materials commodities they could export.
|
||||
That's a very harmful--it's not only not a successful, it's a harmful development
|
||||
model, because when you export grain to China, let's say, they export manufacturing goods
|
||||
to you, and that undermines your manufacturing industries.
|
||||
And that's pretty much what's been happening.
|
||||
On top of that, there was just enormous corruption.
|
||||
It's just--it's painful to see the Workers' Party in Brazil, which did carry out significant
|
||||
measures, just--they just couldn't keep their hands out of the till.
|
||||
They joined the extremely corrupt elite, which is robbing all the time, and took part in
|
||||
it, as well, and discredited themselves.
|
||||
And there's a reaction.
|
||||
I don't think the game is over by any means.
|
||||
There were real successes achieved, and I think a lot of those will be sustained.
|
||||
But there is a regression.
|
||||
They'll have to pick up again with, one hopes, more honest forces that won't be--that
|
||||
will, first of all, recognize the need to develop the economy in a way which has a solid
|
||||
foundation, not just based on raw material exports, and, secondly, honest enough to carry
|
||||
out decent programs without robbing the public at the same time.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: What about Venezuela?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Venezuela is really a disaster situation.
|
||||
The economy relies on oil as to a great--probably a greater extent than ever in the past, certainly
|
||||
very high.
|
||||
And the corruption, the robbery and so on, has been extreme, under the--especially after
|
||||
Chavez's death.
|
||||
So, it's a--I mean, if you look at it, it still has--if you look at, say, the U.N.
|
||||
Human Development Index, Venezuela still ranks, say, above Brazil.
|
||||
So it's the--there are hopes and possibilities for reconstruction and development.
|
||||
But the promise of the earlier years has been significantly lost.
|
||||
0
|
||||
4
|
||||
5
|
||||
8
|
||||
11
|
||||
13
|
||||
21
|
||||
25
|
||||
26
|
||||
32
|
||||
36
|
||||
41
|
||||
46
|
||||
47
|
||||
51
|
||||
61
|
||||
65
|
||||
72
|
||||
76
|
||||
80
|
||||
84
|
||||
93
|
||||
98
|
||||
105
|
||||
111
|
||||
119
|
||||
121
|
||||
125
|
||||
129
|
||||
138
|
||||
142
|
||||
147
|
||||
150
|
||||
152
|
||||
155
|
||||
160
|
||||
162
|
||||
172
|
||||
179
|
||||
187
|
||||
191
|
||||
193
|
||||
200
|
||||
208
|
||||
209
|
||||
215
|
||||
217
|
||||
225
|
||||
231
|
||||
242
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: On Monday, we were in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where I sat down at the First
|
||||
Parish Church in Cambridge with MIT professor, longtime dissident, world-renowned linguist,
|
||||
Noam Chomsky.
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Huge specter that we're kind of trying to survive under, and that's nuclear
|
||||
war.
|
||||
That's a whole other story.
|
||||
Here, both the Obama administration and, increasingly, Trump are radically increasing that danger.
|
||||
This--the threat of the new developments is captured very effectively in the best,
|
||||
simple monitor of the state of the world, established at the beginning of the nuclear
|
||||
age by the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.
|
||||
I'm sure you all know about this, but the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists regularly brings
|
||||
together a group of scientists, political analysts, other very serious people, to try
|
||||
to give some kind of estimate of what the situation of the world is.
|
||||
The question is: How close are we to termination of the species?
|
||||
And they have a clock, the Doomsday Clock.
|
||||
When it hits midnight, we're finished.
|
||||
End of the human species and much else.
|
||||
And the question every year is: How far is the minute hand from midnight?
|
||||
Well, at the beginning, in 1947, beginning of the nuclear age, it was placed at seven
|
||||
minutes to midnight.
|
||||
It's been moving up and back ever since.
|
||||
The closest it's come to midnight was 1953.
|
||||
1953, the United States and Russia both exploded hydrogen bombs, which are extremely serious
|
||||
threat to survival.
|
||||
Intercontinental ballistic missiles were all being developed.
|
||||
This, in fact, was the first serious threat to the security of the United States.
|
||||
There's an interesting story behind that, but I'll put it aside, unless there's
|
||||
time to talk about it.
|
||||
But then, it came to two minutes to midnight.
|
||||
And it's been moving up and back since.
|
||||
Two years ago--2014, I think it was--the analysts took into account for the first time
|
||||
something that had been ignored: the fact that the nuclear age--the beginning of the
|
||||
nuclear age coincided with the beginning of a new geological epoch, the so-called Anthropocene.
|
||||
There's been some debate about the epoch in which human activity is drastically affecting
|
||||
the general environment.
|
||||
There's been debate about its inception.
|
||||
But the World Geological Organization has recently determined that it's about the
|
||||
same time as the beginning of the nuclear age.
|
||||
So we're in these two eras in which the possibility of human survival is very much
|
||||
at stake, and, with us, everything else, too, of course, all living--most living things,
|
||||
which are already under very severe threat.
|
||||
Well, a couple of years ago--I think it was 2014--the Bulletin began to take that into
|
||||
account and moved the minute hand up to three minutes to midnight, where it remained last
|
||||
year.
|
||||
A couple of--about a week into Trump's term, the clock was moved again, to two-and-a-half
|
||||
minutes to midnight.
|
||||
That's the closest it's been since 1953.
|
||||
And that means extermination of the species is very much an--very much an open question.
|
||||
I don't want to say it's solely the impact of the Republican Party--obviously, that's
|
||||
false--but they certainly are in the lead in openly advocating and working for destruction
|
||||
of the human species.
|
||||
I agree that's a very outrageous statement.
|
||||
So I therefore simply suggest that you take a look at the facts and see if it has any
|
||||
merit or if it just should be bitterly condemned.
|
||||
That's up to you.
|
||||
My view, the facts are pretty clear.
|
||||
6
|
||||
12
|
||||
20
|
||||
22
|
||||
32
|
||||
33
|
||||
34
|
||||
43
|
||||
55
|
||||
61
|
||||
64
|
||||
70
|
||||
79
|
||||
84
|
||||
88
|
||||
92
|
||||
95
|
||||
99
|
||||
103
|
||||
110
|
||||
112
|
||||
115
|
||||
120
|
||||
129
|
||||
131
|
||||
134
|
||||
141
|
||||
146
|
||||
147
|
||||
150
|
||||
156
|
||||
166
|
||||
172
|
||||
180
|
||||
187
|
||||
189
|
||||
192
|
||||
197
|
||||
199
|
||||
209
|
||||
215
|
||||
218
|
||||
224
|
||||
232
|
||||
233
|
||||
239
|
||||
240
|
||||
244
|
||||
255
|
||||
263
|
||||
272
|
||||
273
|
||||
276
|
||||
284
|
||||
287
|
||||
289
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
|
|||
no more about what happened in israel and prime minister netanyahu how things
|
||||
a rocker fast terms but right before the election
|
||||
hereafter us here your an ex ilegal israeli dairy people who
|
||||
occupied was bank read my trump officially recognized
|
||||
release a friendly about the golan heights festival is useful I am
|
||||
accounts leaked and netanyahu dies the chugging again
|
||||
the feature provides windows you can do this is not a substantial and trams of powers
|
||||
hetalia
|
||||
figure are other sample of the extra torque there the judgment reacher them in her
|
||||
the becoming one is a yahoo is somewhat more extreme becoming desperately residing
|
||||
in the baby laughed and the head it managers and house penguin chicken after gift '
|
||||
in the tanja moaning to leak hey we are getting overlay
|
||||
workflow had more effectively won the largest fifty-fifty from course
|
||||
with to move December 7 june violation of
|
||||
never before has there been letters to sir lucan solutions de us nationally
|
||||
better and letting change say i want u but i was quiet about race
|
||||
really and exceptionally the golan heights and syria golan heights below
|
||||
international occupied territories israel every major
|
||||
institution arthur evergreens between security council international court of
|
||||
justice league rinus israel this form and mexico long rides what the
|
||||
security council un security council with the us athletes
|
||||
training that color led balloon for ok trump your level i first
|
||||
and other netanyahu gifts are strether demonstrated shirley problem set with
|
||||
us by giving neon pink lesbos troops reads just before they live in
|
||||
this tackler and chambery selects ages and ex
|
||||
parts of the west regret is wit tesse you with us over 7 teaser
|
||||
people flow measures were taken to interfere likely with the fine collection
|
||||
lift you something about very first innovative formula jeans la
|
||||
pepita you need station more words to clear skin certified exact leeuwarden
|
||||
current consequences there in terms of two
|
||||
pillars is benny especially often went that the engine is an on much so take the
|
||||
taxation haute ecole unhide in fact I had to color it
|
||||
even before the sturgeon had that chance at the gentlemen's court of
|
||||
justice we jobs the pines where I do healings
|
||||
he spoiled his i move town is jewels development or the dolan heinz
|
||||
station or settlement euro price is the rim with the ski resorts
|
||||
herman signs anything nou lifter finger and real after finger for simple
|
||||
reason you so la nobilis s groping fact but surprised after the form
|
||||
instead of just reinforcement it just pulls anjo this
|
||||
proposal to and apps rise of the west hurts spider
|
||||
Dorian for 15 euros lee wide after the sixty seven born carbo
|
||||
stuff gorge bus 9 vocation censorship old and former labor beasts pores that qb
|
||||
sport can lammertyn f file file idea of paulus in spurts recently she dropped the point
|
||||
carina e development program in the west bank you have to muscle village the coal
|
||||
very clear goals of creating will become a greater is red and which will take
|
||||
over lover is a value in the west bank lies the palestinian
|
||||
population concentrations flat in nablus and
|
||||
access love isolated and arrested and regional or maybe parfum 50 ratio de lol
|
||||
east one in getting dressed in the morning surrounded by checkpoints or one
|
||||
seperate from the file some survive with pearly hem in while it yourself mine
|
||||
shirt from developed and the city or are an instructor
|
||||
my sisters who mean silly and attracted this muslim climb and tremblay other
|
||||
color exactly russia by euro cent chili bisex
|
||||
respect for the man so norwegian sustainable and selfies
|
||||
maybe 5 times sizer for river woods is star clothe or caesar
|
||||
licked by highly developed in future projects
|
||||
you can look peter reader specific clothing and place a sober 6th team
|
||||
or possibly put it in the west bank and you could travel form all the means
|
||||
low of a brook highway calm it has been a torus snap
|
||||
all moods the more easily your child get posted from the celsior never
|
||||
went to all fish spin steadily the sheets of paper or rent with bags us
|
||||
support us provides the the main gate booted and alex track
|
||||
the military mail we already have to governments is anyway
|
||||
like city force barb experience which means for
|
||||
where all that online the french nathanja house was a statement
|
||||
trumps at home the parking is at morgan exes
|
||||
and oxalis is a trunk christer elfving the subject 2 centralization
|
||||
elise de rudolf escher ben hitch that shadow which is nothing to you vector and
|
||||
mentioned before and share of ice and lines
|
||||
the red wing the reds bind field the spider archer called and
|
||||
can or undercover fuse no formal de functioning well coming into the joop
|
||||
and the mos reactionary always from marlies loi hbo
|
||||
of the moss practioner still something else
|
||||
sisi dictatorship cross the phone hipster am here
|
||||
similar it is ride machete is part of the international work with a
|
||||
lion system the international had to line a reactionary alternative
|
||||
system but taking shape with the us leadership notch new
|
||||
global system developing cell markers another the forests national
|
||||
park and yes in the united states fair
|
||||
describing where no way for example the democratic republic info ad grants
|
||||
sorry arabia us for in yemen fueled by the united states
|
||||
jackie hope very interesting development design feed bernie sanders
|
||||
this should be a need and the reservation porn development at something
|
||||
need some monkeys to scramble and jenny hess in hideous across
|
||||
on this role i know the noemie sixtyseven is like a people killed there
|
||||
violent population barry surviving so un des kaisers de
|
||||
worst g watch r in disaster proper there is remonstrant
|
||||
spin that way has the rent using he's already use us weapons
|
||||
secondary Limburg floating us intelligence for us
|
||||
intel rest immediately lions will be a closely with it's hour first
|
||||
target to be a worry so for everything is my happening with no protest
|
||||
it and games show the killing pool chilling
|
||||
a journalist for the wax post led core say ok
|
||||
I surfed you that's not a reason why i i am your field of charlie and the
|
||||
spotlights on a child and and articulate the en bernie sanders camelot the couple
|
||||
water and ignore the legislation which puts him
|
||||
grumps and the you do us part for the more magic hug thermal glasses context
|
||||
whether the weather in fact and effect like a query perry office
|
||||
entertain trump hump of time the role of the warande
|
||||
cheap loss of lessons public seriously protest
|
||||
after the break sand and gels carpet patchwork pain attention to the support for israel
|
||||
an expansion is a wordpress and the hollow
|
||||
Lions the beam on a Leidsepoort violently in the United States from the
|
||||
more the source sectors parsley the democrats
|
||||
porie twitter for right not very long ago and
|
||||
support for his girl who is party passionately and that league role
|
||||
sectors of the population and we should bucket carry fisher
|
||||
there is one thing more effective counter in the wrist and people the bulge for
|
||||
themselves liberal democrats channel
|
||||
tents support paul's become smothered national
|
||||
that they are by market it support for israel in the most
|
||||
reactionary parcel population evangelical crimson or there nationalist
|
||||
busy reading for riders on the younger people so life is possible less than 5
|
||||
agent at myself to smile personal spare ribs on a troll belt maybe then of
|
||||
16 years ago, Fos Chains moved there university
|
||||
israel teller is my university mit
|
||||
had heavily spaghetti release we had for try prevent
|
||||
view of bing burqa after the wind let me wait my carola had be
|
||||
accompanied by police an opinion kind of broccoli soup getting
|
||||
them so saab and I have always been almost deadly and the time has come
|
||||
significant change at accenture leather hope there is it let me shift
|
||||
and us policy sm very simple news.be and us
|
||||
policy to change the situation in the middle east could easily be this far
|
||||
just simple proposal is to see it always buy a shirt live on the
|
||||
guys lol that 1017 kumar singh always home like the single blade putter
|
||||
dress of which requires no military they can be given to the military
|
||||
organization there is a system and system un rights
|
||||
apologize her boys
|
||||
paul the mass number ichoosr first us were to live up to us wages
|
||||
how we care of the idea in cheryl aimee last apple thunderstorm and from microset
|
||||
the nachos too symbolic with youri lions
|
||||
opinion and it is quite easter bolder to clear shift or public opinion
|
||||
special a man younger people there might come up for one dobiacco over in
|
||||
one always fall with such a loose ok scanmar about computer science and i know
|
||||
nie van be working new grande longchamp kiwi ghosts tl salt charters
|
||||
dna us change is long time boston was a professor who is next to his study
|
||||
technology for over fifty years at the end of the event to celebrate it is
|
||||
my you dare he speak with a very happy birthday canoe bacon and the
|
||||
gausscurve specialized gauge wiper john hamilton
|
||||
my studio dennis marlisa example ended up being amazed and of
|
||||
summer zhang
|
||||
0
|
||||
6
|
||||
12
|
||||
17
|
||||
22
|
||||
32
|
||||
39
|
||||
45
|
||||
50
|
||||
55
|
||||
63
|
||||
70
|
||||
77
|
||||
83
|
||||
90
|
||||
97
|
||||
107
|
||||
113
|
||||
121
|
||||
127
|
||||
135
|
||||
139
|
||||
146
|
||||
153
|
||||
162
|
||||
167
|
||||
176
|
||||
183
|
||||
190
|
||||
201
|
||||
205
|
||||
213
|
||||
221
|
||||
228
|
||||
232
|
||||
238
|
||||
245
|
||||
252
|
||||
262
|
||||
268
|
||||
274
|
||||
282
|
||||
290
|
||||
298
|
||||
306
|
||||
314
|
||||
321
|
||||
325
|
||||
334
|
||||
340
|
||||
348
|
||||
353
|
||||
358
|
||||
363
|
||||
368
|
||||
375
|
||||
381
|
||||
390
|
||||
395
|
||||
402
|
||||
409
|
||||
416
|
||||
423
|
||||
428
|
||||
433
|
||||
438
|
||||
443
|
||||
448
|
||||
457
|
||||
461
|
||||
469
|
||||
476
|
||||
482
|
||||
490
|
||||
498
|
||||
508
|
||||
515
|
||||
520
|
||||
527
|
||||
531
|
||||
540
|
||||
545
|
||||
551
|
||||
560
|
||||
569
|
||||
575
|
||||
581
|
||||
587
|
||||
596
|
||||
601
|
||||
607
|
||||
614
|
||||
619
|
||||
625
|
||||
633
|
||||
639
|
||||
644
|
||||
653
|
||||
659
|
||||
665
|
||||
669
|
||||
678
|
||||
683
|
||||
690
|
||||
695
|
||||
700
|
||||
707
|
||||
712
|
||||
719
|
||||
725
|
||||
728
|
||||
737
|
||||
745
|
||||
751
|
||||
759
|
||||
764
|
||||
769
|
||||
774
|
||||
780
|
||||
785
|
||||
792
|
||||
799
|
||||
806
|
||||
813
|
||||
819
|
||||
829
|
||||
838
|
||||
842
|
||||
845
|
||||
854
|
||||
862
|
||||
865
|
||||
871
|
||||
876
|
||||
885
|
||||
892
|
||||
896
|
||||
902
|
||||
907
|
||||
912
|
||||
917
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: President Trump met with Sisi on Monday, meeting with King Abdullah of Jordan
|
||||
on Wednesday at the White House, saying they're not raising the issue of human rights anymore.
|
||||
Your thoughts on this, and then also, of course, Israel-Palestine?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Well, raising the issue of human rights is--it means something, but not very
|
||||
much, because--take, say, Saudi Arabia, one of the worst human rights violators in the
|
||||
world.
|
||||
It's our darling.
|
||||
You know, they pour weapons in.
|
||||
Obama sold them more weapons than, I think, any predecessor.
|
||||
Sisi is particularly disgraceful.
|
||||
His dictatorship has driven Egypt into some of its worst days.
|
||||
The United States kind of supported him, but not openly and vigorously the way Trump is
|
||||
doing.
|
||||
Trump is--it's a little bit like what you said about the Cabinet.
|
||||
It's kind of like a parody of what goes on all the time.
|
||||
Usual thing is to support brutal dictators, but not with enthusiasm, and with some tapping
|
||||
on the wrist, saying, "Look, what you're doing is not very nice," and so on.
|
||||
Here, it's saying, "You're great.
|
||||
We love you.
|
||||
You know, go ahead and torture and murder people."
|
||||
That's--it's a terrible blow to the people of Egypt.
|
||||
But Jordan is sort of a mixed story.
|
||||
But these steps are very regressive.
|
||||
With regard to Israel-Palestine, actually, Trump has pulled back from his original position.
|
||||
But his original position that--he and his administration--was that there's nothing
|
||||
wrong with the settlements.
|
||||
They're not an obstacle to peace.
|
||||
If you look at the way the settlements have been treated over the years--of course, they're
|
||||
totally illegal.
|
||||
They're destroying any hope for Palestinian rights.
|
||||
There's a systematic Israeli program, very systematic.
|
||||
It's been going on since 1967.
|
||||
It's to try to quietly take over every part of the West Bank that is of any value to them,
|
||||
while excluding the areas of Palestinian population concentration.
|
||||
So they're not going to take over Nablus or Tulkarm, but take over everything that's
|
||||
of significance and value, leave dozens, maybe even hundreds, of isolated enclaves and Palestinian
|
||||
population concentrations, which can kind of rot on the vine.
|
||||
Maybe the people will leave.
|
||||
Whatever happens, we don't care.
|
||||
That's been going on consistently.
|
||||
Now, if you go back to about 1980, the U.S. joined the world not only in calling them
|
||||
illegal, but in demanding that they be dismantled.
|
||||
Go back to the U.N. Security Council resolutions, I think 465, approximately.
|
||||
So, you have to dismantle the illegal settlements.
|
||||
That has been weakened over the years.
|
||||
So, under Reagan, they stop-- AMY GOODMAN: Now you have David Friedman,
|
||||
the U.S. ambassador to Israel, who's been approved--right?--who raised money for the
|
||||
settlements.
|
||||
And you have Jared Kushner in charge of the policy.
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Yeah, it's been step by step.
|
||||
Reagan weakened it.
|
||||
Clinton weakened it.
|
||||
Obama cut it back to not help--obstacles to peace.
|
||||
Trump, it's not helpful to peace.
|
||||
Meanwhile, we fund--Jared--the Kushner Foundation and, of course, this new ambassador are strong
|
||||
supporters of the ultra-right far right, way to the right of Netanyahu.
|
||||
The Beit El, the community that they're pouring their money into, is run by an Orthodox
|
||||
rabbi whose position is that the army shouldn't follow orders, has to follow the rabbi's
|
||||
orders.
|
||||
This is way at the right end of the Israeli spectrum.
|
||||
Originally, they said they were going to move the embassy to Jerusalem.
|
||||
They're kind of backing off on that.
|
||||
At first, their position was there's nothing wrong with settlements.
|
||||
Now there's a mild "they're not helpful to peace."
|
||||
But, meanwhile, the U.S. continues to pour money and support into fulfilling this project
|
||||
of constructing a Greater Israel.
|
||||
I should say that the general discussions about this, I think, are extremely misleading.
|
||||
What's said on all sides, actually--Israel, Palestinians, international commentary--is
|
||||
that there are two options: either a two-state settlement, in accord with the long-standing
|
||||
international consensus, or else one state, which would be an apartheid state, in which
|
||||
Palestinians wouldn't have rights, and you could have an anti-apartheid struggle, and
|
||||
Israel would face what's called the demographic problem--too many non-Jews in a Jewish state.
|
||||
But those are not the two options.
|
||||
There's a third option, the one that is actually being implemented--namely, construction
|
||||
of a Greater Israel, which will not have a demographic problem, because they're excluding
|
||||
the areas of dense Palestinian population, and they're removing Palestinians slowly
|
||||
from the areas they expect to take over.
|
||||
So you'll get a--what's called Jerusalem as maybe five times as big as it ever has
|
||||
been, goes all the way into the West Bank.
|
||||
There are corridors going to the east, which break up the remaining territory, one to Ma'ale
|
||||
Adumim, a town which was built mostly during the Clinton years, which pretty much bifurcates
|
||||
the West Bank.
|
||||
There's others to the north.
|
||||
The so-called Area C, where Israel has total control, about 60 percent of the West Bank,
|
||||
is slowly being incorporated into Israel with big infrastructure programs and so on.
|
||||
And this program is just taking place right before our eyes.
|
||||
The United States is providing diplomatic, economic and military support for it.
|
||||
It will leave the Palestinians with essentially nothing.
|
||||
There will be a Greater Israel, which will have--which will not face the dread demographic
|
||||
problem.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: Professor Noam Chomsky. We'll be back with him in 30 seconds.
|
||||
0
|
||||
5
|
||||
11
|
||||
15
|
||||
21
|
||||
27
|
||||
28
|
||||
29
|
||||
32
|
||||
37
|
||||
41
|
||||
47
|
||||
54
|
||||
55
|
||||
59
|
||||
65
|
||||
73
|
||||
77
|
||||
78
|
||||
79
|
||||
81
|
||||
87
|
||||
91
|
||||
95
|
||||
101
|
||||
108
|
||||
110
|
||||
112
|
||||
117
|
||||
118
|
||||
121
|
||||
125
|
||||
128
|
||||
138
|
||||
143
|
||||
148
|
||||
158
|
||||
163
|
||||
165
|
||||
166
|
||||
168
|
||||
176
|
||||
181
|
||||
187
|
||||
190
|
||||
193
|
||||
198
|
||||
201
|
||||
202
|
||||
204
|
||||
205
|
||||
206
|
||||
207
|
||||
211
|
||||
215
|
||||
221
|
||||
227
|
||||
235
|
||||
241
|
||||
242
|
||||
246
|
||||
249
|
||||
252
|
||||
256
|
||||
260
|
||||
268
|
||||
270
|
||||
277
|
||||
284
|
||||
290
|
||||
296
|
||||
302
|
||||
308
|
||||
310
|
||||
318
|
||||
324
|
||||
332
|
||||
335
|
||||
340
|
||||
342
|
||||
351
|
||||
359
|
||||
360
|
||||
362
|
||||
368
|
||||
375
|
||||
380
|
||||
385
|
||||
388
|
||||
395
|
||||
395
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: Our guest for the hour, Noam Chomsky, world-renowned political dissident,
|
||||
linguist, author, institute professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
|
||||
His latest book is Requiem for the American Dream: The 10 Principles of Concentration
|
||||
of Wealth & Power.
|
||||
Juan?
|
||||
JUAN GONZALEZ: Noam Chomsky, I'd like to ask you about something that's been in the
|
||||
news a lot lately.
|
||||
Obviously, all the cable channels, that's all they talk about these days, is the whole
|
||||
situation of Russia's supposed intervention in American elections.
|
||||
For a country that's intervened in so many governments and so many elections around the
|
||||
world, that's kind of a strange topic.
|
||||
But I know you've referred to this as a joke.
|
||||
Could you give us your view on what's happening and why there's so much emphasis on this
|
||||
particular issue?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: It's a pretty remarkable fact that--first of all, it is a joke.
|
||||
Half the world is cracking up in laughter.
|
||||
The United States doesn't just interfere in elections.
|
||||
It overthrows governments it doesn't like, institutes military dictatorships.
|
||||
Simply in the case of Russia alone--it's the least of it--the U.S. government, under
|
||||
Clinton, intervened quite blatantly and openly, then tried to conceal it, to get their man
|
||||
Yeltsin in, in all sorts of ways.
|
||||
So, this, as I say, it's considered--it's turning the United States, again, into a laughingstock
|
||||
in the world.
|
||||
So why are the Democrats focusing on this?
|
||||
In fact, why are they focusing so much attention on the one element of Trump's programs which
|
||||
is fairly reasonable, the one ray of light in this gloom: trying to reduce tensions with
|
||||
Russia?
|
||||
That's--the tensions on the Russian border are extremely serious.
|
||||
They could escalate to a major terminal war.
|
||||
Efforts to try to reduce them should be welcomed.
|
||||
Just a couple of days ago, the former U.S. ambassador to Russia, Jack Matlock, came out
|
||||
and said he just can't believe that so much attention is being paid to apparent efforts
|
||||
by the incoming administration to establish connections with Russia.
|
||||
He said, "Sure, that's just what they ought to be doing."
|
||||
So, meanwhile, this one topic is the primary locus of concern and critique, while, meanwhile,
|
||||
the policies are proceeding step by step, which are extremely destructive and harmful.
|
||||
So, you know, yeah, maybe the Russians tried to interfere in the election.
|
||||
That's not a major issue.
|
||||
Maybe the people in the Trump campaign were talking to the Russians.
|
||||
Well, OK, not a major point, certainly less than is being done constantly.
|
||||
And it is a kind of a paradox, I think, that the one issue that seems to inflame the Democratic
|
||||
opposition is the one thing that has some justification and reasonable aspects to it.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: Well, of course, because the Democrats feel that that's the reason, somehow,
|
||||
that they lost the election.
|
||||
Interesting that James Comey this week said he is investigating Trump campaign collusion
|
||||
with Russia, when it was Comey himself who could have--might well have been partly responsible
|
||||
for Hillary Clinton's defeat, when he said that he was investigating her, while, we now
|
||||
have learned, at the same time he was investigating Donald Trump, but never actually said that.
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Well, you can understand why the Democratic Party managers want to try
|
||||
to find some blame for the fact--for the way they utterly mishandled the election and
|
||||
blew a perfect opportunity to win, handed it over to the opposition.
|
||||
But that's hardly a justification for allowing the Trump policies to slide by quietly, many
|
||||
of them not only harmful to the population, but extremely destructive, like the climate
|
||||
change policies, and meanwhile focus on one thing that could become a step forward, if
|
||||
it was adjusted to move towards serious efforts to reduce growing and dangerous tensions right
|
||||
on the Russian border, where they could blow up.
|
||||
NATO maneuvers are taking place hundreds of yards from the Russian border.
|
||||
The Russian jet planes are buzzing American planes.
|
||||
This--something could get out of hand very easily.
|
||||
Both sides, meanwhile, are building up their military forces, adding--the U.S. is--one
|
||||
thing that the Russians are very much concerned about is the so-called anti-ballistic missile
|
||||
installation that the U.S. is establishing near the Russian border, allegedly to protect
|
||||
Europe from nonexistent Iranian missiles.
|
||||
Nobody seriously believes that.
|
||||
This is understood to be a first strike threat.
|
||||
These are serious issues.
|
||||
People like William Perry, who has a distinguished career and is a nuclear strategist and is
|
||||
no alarmist at all, is saying that we're back to the--this is one of the worst moments
|
||||
of the Cold War, if not worse.
|
||||
That's really serious.
|
||||
And efforts to try to calm that down would be very welcome.
|
||||
And we should bear in mind it's the Russian border.
|
||||
It's not the Mexican border.
|
||||
There's no Warsaw Pact maneuvers going on in Mexico.
|
||||
And that's a border that the Russians are quite reasonably sensitive about.
|
||||
They've practically been destroyed several times the last century right through that
|
||||
region.
|
||||
5
|
||||
9
|
||||
13
|
||||
18
|
||||
19
|
||||
20
|
||||
24
|
||||
25
|
||||
29
|
||||
34
|
||||
38
|
||||
39
|
||||
42
|
||||
47
|
||||
48
|
||||
54
|
||||
56
|
||||
62
|
||||
69
|
||||
75
|
||||
80
|
||||
87
|
||||
92
|
||||
93
|
||||
95
|
||||
104
|
||||
113
|
||||
114
|
||||
119
|
||||
123
|
||||
127
|
||||
133
|
||||
140
|
||||
145
|
||||
148
|
||||
157
|
||||
167
|
||||
172
|
||||
175
|
||||
181
|
||||
188
|
||||
195
|
||||
205
|
||||
211
|
||||
213
|
||||
220
|
||||
228
|
||||
233
|
||||
239
|
||||
246
|
||||
253
|
||||
258
|
||||
267
|
||||
274
|
||||
281
|
||||
291
|
||||
295
|
||||
300
|
||||
304
|
||||
307
|
||||
318
|
||||
325
|
||||
332
|
||||
336
|
||||
339
|
||||
343
|
||||
344
|
||||
352
|
||||
357
|
||||
359
|
||||
361
|
||||
366
|
||||
368
|
||||
371
|
||||
375
|
||||
381
|
||||
385
|
||||
290
cnt/Chomsky - is Iran a threat (UCL) 1pH8gCEZ4Ds.en.cnt
Normal file
290
cnt/Chomsky - is Iran a threat (UCL) 1pH8gCEZ4Ds.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
|
|||
>> In Western policy making circles
|
||||
and among political commentators the Iranian threat is considered
|
||||
to pose the greatest danger to world order and hence,
|
||||
must be the primary focus of US foreign policy;
|
||||
Europe's trailing along politely as usual.
|
||||
This year is called the Year of Iran, because of the danger
|
||||
of that enormous threat,
|
||||
which does raise a question: what exactly is the Iranian threat?
|
||||
If you read the public commentary you don't get much
|
||||
of an answer, but there actually is an authoritative answer,
|
||||
which is ignored.
|
||||
The authoritative answer is provided by the regular
|
||||
reports to Congress by the Pentagon
|
||||
and US intelligence agencies that come every year,
|
||||
reports on the global security and of course,
|
||||
they include a section on Iran;
|
||||
the most recent was almost a year ago.
|
||||
The reports make it very clear
|
||||
that whatever the Iranian threat is, it's not military.
|
||||
So I'll quote, "Iran's military spending is relatively low
|
||||
compared to the rest of the region."
|
||||
In fact, it's less than a quarter of that of Saudi Arabia
|
||||
and minuscule as compared with the US, of course.
|
||||
Iran's military doctrine is strictly defensive,
|
||||
designed to slow an invasion
|
||||
and to force a diplomatic solution to hostilities.
|
||||
Iran has only limited capacity
|
||||
to project force beyond its borders.
|
||||
They, of course, bring up the nuclear option and say that
|
||||
"Iran's nuclear program and its willingness
|
||||
to keep open the possibility
|
||||
of developing nuclear weapons is a central part
|
||||
of its deterrent strategy."
|
||||
Well, the brutal clerical regime
|
||||
in Iran is undoubtedly a major threat
|
||||
to its own people - hardly outranks US allies
|
||||
in that regard - but the threat lies elsewhere and it's ominous.
|
||||
The one element of the threat is Iran's potential deterrent
|
||||
capacity; notice that that's an illegitimate exercise
|
||||
of sovereignty because it might interfere with US freedom
|
||||
of action in the region.
|
||||
And it's, of course, glaringly obvious why Iran would seek a
|
||||
deterrent capacity; just take a look at the disposition
|
||||
of forces in the region, including nuclear forces.
|
||||
Seven years ago one of Israel's leading military historians,
|
||||
Martin van Creveld, wrote that,
|
||||
"The world has witnessed how the United States attacked Iraq
|
||||
for, as it turned out, no reason at all."
|
||||
Had the Iranians not tried
|
||||
to build nuclear weapons they would be crazy, particularly
|
||||
when they're under constant threat by--
|
||||
constant threat of attack by the United States,
|
||||
of course in violation of the UN Charter but,
|
||||
remember that that doesn't apply to the United States.
|
||||
Whether they are, in fact,
|
||||
developing a nuclear capability we don't really know but,
|
||||
perhaps so.
|
||||
Well, the Iranian threat as described in the documents
|
||||
and the reports goes beyond deterrents.
|
||||
Iran is also seeking to expand its influence
|
||||
in neighbouring countries and thus
|
||||
to destabilise the region, as it's called.
|
||||
Notice that when the US invade and
|
||||
occupies Iran's neighbours, that's stabilisation.
|
||||
When Iran tries to expand its influence,
|
||||
say commercial relations, with its neighbours,
|
||||
that's destabilisation.
|
||||
That is actually routine usage in foreign policy commentary
|
||||
so for-- sometimes it becomes almost comical.
|
||||
Here's prominent foreign policy analyst, James Chase,
|
||||
former Editor of Foreign Affairs,
|
||||
rather on the liberal side incidentally.
|
||||
He was properly using the term stability in its technical sense
|
||||
when he explained that in order to achieve stability in Chile,
|
||||
it was necessary to destabilise the country [Laughter] namely
|
||||
by overthrowing the elected
|
||||
government installing a vicious dictatorship.
|
||||
Sounds contradictory, but it isn't
|
||||
if you understand the technical meaning of the terms.
|
||||
Well, other concerns about Iran I have no time to go into.
|
||||
They're interesting to explore but,
|
||||
I think they simply show,
|
||||
underscore what the guiding doctrines are and
|
||||
their continuing status in imperial culture.
|
||||
That's very much in accord with the doctrines that were laid
|
||||
down by FDR's planners during the Second World War.
|
||||
The United States cannot tolerate any exercise
|
||||
of sovereignty that interferes with its global designs.
|
||||
And the United States and Europe are of course engaged
|
||||
in punishing Iran for its threat to stability and trying
|
||||
to get it to become a more civilised country, but
|
||||
it's useful to recall how isolated the US
|
||||
and Europe are.
|
||||
The non-aligned countries, which is most of the world, they have
|
||||
for years been vigorously supporting Iran's right
|
||||
to enrich uranium.
|
||||
Within the region, as I mentioned,
|
||||
the irrelevant public even strongly favours Iranian
|
||||
nuclear weapons.
|
||||
The major regional power, Turkey,
|
||||
voted against the latest US sanctions motion
|
||||
in the Security Council, along with Brazil,
|
||||
which is the most admired country
|
||||
of the South, as polls show.
|
||||
Turkey's disobedience led to sharp censure at that point, but
|
||||
not for the first time.
|
||||
Turkey was bitterly condemned in 2003
|
||||
when the government committed a major crime:
|
||||
it followed the will of 95%
|
||||
of the population and refused to take part
|
||||
in the US-British invasion of Iraq
|
||||
and that demonstrated its very weak grasp of democracy,
|
||||
which [Laughter] led to its sanctions and sharp censure.
|
||||
It's the same today; after the 2010 Security Council misdeed,
|
||||
Turkey was warned by Obama's top diplomat on European affairs,
|
||||
Philip Gordon, that it must demonstrate its
|
||||
commitment to partnership with the West:
|
||||
follow orders in other words.
|
||||
A scholar with the Council on Foreign Relations asked,
|
||||
"How do we keep the Turks in their lane?"
|
||||
They're departing; something wrong;
|
||||
'in their lane' means following orders
|
||||
like good democrats, our style democrats.
|
||||
Brazil's Lula was admonished in a New York Times headline.
|
||||
He was warned that his effort with Turkey
|
||||
to provide a solution
|
||||
to the uranium enrichment issue outside the framework
|
||||
of US power is a spot on the Brazilian leader's legacy.
|
||||
In brief, do what we say, that's your function.
|
||||
There's kind of an interesting side light to all of this,
|
||||
which has been effectively suppressed.
|
||||
The Iran-Turkey-Brazil deal had been approved in advance
|
||||
by President Obama, presumably on the assumption
|
||||
that it would fail and that would provide an ideological
|
||||
weapon against Iran.
|
||||
That was revealed by the British Foreign Office,
|
||||
which released the letter of support for it
|
||||
after Brazil was censured.
|
||||
When the effort succeeded, approval quickly turned
|
||||
to censure and Washington ran
|
||||
through a Security Council resolution, which was so weak
|
||||
that China readily signed and is now chastised for living
|
||||
up to the letter of the resolution,
|
||||
but not following Washington's unilateral directives,
|
||||
which go far beyond it.
|
||||
3
|
||||
5
|
||||
11
|
||||
15
|
||||
20
|
||||
23
|
||||
27
|
||||
29
|
||||
33
|
||||
36
|
||||
40
|
||||
41
|
||||
44
|
||||
48
|
||||
52
|
||||
56
|
||||
58
|
||||
61
|
||||
63
|
||||
66
|
||||
73
|
||||
75
|
||||
79
|
||||
83
|
||||
90
|
||||
92
|
||||
96
|
||||
99
|
||||
102
|
||||
106
|
||||
110
|
||||
111
|
||||
115
|
||||
118
|
||||
121
|
||||
125
|
||||
129
|
||||
134
|
||||
139
|
||||
142
|
||||
147
|
||||
149
|
||||
153
|
||||
156
|
||||
161
|
||||
166
|
||||
168
|
||||
173
|
||||
176
|
||||
178
|
||||
182
|
||||
186
|
||||
190
|
||||
193
|
||||
196
|
||||
198
|
||||
201
|
||||
202
|
||||
206
|
||||
209
|
||||
213
|
||||
216
|
||||
221
|
||||
225
|
||||
231
|
||||
235
|
||||
238
|
||||
240
|
||||
245
|
||||
248
|
||||
254
|
||||
255
|
||||
258
|
||||
263
|
||||
267
|
||||
272
|
||||
274
|
||||
278
|
||||
280
|
||||
284
|
||||
287
|
||||
290
|
||||
292
|
||||
297
|
||||
300
|
||||
302
|
||||
308
|
||||
312
|
||||
317
|
||||
320
|
||||
324
|
||||
328
|
||||
331
|
||||
332
|
||||
337
|
||||
341
|
||||
343
|
||||
347
|
||||
351
|
||||
353
|
||||
356
|
||||
360
|
||||
363
|
||||
365
|
||||
369
|
||||
374
|
||||
376
|
||||
380
|
||||
383
|
||||
385
|
||||
388
|
||||
391
|
||||
396
|
||||
400
|
||||
407
|
||||
411
|
||||
414
|
||||
417
|
||||
420
|
||||
424
|
||||
427
|
||||
432
|
||||
434
|
||||
438
|
||||
445
|
||||
449
|
||||
451
|
||||
454
|
||||
459
|
||||
464
|
||||
466
|
||||
468
|
||||
475
|
||||
479
|
||||
483
|
||||
485
|
||||
488
|
||||
490
|
||||
494
|
||||
500
|
||||
503
|
||||
507
|
||||
513
|
||||
516
|
||||
519
|
||||
74
cnt/Chomsky Hitler History Lesson WpJjuotD534.en.cnt
Normal file
74
cnt/Chomsky Hitler History Lesson WpJjuotD534.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
|||
Before the rise of the Nazis, wouldn't you say meddling of Western powers, or U.S. powers,
|
||||
had something to do with that because maybe workers parties wanted to rise up and
|
||||
It's not a secret.
|
||||
Again, we have plenty of internal records.
|
||||
I mean, what's now called "appeasement," you know, bad thing, appease the Germans, that
|
||||
was regarded as a sensible policy.
|
||||
In 1937, the State Department described Hitler as a "moderate" who's standing between the
|
||||
extremes of right and left and if he doesn't succeed, the left, the labor and disillusioned
|
||||
middle classes might get together and maybe even move towards the Russians or something,
|
||||
but in an event, have a worker-based leftist government which the U.S. won't tolerate.
|
||||
Britain even worse, they didn't want it.
|
||||
They had tight business interests with Germany, U.S. did too, but Britain much more so.
|
||||
So they were much happier to work with Hitler.
|
||||
In fact, you know, as late as 1938, they probably could have stopped the war.
|
||||
could have stopped the war.
|
||||
Germany wasn't ready for war then.
|
||||
But they wouldn't do it.
|
||||
A 1937 Report of the State Department's European Division described the rise of Fascism as
|
||||
the natural reaction of "the rich and middle classes, in self-defense" when the "dissatisfied
|
||||
masses, with the example of the Russian revolution before them, swing to the Left."\h
|
||||
Fascism therefore "must succeed or the masses, this time reinforced by the disillusioned
|
||||
middle classes, will again turn to the Left."\h
|
||||
The Report also noted that "if Fascism cannot succeed by persuasion [in Germany], it must
|
||||
succeed by force."\h
|
||||
It concluded that "economic appeasement should prove the surest route to world peace," a
|
||||
conclusion based on the belief that Fascism as a system was compatible with U.S. interests.
|
||||
One of the books on this topic is: Thank God They're on Our Side.
|
||||
And it shows you history that I don't think is being taught in school.
|
||||
How greed has caused an enormous amount of misery throughout history.
|
||||
And that the quest for stability is really continuing the status quo of greed with a
|
||||
disregard for democratic rights of the people.
|
||||
Look at what they're willing to do to keep down the people.
|
||||
The so called quest for stability -- on who's terms?
|
||||
That's the key.
|
||||
Quoting from this book, page 86: This concern
|
||||
was
|
||||
Chomsky Hitler History Lesson
|
||||
4
|
||||
10
|
||||
15
|
||||
16
|
||||
19
|
||||
24
|
||||
27
|
||||
35
|
||||
44
|
||||
48
|
||||
56
|
||||
58
|
||||
63
|
||||
66
|
||||
72
|
||||
74
|
||||
76
|
||||
77
|
||||
83
|
||||
89
|
||||
94
|
||||
99
|
||||
102
|
||||
108
|
||||
110
|
||||
115
|
||||
120
|
||||
124
|
||||
128
|
||||
132
|
||||
137
|
||||
140
|
||||
143
|
||||
146
|
||||
147
|
||||
200
|
||||
209
|
||||
832
cnt/Chomsky Suite (2011) by Tod Machover ZXfXy771K8w.en.cnt
Normal file
832
cnt/Chomsky Suite (2011) by Tod Machover ZXfXy771K8w.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,832 @@
|
|||
("Chomsky Suite" by Tod Machover)
|
||||
(pages rustling)
|
||||
("Chomsky Suite" by Tod Machover)
|
||||
- [David] Welcome to Kronos, Noam.
|
||||
I bet you never thought you'd be sitting
|
||||
in the middle of a string quartet.
|
||||
(laughter)
|
||||
Maybe, would you wanna start off by
|
||||
playing that violin over there?
|
||||
- This one?
|
||||
- Yeah, that one, yeah.
|
||||
You need the bow too.
|
||||
- Oh, all right. - Yeah, that's right.
|
||||
And I rosined it all specially for you,
|
||||
so it's all set to go.
|
||||
(audience laughs)
|
||||
- Well, you remember the introductory remarks
|
||||
were that there was a certain moments
|
||||
when you shouldn't get up and walk out.
|
||||
(audience laughs)
|
||||
When one of the musicians is holding a violin.
|
||||
But this is an exception.
|
||||
This is your chance to walk out.
|
||||
(laughter)
|
||||
I won't inflict this on you.
|
||||
- [David] Scratch away!
|
||||
- Scratch away?
|
||||
- [David] Press harder! (violin screeches)
|
||||
There it is!
|
||||
- Oh, whattaya know!
|
||||
- [David] Put it close to the mic so they can hear it.
|
||||
- Uh-uh! (Noam laughs)
|
||||
(audience laughs)
|
||||
(violin screeching)
|
||||
I'll tell you, I
|
||||
I once did learn how to play an instrument,
|
||||
I've no musical talent, it skipped me in my family, but
|
||||
I once did learn
|
||||
how to play an instrument, a guitar.
|
||||
There was a band,
|
||||
a pickup band made up of MIT and Harvard
|
||||
mostly graduate students, some faculty.
|
||||
My wife was on and she played the accordion.
|
||||
Ken Hale, our department, was the fiddler, a great fiddler.
|
||||
And there was a ringer, a student from the conservatory,
|
||||
who sort of ran it.
|
||||
And for one concert they needed a guitar
|
||||
and they didn't have anybody to play it,
|
||||
so she thought she would teach me how to play the guitar.
|
||||
And she managed to teach me how to play one string.
|
||||
But to move my fingers so that it would look
|
||||
as though I was playing the guitar.
|
||||
And we sort of carried it off.
|
||||
So maybe I could learn this.
|
||||
Actually my son brought something like this home, once.
|
||||
A little bigger, but not much, from third grade.
|
||||
The music teacher had shown the kids violin,
|
||||
he was utterly entranced with it,
|
||||
so he convinced the teacher to let him take it home,
|
||||
and he went on to,
|
||||
to get to the point here,
|
||||
he was thinking of becoming a professional violinist.
|
||||
But an event occurred which I described to Daniel once,
|
||||
which made him decide to become a gifted amateur instead,
|
||||
which he is.
|
||||
But I never progressed beyond the first string. (chuckles)
|
||||
- So, Noam, what's in your record collection?
|
||||
- Pardon?
|
||||
- What's in your record collection?
|
||||
- Well, one record is the basis for what you just heard,
|
||||
the first Bach suite.
|
||||
It's uh, must've listened to it a couple hundred times
|
||||
in the last few years and many times before.
|
||||
It has a rather special personal meaning,
|
||||
if you don't mind some personal anecdotes.
|
||||
My wife and I were married as children, basically,
|
||||
had, we were working students,
|
||||
never had any time for anything.
|
||||
Never got more than a short distance from home.
|
||||
But early in the 1950s we did manage to
|
||||
take off a couple of weeks over the summer, first time.
|
||||
And we decided to go to Europe,
|
||||
which was a trek for two kids
|
||||
who had really never been away from home.
|
||||
And the goal was to go to Prague,
|
||||
where Casals was then running the,
|
||||
Pablo Casals was running the Prague Festival.
|
||||
And the absolute peak achievement what drew
|
||||
some of the best professional musicians in the world
|
||||
to this little town in the Pyrenees
|
||||
was his playing of the Bach suites.
|
||||
Casals had essentially resurrected them from oblivion
|
||||
and I think probably became the first cellist
|
||||
to perform them seriously.
|
||||
The atmosphere was indescribable.
|
||||
I mean, it, Prague is a lovely little town in the Pyrenees
|
||||
it's right below Mont Canigou, which is the,
|
||||
kind of the symbol of Catalan nationalism.
|
||||
Casals was a committed Catalan nationalist.
|
||||
Actually,
|
||||
by all rights,
|
||||
my bones should be up on Mont Canigou right now.
|
||||
I decided to try to climb it in a fit of abandon and
|
||||
lost the trail halfway up and I started wandering around
|
||||
and by the sheerest accident
|
||||
ran into
|
||||
the shed of a Catalan woodsman who lived alone up there and
|
||||
after he cursed at me in Catalan for about half an hour
|
||||
he showed me a trail back.
|
||||
Oddly it never occurred to me to be nervous.
|
||||
I later understood why.
|
||||
Turns out the male brain
|
||||
doesn't mature until about 25.
|
||||
(audience laughs)
|
||||
Before that you think you're indestructible,
|
||||
nothing can happen.
|
||||
There's probably an evolutionary reason for that.
|
||||
But there had to be somebody in hunter-gatherer tribes
|
||||
who was willing to go out
|
||||
and fight that saber-toothed tiger.
|
||||
(audience laughs)
|
||||
Anyhow it didn't occur to me.
|
||||
I came down,
|
||||
we had done some quite remarkable things on that trip.
|
||||
We went through Paris,
|
||||
where we were able to catch a concert
|
||||
by the incredible Russian violinist David Oistrakh,
|
||||
who was on one of his rare visits to the West.
|
||||
In Rome we saw a magnificent
|
||||
outdoor performance of Aida
|
||||
at the Roman ruins, Terme di Caracalla,
|
||||
unforgettable.
|
||||
Managed to get to the Lascaux caves,
|
||||
they were then still open, now sealed.
|
||||
And could see why Picasso, when he went there,
|
||||
exclaimed that 30,000 years ago,
|
||||
they had already discovered the secrets of modern art.
|
||||
And many other things,
|
||||
but the peak was what we were aiming for,
|
||||
the Prague concert.
|
||||
We finally got to it the indescribable aura,
|
||||
quite apart from the personal aspect,
|
||||
about as close to, when he did play one of the suites,
|
||||
the first suite, and it's about as close to
|
||||
a moment of sublimity as I can imagine.
|
||||
Actually it had a further personal meaning to me.
|
||||
Casals was a dedicated republican, antifascist.
|
||||
He claims, he recorded the suites, six of them,
|
||||
for the first time, actually maybe the first time
|
||||
they were ever recorded,
|
||||
right at the end of the Spanish Civil War, 1939.
|
||||
Just at the time when Barcelona was under attack
|
||||
and it soon fell, that meant Franco's fascism
|
||||
took over Spain.
|
||||
He of course had to flee,
|
||||
he would've been killed immediately.
|
||||
Fascist slogan was "Death to intelligence"
|
||||
and he was a marked man
|
||||
as a republican activist.
|
||||
Went across the border and managed to survive
|
||||
the Second World War.
|
||||
He refused offers by the Nazis, who admired his music.
|
||||
He was already a very famous cellist,
|
||||
and they wanted him to come to Berlin, he refused.
|
||||
He refused to play in occupied France.
|
||||
After the war, Casals refused to play in any country
|
||||
that recognized Franco.
|
||||
And he wouldn't play in Russia, anti-Bolshevik.
|
||||
Wouldn't play in the former fascist countries.
|
||||
But he was, had, you know, just flooded with
|
||||
lucrative offers to come and perform after the war
|
||||
but he refused.
|
||||
He finally agreed to play in Prague and he,
|
||||
I think in the late '40s, began the Prague concerts
|
||||
and we were lucky to be able to catch one of them,
|
||||
one of the early ones.
|
||||
All of this also had a special personal meaning for me.
|
||||
As a child I was,
|
||||
in the 1930s, I was closely following
|
||||
the dreadful rise of fascism in Europe.
|
||||
The first article I wrote, or at least remember writing,
|
||||
was right at the time of the fall of Barcelona.
|
||||
It was about how,
|
||||
I don't want to inflict that on you, either,
|
||||
but it was about the fall of Austria,
|
||||
Czechoslovakia, then Barcelona.
|
||||
The kind of last hope for some barrier
|
||||
to the spread of this hideous specter
|
||||
of fascim all over Europe.
|
||||
And I knew something about Casals's, by the time we went,
|
||||
about his record and the performance, heard it many times.
|
||||
And being in Prague and listening to this heroic figure
|
||||
and magnificent musician, carrying forward,
|
||||
as he did every time, kind of a new performance
|
||||
of the suites, to which he devoted
|
||||
much of his artistic life, was,
|
||||
along with everything else, quite a remarkable
|
||||
and unforgettable experience.
|
||||
So, hearing this,
|
||||
these elaborations and developments of it is
|
||||
personally very meaningful for me.
|
||||
If there's a lesson in all this, which maybe there is,
|
||||
for young people among you,
|
||||
when you have opportunities like that don't let them pass.
|
||||
They can enrich your lives enormously and
|
||||
the memories remain
|
||||
and in later years
|
||||
become more vivid and even more significant.
|
||||
So, it's wise to exploit the chance.
|
||||
(applause)
|
||||
("Chomsky Suite" by Tod Machover)
|
||||
- Thank you for that, that was beautiful, Noam.
|
||||
I've been thinking about this for months,
|
||||
trying to know what
|
||||
to ask.
|
||||
I think you know what I, what I'm trying to ask,
|
||||
because of all the people I've ever met
|
||||
I think you might be the best listener that I know of.
|
||||
And the ability to really listen,
|
||||
and get beyond the actual words,
|
||||
and to really read and also get beyond the actual words
|
||||
and know what's really meant,
|
||||
is something you've spent your whole life doing, I think.
|
||||
And what I wanna leave with this evening,
|
||||
is some sense of how,
|
||||
through a musical experience,
|
||||
we can demand of the environment we live in,
|
||||
the leaders that we have, the culture we have,
|
||||
that our society be more just.
|
||||
Our,
|
||||
that it just be more open to the future
|
||||
and to what really needs to be done.
|
||||
I've always thought music is the one language
|
||||
that really doesn't need translating very much.
|
||||
Even though, when we play with a musician
|
||||
form Afghanistan, or someone from China
|
||||
or someone from many different parts of the world,
|
||||
frequently we need translators to make a
|
||||
nonverbal musical experience.
|
||||
But I'm just wondering if you have any thoughts about this.
|
||||
(Noam clears his throat)
|
||||
- There are some real puzzles about the nature of music
|
||||
and its ubiquity.
|
||||
As far as I know, every human society that's been found
|
||||
has some form of music and I think some form of dance.
|
||||
It may not be in the tonal idiom of classical music,
|
||||
maybe something else, but something.
|
||||
And it's a good question, "Why?"
|
||||
Since it's universal, it
|
||||
very likely originates somewhere in East Africa.
|
||||
Before our ancestors, maybe 50,000 years ago,
|
||||
probably quite a small group of them,
|
||||
left Africa, quickly spread around the world.
|
||||
So it's gotta be something deep in our nature
|
||||
that's embedded there, for some reason.
|
||||
And there's a good question, "Why?"
|
||||
What is it about music that makes it part of
|
||||
the nature of humans?
|
||||
It's, species-specific, I mean, songbirds have song,
|
||||
but it's quite a different phenomenon.
|
||||
Music is not
|
||||
instrumental in the sense of
|
||||
trying to achieve some end, like mating,
|
||||
or something like that.
|
||||
It's been, there is one other, a couple,
|
||||
there are a few other similar biological phenomena.
|
||||
One of them, of course, is language.
|
||||
Language is universal, it's every human,
|
||||
all humans have it.
|
||||
All humans have the same capacity.
|
||||
We know that if you take an infant
|
||||
from some Amazonian tribe that,
|
||||
the tribe hasn't had human contact for maybe 20,000 years
|
||||
and you bring that child to Boston,
|
||||
raise it here from infancy, it'll
|
||||
be indistinguishable from my grandchildren.
|
||||
Maybe it'll be studying quantum physics at MIT.
|
||||
And conversely, which means,
|
||||
there are individual differences
|
||||
but there's no known group differences.
|
||||
Which means that first of all it means
|
||||
that language hasn't evolved,
|
||||
language capacity has not evolved
|
||||
for at least 50,000 years.
|
||||
And in fact it doesn't seem to go back very far before that.
|
||||
Same is probably true of the musical capacity,
|
||||
but it's harder to study,
|
||||
I don't think it has been studied.
|
||||
In the case of language, you can at least imagine some
|
||||
selectional reason why it should've propagated.
|
||||
It may not be the right reason,
|
||||
these are mostly fairy tales,
|
||||
but at least you can imagine something.
|
||||
Can I say music, it's hard to see what it is.
|
||||
That kind of puzzle has bothered evolutionary biologists
|
||||
ever since Darwin and Wallace co-discovered
|
||||
the theory of natural selection.
|
||||
Wallace, in his writings about it,
|
||||
was very puzzled about the fact that humans all
|
||||
have arithmetical capacity.
|
||||
Again, no selectional reason possible,
|
||||
because it's only been used very recently in human history
|
||||
and by a very small group of people.
|
||||
But it's again, universal.
|
||||
So an Amazonian child has the same capacity as,
|
||||
say, my grandchildren.
|
||||
Even if it's not developed
|
||||
in the culture in which the kid lives.
|
||||
And he wondered why, since it has, again,
|
||||
no selectional value.
|
||||
He thought that there must be some other force
|
||||
in evolution beyond natural selection.
|
||||
Darwin strongly disagreed with him but had no explanation.
|
||||
Very likely, in the case of arithmetic,
|
||||
it's sort of an offshoot of language.
|
||||
That you can, if you understand,
|
||||
once enough had come to be understood
|
||||
about the structure of language,
|
||||
you could see how a minor, actually simplification of it,
|
||||
could give you the basis for arithmetic.
|
||||
But nothing like that is known in the case of music.
|
||||
Except maybe at a very primitive level there's
|
||||
probably just cause we don't understand enough, either,
|
||||
about language or music.
|
||||
So it is known by now that there are, pretty well-known,
|
||||
that there are special neural tissues unique to humans
|
||||
which, in newborn infants and probably intrauterine,
|
||||
pick out of the environment certain rhythmic structures.
|
||||
Roughly at the level of a syllable,
|
||||
so probably specific to humans.
|
||||
It's probably the core of picking out,
|
||||
an amazing achievement of an infant,
|
||||
to pick out of the whole, complex environment,
|
||||
the data that's language-related.
|
||||
How children do that, nobody understands.
|
||||
No other organism can do it.
|
||||
And picking out a certain rhythmic structure
|
||||
may be part of the core of it.
|
||||
Later come other rhythmic characteristics.
|
||||
By about six months old a child
|
||||
has pretty much the understanding,
|
||||
knows the intonational structure of the language
|
||||
that it's been exposed to.
|
||||
Maybe that has something to do with the
|
||||
part of the development of music.
|
||||
That leaves open a very deep question,
|
||||
what about structural properties of music?
|
||||
It's not just rhythm, of course.
|
||||
Well, where do they come from?
|
||||
It's tempting to think that
|
||||
somehow they grew out of the language capacity.
|
||||
Which something is sort of suggested by Leonard Bernstein's
|
||||
famous Norton lectures 40 years ago.
|
||||
And there's been work on it since,
|
||||
but it still remains quite a mystery.
|
||||
But that's just from the point of view of biology.
|
||||
What about from the point of view of our lives?
|
||||
Well, you know, I mean listening to
|
||||
a skilled,
|
||||
sometimes remarkable musical performance
|
||||
or seeing a work of art or
|
||||
does do something to us
|
||||
or should do something to us personally.
|
||||
It should instruct us that,
|
||||
however good we are at what we do,
|
||||
and most of us work hard doing things we're expert at,
|
||||
doing well, but it should tell us there's something more.
|
||||
You should really be, have an idea, you should be aiming
|
||||
at something much higher.
|
||||
At maybe something you can't achieve
|
||||
or even begin to achieve.
|
||||
Look, I'm never gonna be Pablo Casals, obviously.
|
||||
Or even play this.
|
||||
But the fact that he could continue to do it,
|
||||
and that I could appreciate it,
|
||||
particularly in those remarkable circumstances
|
||||
but even just listening to the record and so on,
|
||||
you know, for many other things,
|
||||
does, should inspire us to at least try
|
||||
to aim for something higher than what we can do regularly,
|
||||
expertly and appropriately.
|
||||
So try to find some touch of sublimity in your own work.
|
||||
Or for that matter your own life.
|
||||
Because even a life can, the humblest life
|
||||
can be quite beautiful.
|
||||
Actually that reminds me of something that
|
||||
I mentioned that my son was an aspiring violinist.
|
||||
My wife and I took him to a master class
|
||||
when he was about 12 years old,
|
||||
run by Yehudi Menuhin over at the conservatory.
|
||||
And I remember there was one young woman violinist
|
||||
who played a piece with just absolute perfection.
|
||||
You know it was technically
|
||||
the most magnificent thing you can imagine.
|
||||
And at the end of the piece
|
||||
Menuhin looked at her and said,
|
||||
"Magnificently done,
|
||||
"but you didn't stop to smell the flowers."
|
||||
And that was a very meaningful comment.
|
||||
And it's for all of us.
|
||||
We have to somehow stop to smell the flowers.
|
||||
There's more to life than doing what you can do
|
||||
with technical perfection.
|
||||
And listening to a marvelous work of music
|
||||
brilliantly performed, teaches us that
|
||||
the flowers are there, it's for us to try,
|
||||
somehow, to smell them.
|
||||
Try to excel, try to go beyond what we know we're capable of
|
||||
and at least aim for something higher in life.
|
||||
Whether it's in your activities,
|
||||
try to make it a better world.
|
||||
In your work try to achieve some goal
|
||||
that can barely be formulated or whatever it may be.
|
||||
(pages rustling)
|
||||
("Chomsky Suite" by Tod Machover)
|
||||
(applause)
|
||||
15
|
||||
160
|
||||
164
|
||||
165
|
||||
168
|
||||
170
|
||||
173
|
||||
173
|
||||
177
|
||||
179
|
||||
180
|
||||
182
|
||||
184
|
||||
186
|
||||
188
|
||||
189
|
||||
192
|
||||
196
|
||||
199
|
||||
201
|
||||
205
|
||||
208
|
||||
209
|
||||
212
|
||||
215
|
||||
218
|
||||
220
|
||||
223
|
||||
224
|
||||
225
|
||||
226
|
||||
229
|
||||
231
|
||||
233
|
||||
236
|
||||
237
|
||||
240
|
||||
244
|
||||
245
|
||||
249
|
||||
252
|
||||
256
|
||||
259
|
||||
263
|
||||
267
|
||||
273
|
||||
275
|
||||
279
|
||||
281
|
||||
285
|
||||
289
|
||||
292
|
||||
294
|
||||
296
|
||||
299
|
||||
303
|
||||
307
|
||||
311
|
||||
314
|
||||
317
|
||||
322
|
||||
323
|
||||
325
|
||||
330
|
||||
333
|
||||
335
|
||||
356
|
||||
360
|
||||
361
|
||||
364
|
||||
370
|
||||
374
|
||||
377
|
||||
381
|
||||
385
|
||||
390
|
||||
397
|
||||
398
|
||||
401
|
||||
405
|
||||
409
|
||||
413
|
||||
417
|
||||
419
|
||||
423
|
||||
426
|
||||
430
|
||||
434
|
||||
440
|
||||
443
|
||||
445
|
||||
450
|
||||
455
|
||||
459
|
||||
462
|
||||
467
|
||||
471
|
||||
477
|
||||
480
|
||||
484
|
||||
486
|
||||
487
|
||||
492
|
||||
497
|
||||
502
|
||||
506
|
||||
508
|
||||
513
|
||||
517
|
||||
520
|
||||
523
|
||||
526
|
||||
527
|
||||
531
|
||||
532
|
||||
534
|
||||
536
|
||||
538
|
||||
542
|
||||
544
|
||||
546
|
||||
547
|
||||
549
|
||||
551
|
||||
556
|
||||
557
|
||||
561
|
||||
565
|
||||
570
|
||||
573
|
||||
576
|
||||
579
|
||||
581
|
||||
583
|
||||
585
|
||||
591
|
||||
594
|
||||
597
|
||||
598
|
||||
600
|
||||
602
|
||||
606
|
||||
609
|
||||
613
|
||||
616
|
||||
622
|
||||
627
|
||||
633
|
||||
637
|
||||
639
|
||||
641
|
||||
647
|
||||
651
|
||||
655
|
||||
658
|
||||
659
|
||||
662
|
||||
666
|
||||
668
|
||||
670
|
||||
673
|
||||
675
|
||||
682
|
||||
684
|
||||
686
|
||||
690
|
||||
695
|
||||
697
|
||||
699
|
||||
703
|
||||
707
|
||||
710
|
||||
711
|
||||
715
|
||||
719
|
||||
722
|
||||
725
|
||||
730
|
||||
732
|
||||
738
|
||||
742
|
||||
747
|
||||
751
|
||||
753
|
||||
755
|
||||
758
|
||||
761
|
||||
764
|
||||
767
|
||||
771
|
||||
775
|
||||
780
|
||||
786
|
||||
790
|
||||
793
|
||||
796
|
||||
800
|
||||
803
|
||||
806
|
||||
809
|
||||
812
|
||||
833
|
||||
837
|
||||
840
|
||||
845
|
||||
850
|
||||
852
|
||||
853
|
||||
859
|
||||
867
|
||||
885
|
||||
1037
|
||||
1043
|
||||
1046
|
||||
1051
|
||||
1052
|
||||
1056
|
||||
1059
|
||||
1065
|
||||
1069
|
||||
1073
|
||||
1077
|
||||
1079
|
||||
1084
|
||||
1088
|
||||
1092
|
||||
1099
|
||||
1102
|
||||
1106
|
||||
1109
|
||||
1114
|
||||
1118
|
||||
1121
|
||||
1126
|
||||
1129
|
||||
1132
|
||||
1135
|
||||
1138
|
||||
1144
|
||||
1146
|
||||
1151
|
||||
1154
|
||||
1160
|
||||
1163
|
||||
1168
|
||||
1172
|
||||
1177
|
||||
1180
|
||||
1182
|
||||
1184
|
||||
1190
|
||||
1195
|
||||
1198
|
||||
1203
|
||||
1206
|
||||
1210
|
||||
1212
|
||||
1216
|
||||
1218
|
||||
1221
|
||||
1225
|
||||
1228
|
||||
1230
|
||||
1233
|
||||
1237
|
||||
1240
|
||||
1244
|
||||
1246
|
||||
1251
|
||||
1253
|
||||
1255
|
||||
1259
|
||||
1262
|
||||
1268
|
||||
1271
|
||||
1275
|
||||
1277
|
||||
1281
|
||||
1284
|
||||
1286
|
||||
1288
|
||||
1292
|
||||
1294
|
||||
1295
|
||||
1297
|
||||
1302
|
||||
1305
|
||||
1307
|
||||
1310
|
||||
1315
|
||||
1318
|
||||
1320
|
||||
1322
|
||||
1325
|
||||
1328
|
||||
1332
|
||||
1337
|
||||
1341
|
||||
1345
|
||||
1349
|
||||
1353
|
||||
1355
|
||||
1360
|
||||
1362
|
||||
1365
|
||||
1369
|
||||
1371
|
||||
1372
|
||||
1375
|
||||
1377
|
||||
1379
|
||||
1382
|
||||
1385
|
||||
1389
|
||||
1392
|
||||
1394
|
||||
1397
|
||||
1399
|
||||
1400
|
||||
1405
|
||||
1407
|
||||
1412
|
||||
1415
|
||||
1417
|
||||
1419
|
||||
1424
|
||||
1428
|
||||
1433
|
||||
1439
|
||||
1441
|
||||
1444
|
||||
1447
|
||||
1449
|
||||
1453
|
||||
1456
|
||||
1458
|
||||
1460
|
||||
1463
|
||||
1465
|
||||
1469
|
||||
1472
|
||||
1474
|
||||
1478
|
||||
1481
|
||||
1484
|
||||
1486
|
||||
1489
|
||||
1491
|
||||
1493
|
||||
1495
|
||||
1497
|
||||
1501
|
||||
1505
|
||||
1509
|
||||
1511
|
||||
1514
|
||||
1518
|
||||
1520
|
||||
1526
|
||||
1527
|
||||
1531
|
||||
1536
|
||||
1537
|
||||
1540
|
||||
1544
|
||||
1546
|
||||
1551
|
||||
1555
|
||||
1559
|
||||
1560
|
||||
1563
|
||||
1564
|
||||
1568
|
||||
1570
|
||||
1574
|
||||
1576
|
||||
1580
|
||||
1583
|
||||
1585
|
||||
1589
|
||||
1594
|
||||
1597
|
||||
1602
|
||||
1603
|
||||
1606
|
||||
1608
|
||||
1612
|
||||
1617
|
||||
1621
|
||||
1622
|
||||
1627
|
||||
1631
|
||||
1636
|
||||
1637
|
||||
1641
|
||||
1644
|
||||
1648
|
||||
1649
|
||||
1653
|
||||
1656
|
||||
1658
|
||||
1661
|
||||
1664
|
||||
1667
|
||||
1672
|
||||
1676
|
||||
1679
|
||||
1680
|
||||
1685
|
||||
1689
|
||||
1691
|
||||
1693
|
||||
1696
|
||||
1707
|
||||
1718
|
||||
1779
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,970 @@
|
|||
and synthetic
|
||||
all over the Isle of Man
|
||||
you have the co star that's wrong
|
||||
it's a little
|
||||
a little one to call their tape art
|
||||
well you
|
||||
so
|
||||
the plaque
|
||||
fasquelle to
|
||||
after that time
|
||||
if a little by little a little
|
||||
just valcke
|
||||
and that was all
|
||||
two more suits me
|
||||
dakhla woman
|
||||
a lot
|
||||
accor
|
||||
at
|
||||
2
|
||||
Oh
|
||||
and maybe
|
||||
e
|
||||
and
|
||||
e
|
||||
that a little
|
||||
after she passed everything
|
||||
so the chair
|
||||
so my campaign
|
||||
How? 'Or' What
|
||||
so
|
||||
fire you
|
||||
fault 1
|
||||
and good
|
||||
yes to
|
||||
blah
|
||||
on the way back
|
||||
a lot
|
||||
it's them a lot
|
||||
they were two listen
|
||||
we must listen 1 2
|
||||
five of the six yards away 1
|
||||
the other sides of listening the esma is bad being of the peoples
|
||||
not much time
|
||||
Bach
|
||||
how's it going that you had a little
|
||||
we were very strong
|
||||
debate
|
||||
1 but after
|
||||
1
|
||||
at
|
||||
a baby
|
||||
Yes
|
||||
m
|
||||
e
|
||||
he
|
||||
he has little
|
||||
good idea
|
||||
e
|
||||
ah ah
|
||||
we can only
|
||||
hop
|
||||
I e
|
||||
e e
|
||||
freedom
|
||||
diallo
|
||||
1
|
||||
she wants that
|
||||
there are others
|
||||
he gives some hypotheses and
|
||||
ap
|
||||
so 1 you can't all
|
||||
and many other ap
|
||||
so you
|
||||
and we
|
||||
etc
|
||||
m in short that's all
|
||||
and this point
|
||||
he wear protectors
|
||||
and after
|
||||
do it
|
||||
friends
|
||||
others
|
||||
e like
|
||||
there was something
|
||||
in the cable
|
||||
I
|
||||
in fact the coffee
|
||||
tomorrow
|
||||
well that yeah
|
||||
that you
|
||||
e
|
||||
usually it is
|
||||
we can
|
||||
e
|
||||
no
|
||||
the
|
||||
a knock
|
||||
m
|
||||
football
|
||||
a little
|
||||
though
|
||||
after the test
|
||||
to listen to it
|
||||
after page
|
||||
that to me
|
||||
make way for others oh
|
||||
it's my weather side
|
||||
and push a little
|
||||
it was
|
||||
e he
|
||||
respect team b
|
||||
and
|
||||
ve
|
||||
aubade
|
||||
2
|
||||
it's a fact
|
||||
the heavy working life
|
||||
but his destiny abo
|
||||
don't do that
|
||||
my
|
||||
Yes
|
||||
But
|
||||
too much
|
||||
no
|
||||
no
|
||||
people
|
||||
and all 2
|
||||
is reached
|
||||
the rooster
|
||||
of your art
|
||||
oh what can be there
|
||||
just like the hotel
|
||||
than
|
||||
that said
|
||||
a little bit I left her
|
||||
d
|
||||
totally
|
||||
apart from men
|
||||
hop
|
||||
the pack
|
||||
2
|
||||
you down
|
||||
two friends
|
||||
and my father
|
||||
it's a lot per case
|
||||
and abou
|
||||
you and
|
||||
Yes
|
||||
us others
|
||||
all
|
||||
and
|
||||
2
|
||||
a lot
|
||||
a photo
|
||||
the podium yes
|
||||
you
|
||||
hop
|
||||
a lot
|
||||
ap
|
||||
do it with
|
||||
and
|
||||
and
|
||||
so
|
||||
she hurts
|
||||
no
|
||||
you treat
|
||||
but not only
|
||||
2
|
||||
a little
|
||||
and that the own wife a lot
|
||||
2 i
|
||||
excellent
|
||||
1 ap
|
||||
at
|
||||
a step
|
||||
a little is a little
|
||||
not our sides
|
||||
oh to
|
||||
baku 2
|
||||
but it's not right 1
|
||||
world
|
||||
but no steps
|
||||
much the call of buck pop
|
||||
what to do
|
||||
there i can us
|
||||
m
|
||||
m
|
||||
my dad
|
||||
so the
|
||||
in the radius of documents so double
|
||||
you and me
|
||||
and because you
|
||||
m
|
||||
m e
|
||||
at
|
||||
hop
|
||||
m
|
||||
Yes
|
||||
la paz i
|
||||
Yes
|
||||
above all two people
|
||||
he occupied
|
||||
it's not a bit
|
||||
that's a lot of other cuts etc
|
||||
Oh
|
||||
but he does
|
||||
to do this e
|
||||
you
|
||||
than
|
||||
1
|
||||
1
|
||||
and you
|
||||
the side is not nothing
|
||||
and
|
||||
costs therefore
|
||||
apple
|
||||
2
|
||||
m
|
||||
my life did not vote against
|
||||
ap ap the body all yours
|
||||
the domain not later since
|
||||
Yes a bit
|
||||
but you
|
||||
Levallois
|
||||
you do not have
|
||||
how no
|
||||
m
|
||||
since
|
||||
i can 2
|
||||
he recalled and
|
||||
and the aca
|
||||
11 was done
|
||||
at school the fact that at his head to
|
||||
2
|
||||
you 1
|
||||
How? 'Or' What
|
||||
How? 'Or' What
|
||||
we at
|
||||
the other I don't know
|
||||
you
|
||||
don't they have more
|
||||
pretty much everywhere
|
||||
the
|
||||
to bohain
|
||||
tomorrow you
|
||||
2
|
||||
or
|
||||
ap
|
||||
mc2
|
||||
and even
|
||||
ob he m
|
||||
but hey how
|
||||
m
|
||||
Yes
|
||||
never but
|
||||
you are kind of this command
|
||||
the bench is yours
|
||||
police officers
|
||||
but who the skin
|
||||
at
|
||||
I a lot
|
||||
apple don't care
|
||||
you
|
||||
to see a little more
|
||||
suits you
|
||||
you yeah
|
||||
note
|
||||
exterminate
|
||||
et al
|
||||
it can you
|
||||
m you said a lot
|
||||
here
|
||||
the holidays a little vain
|
||||
m
|
||||
but not that
|
||||
yes disassembled
|
||||
for example
|
||||
they did it
|
||||
of the head
|
||||
beside
|
||||
and
|
||||
ap
|
||||
that puts you the counter paul gaultier
|
||||
ok I
|
||||
you 1
|
||||
suddenly
|
||||
m m
|
||||
m he says
|
||||
you perfectly
|
||||
in the neck
|
||||
you again
|
||||
2 points to listen to it
|
||||
com
|
||||
what 20
|
||||
with apple there
|
||||
well yes
|
||||
a lot we can
|
||||
m
|
||||
with bah
|
||||
and
|
||||
e
|
||||
the group
|
||||
what is up
|
||||
at the coffee shop
|
||||
you
|
||||
a lot
|
||||
but maybe like earlier
|
||||
and
|
||||
well
|
||||
we must
|
||||
22 after the fact
|
||||
you
|
||||
okay
|
||||
my sense but fuck
|
||||
wish it
|
||||
a lot
|
||||
or not we can
|
||||
on the other hand we have little
|
||||
we go
|
||||
m
|
||||
support
|
||||
not even improbable
|
||||
but according to news twenty months
|
||||
2nd step
|
||||
daerden we're going to sink
|
||||
the period after all
|
||||
falip was taken aback by
|
||||
we
|
||||
and that's all
|
||||
Yes
|
||||
yes damn
|
||||
or not yet touched in the stomach
|
||||
lotto they rub shoulders
|
||||
that you e
|
||||
quite there
|
||||
after two years hahaha
|
||||
so we can't decouple men
|
||||
engine
|
||||
you
|
||||
bogota
|
||||
gala you
|
||||
how little montfaucon ago
|
||||
Yes
|
||||
Absolutely everything
|
||||
toyota the pope
|
||||
2 photo
|
||||
the club of the thing there
|
||||
and hop little by little
|
||||
it's exactly
|
||||
scott
|
||||
from beijing
|
||||
yes but not that
|
||||
e
|
||||
m
|
||||
he was also able to enjoy so do
|
||||
influenza is the appropriate form m
|
||||
the not gloups
|
||||
we can't either
|
||||
Pope
|
||||
we can
|
||||
tennis
|
||||
d
|
||||
the world
|
||||
more abou treatment
|
||||
except that you absolutely
|
||||
we can ah ah
|
||||
hop
|
||||
or not
|
||||
poolers like us
|
||||
how i did atp ranking 2
|
||||
others e
|
||||
m oh
|
||||
we don't fight
|
||||
ah ah lobo
|
||||
no return that
|
||||
at dawn e
|
||||
Moreover
|
||||
the
|
||||
cut
|
||||
one more
|
||||
he is a bit
|
||||
obama
|
||||
the other
|
||||
after the th
|
||||
and as we can
|
||||
gangs by the way
|
||||
Wait
|
||||
asset
|
||||
top
|
||||
a good taste of the bread that
|
||||
to m yes
|
||||
the shot
|
||||
ababa
|
||||
ap ap
|
||||
I
|
||||
But
|
||||
good luck famous
|
||||
the tropics and poor little one
|
||||
and
|
||||
my thing m
|
||||
hong kong a bit like
|
||||
so above all
|
||||
the
|
||||
go without taboo while more than one embankment
|
||||
after the podium
|
||||
very early
|
||||
and as we have seen such an agreement
|
||||
sanou it's not because two
|
||||
and that you like yours
|
||||
ep
|
||||
ap
|
||||
1 departure
|
||||
I'm a little scared
|
||||
yeah map
|
||||
2
|
||||
tomorrow
|
||||
the
|
||||
not you
|
||||
and that
|
||||
the capital m
|
||||
here is d
|
||||
for everyone
|
||||
unbeatable
|
||||
and after a lot
|
||||
you
|
||||
not you
|
||||
and 11
|
||||
but OK
|
||||
Listen
|
||||
wowing their own scent
|
||||
2 on both sides clubs
|
||||
the pvv the
|
||||
goal com the field
|
||||
and not no
|
||||
we can no longer count the tickets
|
||||
you are
|
||||
left but ottawa
|
||||
me
|
||||
parent the
|
||||
hop m
|
||||
we are spoken to in baghdad when less like
|
||||
m the people
|
||||
he has to appear no need we can
|
||||
we are that is to say
|
||||
yes funds
|
||||
the people want
|
||||
others expensive
|
||||
the
|
||||
products
|
||||
your pc
|
||||
you we want it to have more blizzard
|
||||
a lot
|
||||
daddy sow we bet we
|
||||
castle
|
||||
photo we can not watch
|
||||
I
|
||||
a hen 2 a lot
|
||||
so the police
|
||||
and all filmed
|
||||
Moreover
|
||||
bobo
|
||||
its costs
|
||||
to what
|
||||
no
|
||||
so
|
||||
weekly hockey
|
||||
1
|
||||
at football m
|
||||
m
|
||||
since
|
||||
OK and
|
||||
no for them
|
||||
please 2
|
||||
a lot
|
||||
quota 9 but
|
||||
and at the start you
|
||||
not you e
|
||||
hop
|
||||
after toulouse like no other
|
||||
do what you find
|
||||
therefore to
|
||||
this is the case of the world
|
||||
I can
|
||||
all fronts what I want
|
||||
a penny 1
|
||||
19
|
||||
27
|
||||
30
|
||||
33
|
||||
40
|
||||
46
|
||||
50
|
||||
54
|
||||
59
|
||||
66
|
||||
71
|
||||
78
|
||||
83
|
||||
93
|
||||
98
|
||||
100
|
||||
106
|
||||
108
|
||||
114
|
||||
117
|
||||
119
|
||||
124
|
||||
162
|
||||
165
|
||||
177
|
||||
189
|
||||
194
|
||||
198
|
||||
207
|
||||
232
|
||||
241
|
||||
245
|
||||
253
|
||||
258
|
||||
265
|
||||
269
|
||||
272
|
||||
279
|
||||
282
|
||||
289
|
||||
297
|
||||
301
|
||||
313
|
||||
318
|
||||
321
|
||||
325
|
||||
330
|
||||
335
|
||||
360
|
||||
364
|
||||
371
|
||||
376
|
||||
380
|
||||
386
|
||||
393
|
||||
401
|
||||
406
|
||||
410
|
||||
416
|
||||
420
|
||||
425
|
||||
429
|
||||
431
|
||||
436
|
||||
441
|
||||
445
|
||||
451
|
||||
455
|
||||
460
|
||||
471
|
||||
473
|
||||
478
|
||||
490
|
||||
515
|
||||
518
|
||||
524
|
||||
529
|
||||
533
|
||||
547
|
||||
550
|
||||
563
|
||||
567
|
||||
573
|
||||
583
|
||||
591
|
||||
606
|
||||
609
|
||||
618
|
||||
628
|
||||
637
|
||||
642
|
||||
650
|
||||
662
|
||||
666
|
||||
675
|
||||
698
|
||||
701
|
||||
713
|
||||
727
|
||||
732
|
||||
736
|
||||
744
|
||||
751
|
||||
756
|
||||
764
|
||||
770
|
||||
781
|
||||
785
|
||||
801
|
||||
805
|
||||
811
|
||||
814
|
||||
818
|
||||
821
|
||||
826
|
||||
830
|
||||
838
|
||||
844
|
||||
859
|
||||
865
|
||||
868
|
||||
881
|
||||
908
|
||||
918
|
||||
934
|
||||
955
|
||||
966
|
||||
972
|
||||
979
|
||||
993
|
||||
1013
|
||||
1020
|
||||
1027
|
||||
1035
|
||||
1039
|
||||
1052
|
||||
1064
|
||||
1083
|
||||
1089
|
||||
1100
|
||||
1111
|
||||
1116
|
||||
1138
|
||||
1145
|
||||
1152
|
||||
1159
|
||||
1163
|
||||
1168
|
||||
1170
|
||||
1179
|
||||
1189
|
||||
1196
|
||||
1205
|
||||
1211
|
||||
1215
|
||||
1229
|
||||
1232
|
||||
1236
|
||||
1248
|
||||
1251
|
||||
1258
|
||||
1261
|
||||
1268
|
||||
1272
|
||||
1281
|
||||
1288
|
||||
1291
|
||||
1297
|
||||
1302
|
||||
1305
|
||||
1314
|
||||
1318
|
||||
1325
|
||||
1332
|
||||
1334
|
||||
1342
|
||||
1350
|
||||
1361
|
||||
1369
|
||||
1373
|
||||
1386
|
||||
1390
|
||||
1395
|
||||
1401
|
||||
1407
|
||||
1411
|
||||
1417
|
||||
1420
|
||||
1424
|
||||
1430
|
||||
1435
|
||||
1443
|
||||
1460
|
||||
1462
|
||||
1469
|
||||
1474
|
||||
1482
|
||||
1486
|
||||
1492
|
||||
1495
|
||||
1502
|
||||
1513
|
||||
1520
|
||||
1523
|
||||
1529
|
||||
1534
|
||||
1538
|
||||
1541
|
||||
1545
|
||||
1560
|
||||
1564
|
||||
1575
|
||||
1580
|
||||
1599
|
||||
1602
|
||||
1607
|
||||
1616
|
||||
1619
|
||||
1622
|
||||
1626
|
||||
1629
|
||||
1642
|
||||
1646
|
||||
1649
|
||||
1652
|
||||
1657
|
||||
1661
|
||||
1668
|
||||
1673
|
||||
1677
|
||||
1686
|
||||
1694
|
||||
1699
|
||||
1710
|
||||
1713
|
||||
1718
|
||||
1722
|
||||
1736
|
||||
1740
|
||||
1745
|
||||
1747
|
||||
1763
|
||||
1766
|
||||
1772
|
||||
1775
|
||||
1779
|
||||
1784
|
||||
1791
|
||||
1795
|
||||
1800
|
||||
1805
|
||||
1807
|
||||
1813
|
||||
1817
|
||||
1826
|
||||
1830
|
||||
1852
|
||||
1856
|
||||
1863
|
||||
1871
|
||||
1875
|
||||
1881
|
||||
1891
|
||||
1894
|
||||
1897
|
||||
1902
|
||||
1909
|
||||
1914
|
||||
1920
|
||||
1926
|
||||
1934
|
||||
1940
|
||||
1947
|
||||
1969
|
||||
1971
|
||||
1977
|
||||
1985
|
||||
1988
|
||||
1991
|
||||
1996
|
||||
2004
|
||||
2008
|
||||
2013
|
||||
2019
|
||||
2024
|
||||
2029
|
||||
2033
|
||||
2038
|
||||
2041
|
||||
2045
|
||||
2048
|
||||
2051
|
||||
2063
|
||||
2070
|
||||
2075
|
||||
2080
|
||||
2091
|
||||
2098
|
||||
2102
|
||||
2109
|
||||
2114
|
||||
2121
|
||||
2150
|
||||
2155
|
||||
2161
|
||||
2168
|
||||
2174
|
||||
2183
|
||||
2187
|
||||
2201
|
||||
2204
|
||||
2208
|
||||
2214
|
||||
2224
|
||||
2227
|
||||
2231
|
||||
2240
|
||||
2249
|
||||
2254
|
||||
2259
|
||||
2263
|
||||
2267
|
||||
2272
|
||||
2279
|
||||
2288
|
||||
2298
|
||||
2303
|
||||
2310
|
||||
2314
|
||||
2321
|
||||
2327
|
||||
2329
|
||||
2337
|
||||
2344
|
||||
2347
|
||||
2353
|
||||
2357
|
||||
2363
|
||||
2367
|
||||
2372
|
||||
2385
|
||||
2389
|
||||
2394
|
||||
2398
|
||||
2401
|
||||
2411
|
||||
2423
|
||||
2428
|
||||
2432
|
||||
2438
|
||||
2441
|
||||
2445
|
||||
2452
|
||||
2457
|
||||
2459
|
||||
2467
|
||||
2472
|
||||
2475
|
||||
2479
|
||||
2484
|
||||
2491
|
||||
2497
|
||||
2499
|
||||
2512
|
||||
2515
|
||||
2521
|
||||
2524
|
||||
2527
|
||||
2532
|
||||
2541
|
||||
2547
|
||||
2555
|
||||
2559
|
||||
2563
|
||||
2567
|
||||
2570
|
||||
2574
|
||||
2582
|
||||
2585
|
||||
2588
|
||||
2591
|
||||
2596
|
||||
2601
|
||||
2609
|
||||
2615
|
||||
2624
|
||||
2631
|
||||
2638
|
||||
2644
|
||||
2657
|
||||
2667
|
||||
2671
|
||||
2684
|
||||
2692
|
||||
2697
|
||||
2704
|
||||
2707
|
||||
2714
|
||||
2720
|
||||
2733
|
||||
2739
|
||||
2746
|
||||
2752
|
||||
2761
|
||||
2769
|
||||
2774
|
||||
2779
|
||||
2791
|
||||
2797
|
||||
2803
|
||||
2807
|
||||
2811
|
||||
2819
|
||||
2823
|
||||
2831
|
||||
2836
|
||||
2839
|
||||
2843
|
||||
2847
|
||||
2850
|
||||
2858
|
||||
2860
|
||||
2863
|
||||
2871
|
||||
2876
|
||||
2879
|
||||
2883
|
||||
2886
|
||||
2891
|
||||
2895
|
||||
2900
|
||||
2908
|
||||
2913
|
||||
2916
|
||||
2921
|
||||
2930
|
||||
2933
|
||||
2940
|
||||
2945
|
||||
2948
|
||||
2958
|
||||
2963
|
||||
2965
|
||||
2972
|
||||
2978
|
||||
2988
|
||||
2995
|
||||
3000
|
||||
3005
|
||||
3009
|
||||
3013
|
||||
3021
|
||||
3025
|
||||
3030
|
||||
3035
|
||||
3047
|
||||
3052
|
||||
3058
|
||||
3064
|
||||
3070
|
||||
3076
|
||||
3083
|
||||
3090
|
||||
3093
|
||||
3098
|
||||
3114
|
||||
3121
|
||||
3124
|
||||
3143
|
||||
3147
|
||||
3152
|
||||
3160
|
||||
3166
|
||||
3172
|
||||
3181
|
||||
3184
|
||||
3190
|
||||
3193
|
||||
3197
|
||||
3202
|
||||
3205
|
||||
3209
|
||||
3218
|
||||
3260
|
||||
3265
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
|||
...'cause you can't comprehend
|
||||
that we should apply to ourselves the standard you apply to others.
|
||||
That is incomprehensible.
|
||||
If you take a poll among US intellectuals, support for bombing in Afghanistan is just overwhelming.
|
||||
But how many of them think that you should bomb Washington,
|
||||
because of the US war against Nicaragua, let's say, or Cuba or Turkey or anyone else?
|
||||
Now if anyone were to suggest this they'd be considered insane. But why?
|
||||
I mean, if one is right, why is the other wrong?
|
||||
When you try to get someone to talk about this question, they just - well, try...
|
||||
They can't comprehend what your question is.
|
||||
Because you can't comprehend that we should apply to ourselves the standards you apply to others.
|
||||
That is incomprehensible.
|
||||
Now, you know, there couldn't be a moral principle more elementary.
|
||||
I mean, all you have to do is read George Bush's favourite philosopher.
|
||||
There is a definition, famous definition, in the Gospels of the hypocrite.
|
||||
The hypocrite is the person who refuses to apply to himself the standards he applies to others.
|
||||
By that standard the entire commentary and discussion of the war,
|
||||
the so-called 'war on terror,' is pure hypocrisy, virtually without exception.
|
||||
Can anybody understand that? No. They can't understand it.
|
||||
But that's not so unusual.
|
||||
I bet you anything that if you go back to Japan in the 1930's or 40's,
|
||||
and you did a poll of intellectuals on the war, you'd probably get the same reactions.
|
||||
I mean, I know it's true in Germany, France, and everywhere else.
|
||||
It's just standard. It's ugly, but it's standard.
|
||||
2
|
||||
3
|
||||
7
|
||||
11
|
||||
17
|
||||
21
|
||||
27
|
||||
32
|
||||
35
|
||||
40
|
||||
43
|
||||
48
|
||||
50
|
||||
56
|
||||
60
|
||||
64
|
||||
71
|
||||
77
|
||||
84
|
||||
89
|
||||
93
|
||||
98
|
||||
103
|
||||
108
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: At this point, as President Trump nears his 100th day, North Korea and Iran
|
||||
have been a major focus.
|
||||
Are you concerned that with the president at the lowest popularity rating, I think,
|
||||
in any president's history at this point, that he will focus abroad, as he has in the
|
||||
last few weeks, dropping the MOAB, the "Mother of All Bombs," in Afghanistan, bombing the
|
||||
Syrian government, and yet focusing specifically on North Korea and Iran--in North Korea,
|
||||
McMaster, General McMaster, the national security adviser, saying tensions with North Korea
|
||||
are coming to a head.
|
||||
Do you think there is a possibility that the U.S. would attack North Korea?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: I mean, this administration is extremely unpredictable.
|
||||
Trump probably has no idea what he's going to do five minutes from now, so you can't--literally--so
|
||||
you can't really make predictions with much confidence.
|
||||
But I doubt it very much.
|
||||
The reason is very simple: An attack on North Korea would unleash--no matter what attack
|
||||
it is, even a nuclear attack, would unleash massive artillery bombardment of Seoul, which
|
||||
is the biggest city in South Korea, right near the border, which would wipe it out,
|
||||
including plenty of American troops.
|
||||
That doesn't--I mean, I'm no technical expert, but as far as I can--as I read and
|
||||
can see, there's no defense against that.
|
||||
Furthermore, North Korea could retaliate against American bases in the region, where there's
|
||||
plenty of American soldiers and so on, also in Japan.
|
||||
They'd be devastated.
|
||||
North Korea would be finished.
|
||||
You know, so would much of the region.
|
||||
But if attacked, presumably, they would respond, very likely.
|
||||
In fact, the responses might be automatic.
|
||||
McMaster, at least, and Mattis understand this.
|
||||
How much influence they have, we don't know.
|
||||
So I think an attack is unlikely.
|
||||
But the real question is: Is there a way of dealing with the problem?
|
||||
There are a lot of proposals: sanctions; a big new missile defense system, which is a
|
||||
major threat to China, it'll increase tensions there; military threats of various kinds;
|
||||
sending an aircraft carrier, the Vinson, to North Korea, except by accident--it happened
|
||||
to be going in the opposite direction, but we'll forget that.
|
||||
But these are--those are the proposals, that kind of proposals, as to how to solve.
|
||||
Actually, there's one proposal that's ignored.
|
||||
I mean, you see a mention of it now and then.
|
||||
It's a pretty simple proposal.
|
||||
Remember, the goal is to get North Korea to freeze its weapons systems, weapons and missile
|
||||
systems.
|
||||
So one proposal is to accept their offer to do that.
|
||||
Sounds simple.
|
||||
They've made a proposal.
|
||||
China and North Korea proposed to freeze the North Korean missile and nuclear weapons systems.
|
||||
And the U.S. instantly rejected it.
|
||||
And you can't blame that on Trump.
|
||||
Obama did the same thing a couple of years ago.
|
||||
Same offer was presented.
|
||||
I think it was 2015.
|
||||
The Obama administration instantly rejected it.
|
||||
And the reason is that it calls for a quid pro quo.
|
||||
It says, in return, the United States should put an end to threatening military maneuvers
|
||||
on North Korea's borders, which happen to include, under Trump, sending of nuclear-capable
|
||||
B-52s flying right near the border.
|
||||
Now, maybe Americans don't remember very well, but North Koreans have a memory of not
|
||||
too long ago, when North Korea was absolutely flattened, literally, by American bombing.
|
||||
There was--there was literally no targets left.
|
||||
And I really urge people who haven't done it to read the official American military
|
||||
histories, the Air Quarterly Review, the military histories describing this.
|
||||
They describe it very vividly and accurately.
|
||||
They say, "There just weren't any targets left.
|
||||
So what could we do?"
|
||||
Well, we decided to attack the dams, the huge dams.
|
||||
That's a major war crime.
|
||||
People were hanged for it at Nuremberg.
|
||||
But put that aside.
|
||||
And then comes an ecstatic, gleeful description of the bombing of the dams and the huge flow
|
||||
of water, which was wiping out valleys and destroying the rice crop, on which Asians
|
||||
depend for survival--lots of racist comment, but all with exaltation and glee.
|
||||
You really have to read it to appreciate it.
|
||||
The North Koreans don't have to bother reading it.
|
||||
They lived it.
|
||||
So when nuclear-capable B-52s are flying on their border, along with other threatening
|
||||
military maneuvers, they're kind of upset about it.
|
||||
Strange people.
|
||||
And they continue to develop what they see as a potential deterrent that might protect
|
||||
the regime from--and the country, in fact--from destruction.
|
||||
This has nothing at all to do with what you think about the government.
|
||||
So maybe it's the worst government in human history.
|
||||
OK.
|
||||
But these are still the facts that exist.
|
||||
So, why is the United States unwilling to accept an agreement which would end the immediate
|
||||
threats of destruction against North Korea and, in return, freeze the weapons and missile
|
||||
systems?
|
||||
Well, I leave that to you.
|
||||
And remember, that's bipartisan in this case.
|
||||
Could negotiations go--the usual argument is "Well, you can't trust them," and so
|
||||
on and so forth.
|
||||
But there is a history.
|
||||
And I--there's no time to run through the history.
|
||||
It's quite interesting.
|
||||
Begins in 1993, when Clinton--under Clinton, the North Koreans made a deal with Israel
|
||||
to terminate North Korean missile shipments to the Middle East, which is a great, serious
|
||||
threat to Israel and the world, and, in return, Israel would recognize North Korea.
|
||||
Now, the Clinton administration wouldn't accept that.
|
||||
They pressured Israel, which has to do what they're told, to withdraw from it.
|
||||
And North Korea responded by sending--by firing their first intermediate-range missiles.
|
||||
I won't go on with the rest.
|
||||
It's a very interesting story.
|
||||
There was actually an agreement in 2005 that North Korea would completely dismantle its
|
||||
nuclear weapons and missile systems, end them, finish, dismantle them, in return for a nonaggression
|
||||
pact from the United States, an end to threats, provision by the West--that means by the
|
||||
United States--of a light-water reactor, which can't produce nuclear weapons but
|
||||
could produce--be used for peaceful purposes, research, medical, other purposes.
|
||||
That was basically the agreement, 2005.
|
||||
Didn't last very long.
|
||||
The Bush administration instantly undermined it.
|
||||
It dismantled the consortium that was supposed to provide the reactor.
|
||||
And it immediately imposed--pressured--and when the U.S. pressures, it means it happens--banks
|
||||
to block North Korean financial transactions, including perfectly legitimate trade.
|
||||
So the crazy North Koreans started producing missiles and nuclear weapons again.
|
||||
And that's been the kind of record all the way through.
|
||||
So, yeah, maybe the most horrible regime in human history, but the fact of the matter
|
||||
is the regime does want to survive, and it even wants to carry out economic development--there's
|
||||
pretty general agreement about this--which it cannot do in any significant way when it's
|
||||
pouring resources, very scarce resources, into weapons and missile production.
|
||||
So they have considerable incentive, including survival, to perhaps continue this process
|
||||
of reacting in a kind of tit-for-tat fashion to U.S. actions.
|
||||
When the U.S. lowers tensions, they do.
|
||||
When we raise tensions, they go on with these plans.
|
||||
How about that as a possibility?
|
||||
I mean, it is--if you look at the press, it's occasionally mentioned.
|
||||
In fact, there was not a bad article in The Washington Post about it recently by a U.S.
|
||||
professor who teaches in South Korea.
|
||||
So, occasionally, it's this strange possibility of letting the North Koreans do exactly what
|
||||
we want them to do.
|
||||
Sometimes this is mentioned, but it's pretty much dismissed.
|
||||
We can't do that sort of thing.
|
||||
There are similar questions to raise about Iran.
|
||||
So, Iran is, you know, the--again, the adults in the room, like Mattis and so on, say it's
|
||||
the greatest threat to peace, you know, the greatest sponsor of terrorism, on and on.
|
||||
How is it a sponsor of terrorism?
|
||||
Well, could go through that.
|
||||
So, for example, in Yemen, it's claimed that they are providing some aid to rebel
|
||||
tribesmen, Houthi tribesmen, in Yemen.
|
||||
OK, maybe they are.
|
||||
What is the United States doing in Yemen?
|
||||
It's providing a huge flood of arms to its Saudi Arabian ally, who are destroying the
|
||||
country, who have created a huge humanitarian crisis, huge numbers of people killed, massive
|
||||
starvation.
|
||||
They're threatening now to bomb a port, which is the only source of aid for surviving
|
||||
people.
|
||||
But Iran is the major source of terrorism.
|
||||
And if you look around the world, there's many questions like this.
|
||||
I don't want to go on too long.
|
||||
But, very strikingly--and this--there's one lesson that you discover when you carefully
|
||||
look at the historical record.
|
||||
What I just described about North Korea is pretty typical.
|
||||
Over and over again, there are possibilities of diplomacy and negotiation, which might
|
||||
not succeed--you can't be sure if you don't try them--but which look pretty promising,
|
||||
which are abandoned, dismissed, literally without comment, in favor of increased force
|
||||
and violence.
|
||||
In fact, that's also the background for the 1953 moment, when the clock moved to two
|
||||
minutes to midnight and the U.S. faced the first serious threat to its security, that,
|
||||
in fact--you know, since probably the War of 1812--could have been avoided.
|
||||
There's pretty good evidence that it could have been avoided.
|
||||
But it was--the possibility was literally not even considered.
|
||||
And case after case is like this.
|
||||
It's worth looking at the historical record from that perspective, to ask whether that
|
||||
general comment has some validity.
|
||||
I think, if you do, you'll find that it has considerable merit.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: We'll be back with Professor Noam Chomsky in a minute to talk about the
|
||||
war in Syria and the Trump administration's threats to prosecute WikiLeaks founder Julian
|
||||
Assange.
|
||||
Stay with us.
|
||||
0
|
||||
11
|
||||
13
|
||||
20
|
||||
29
|
||||
36
|
||||
43
|
||||
49
|
||||
51
|
||||
56
|
||||
62
|
||||
69
|
||||
72
|
||||
74
|
||||
81
|
||||
89
|
||||
94
|
||||
97
|
||||
105
|
||||
108
|
||||
115
|
||||
119
|
||||
120
|
||||
121
|
||||
125
|
||||
128
|
||||
131
|
||||
135
|
||||
139
|
||||
142
|
||||
148
|
||||
155
|
||||
164
|
||||
171
|
||||
174
|
||||
181
|
||||
183
|
||||
186
|
||||
188
|
||||
194
|
||||
195
|
||||
200
|
||||
202
|
||||
204
|
||||
214
|
||||
216
|
||||
218
|
||||
222
|
||||
223
|
||||
225
|
||||
228
|
||||
232
|
||||
240
|
||||
249
|
||||
253
|
||||
260
|
||||
268
|
||||
272
|
||||
279
|
||||
285
|
||||
287
|
||||
290
|
||||
292
|
||||
296
|
||||
298
|
||||
300
|
||||
302
|
||||
309
|
||||
316
|
||||
323
|
||||
326
|
||||
329
|
||||
331
|
||||
338
|
||||
343
|
||||
344
|
||||
351
|
||||
358
|
||||
361
|
||||
364
|
||||
365
|
||||
369
|
||||
378
|
||||
385
|
||||
386
|
||||
388
|
||||
392
|
||||
397
|
||||
398
|
||||
400
|
||||
403
|
||||
404
|
||||
414
|
||||
421
|
||||
426
|
||||
430
|
||||
436
|
||||
442
|
||||
444
|
||||
446
|
||||
455
|
||||
463
|
||||
472
|
||||
481
|
||||
486
|
||||
490
|
||||
492
|
||||
496
|
||||
502
|
||||
511
|
||||
518
|
||||
522
|
||||
526
|
||||
531
|
||||
540
|
||||
546
|
||||
553
|
||||
560
|
||||
567
|
||||
570
|
||||
573
|
||||
575
|
||||
579
|
||||
585
|
||||
587
|
||||
595
|
||||
597
|
||||
600
|
||||
603
|
||||
605
|
||||
613
|
||||
619
|
||||
621
|
||||
623
|
||||
630
|
||||
634
|
||||
636
|
||||
638
|
||||
645
|
||||
653
|
||||
654
|
||||
661
|
||||
662
|
||||
664
|
||||
667
|
||||
670
|
||||
677
|
||||
681
|
||||
686
|
||||
693
|
||||
700
|
||||
707
|
||||
708
|
||||
716
|
||||
723
|
||||
731
|
||||
734
|
||||
738
|
||||
740
|
||||
747
|
||||
750
|
||||
754
|
||||
759
|
||||
764
|
||||
765
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report.
|
||||
I'm Amy Goodman in Burlington, Vermont, where we're continuing our community tour
|
||||
throughout the country.
|
||||
But we go back now to my conversation with linguist and dissident Noam Chomsky, speaking
|
||||
on Monday in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: I last interviewed you on April 4th, just a few weeks ago, on Democracy Now!.
|
||||
It was the 50th anniversary of Dr. King giving his "Beyond Vietnam" speech, why he opposed
|
||||
the war in Vietnam, where he called the U.S. "the greatest purveyor of violence in the
|
||||
world."
|
||||
And I wanted to turn from North Korea and Iran to Syria.
|
||||
It was the day of the gas attack in Syria, so we didn't get to talk about it very much.
|
||||
And I'm wondering your thoughts on what you think happened, and then the ensuing U.S.
|
||||
bombing that President Trump would later talk about, saying he was having chocolate cake
|
||||
with the Chinese president--very, very good chocolate cake--when they launched the Tomahawk
|
||||
missiles into Iraq, he said.
|
||||
And he was corrected by the interviewer--right?--who said it was actually Syria.
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: Bunch of "ragheads"; it's all about the same.
|
||||
But, well, there are some things we know for sure.
|
||||
There was a serious chemical weapons attack.
|
||||
Nobody doubts that.
|
||||
It's plausible that it was the Syrian government, which does raise some questions.
|
||||
It's not so obvious why the Assad regime would have carried out a chemical warfare
|
||||
attack at a moment when it's pretty much winning the war, and the worst danger it faces
|
||||
is that a counterforce will enter to undermine its progress.
|
||||
So it does raise some questions.
|
||||
It also--even though maybe you can think up some reason why the Assad regime, which
|
||||
is a murderous, brutal regime, might have done it, there's even another question as
|
||||
to why the Russians would have allowed it.
|
||||
Now, remember, this is a--the air base is a joint Russian-Syrian base.
|
||||
Russia has plenty of clout in Syria.
|
||||
And for them, it's a total disaster.
|
||||
They have global concerns, not just local concerns in Syria.
|
||||
So there are some concerns.
|
||||
And there are further concerns.
|
||||
There has been--the White House did put out a careful--you know, a justification, an
|
||||
intelligence report, to explain and account for, showing why they had absolute confidence
|
||||
that it was a Syrian government attack.
|
||||
This was analyzed closely by a very serious and credible analyst, Theodore Postol, professor
|
||||
at MIT, who has a long record of highly successful, credible analysis.
|
||||
He's a highly regarded strategic analyst and intelligence analyst.
|
||||
And he gave a pretty devastating critique of the White House report.
|
||||
You might--you can pick it up online and take a look at it.
|
||||
So there certainly are some questions.
|
||||
That there's--that Syria is capable of a monstrous act like that, the Syrian government,
|
||||
that much is not in doubt.
|
||||
But one question that arises is: Before doing something, could you find out what happened?
|
||||
OK?
|
||||
I mean, let's have an inquiry, take a look and see what in fact actually happened.
|
||||
There are plenty of cases where things--where it looked as though things happened, but they
|
||||
didn't.
|
||||
And remember that reporting from Syria is extremely difficult.
|
||||
If reporters go into the rebel-held areas and don't do what they're told, you know,
|
||||
get your head cut off.
|
||||
Patrick Cockburn and others have written about this.
|
||||
You just can't seriously report from those areas.
|
||||
There are obvious questions when you're reporting from the government side.
|
||||
So the reporters are--there are very good reporters doing a serious, courageous job,
|
||||
but there's not much you can do.
|
||||
So we just don't know a lot.
|
||||
Well, those are the circumstances in which the 59 Tomahawk missiles were launched.
|
||||
That's pretty easy.
|
||||
It's easy to sit in Washington and push a button and say, "Go kill somebody."
|
||||
That's considered courage, you know, macho, showing how strong we are.
|
||||
What did they actually do?
|
||||
Well, apparently, the Tomahawk missiles were targeting a part of the airfield that doesn't
|
||||
seem to be used.
|
||||
And, in fact, the next day, planes were taking off.
|
||||
And, in fact, the village that was attacked by the chemical weapons has been even more
|
||||
heavily attacked by straight bombing from the Assad government after the 59 Tomahawk
|
||||
missiles.
|
||||
So whatever they were intended to do doesn't seem to have anything to do with Syria.
|
||||
I suspect that what they were intended to do was pretty much what you described, to
|
||||
shore up Trump's image as--I think it was Nikki Haley at the U.N., said, "There's
|
||||
a new sheriff in town."
|
||||
So now we've got Wyatt Earp, you know, pulling out his gun and getting rid of the bad guys.
|
||||
No more of this soft stuff.
|
||||
So, it was probably an attempt to shore up that image.
|
||||
Pretty much like the bomb in Afghanistan.
|
||||
Nobody knows what it was for, what it had to do with.
|
||||
Probably destroyed a large part of Afghanistan.
|
||||
Shortly after that, there was a mass--an incredibly brutal and successful Taliban attack,
|
||||
which killed a couple hundred recruits, most of them unarmed.
|
||||
The young draftees didn't know what they were doing.
|
||||
It was so bad, the defense minister resigned.
|
||||
Doesn't seem to have any effect on--it was supposedly aimed at ISIS.
|
||||
Maybe it was.
|
||||
Maybe it wasn't.
|
||||
They don't seem to be affected by it.
|
||||
So these look like--there doesn't seem to be any strategic analysis behind any of
|
||||
these actions, as far as anyone can tell.
|
||||
They seem like kind of about at the level of the twitters that keep coming out: something
|
||||
that kind of occurs to me, so why not do it?
|
||||
It's cheap.
|
||||
It may kill a lot of people, makes me look good and, you know, makes it seem as if I'm
|
||||
defending the country, and so on.
|
||||
It's hard to see it as anything but that.
|
||||
That these things help the people of Syria and Iraq is very hard to imagine.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: What do you think has to be done to solve the crisis, the humanitarian catastrophe,
|
||||
in Syria?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: In Syria, it's a terrible catastrophe.
|
||||
And, you know, unfortunately, there isn't a lot that can be done about it.
|
||||
There are some things that can be done.
|
||||
I mean, the idea that you can send in the Marines and bomb and so on, that has a small
|
||||
problem.
|
||||
If you do, you probably set off a nuclear war, and not only is Syria destroyed, the
|
||||
rest of Syria, but the rest of the world, too.
|
||||
So there's a little difficulty in that scenario, whatever one thinks about the justification
|
||||
for it.
|
||||
So what can be done?
|
||||
Well, one thing that can be done, which is really easy, very easy, is to take care of
|
||||
the people fleeing from this disaster.
|
||||
I mean, there are huge numbers of people fleeing from the disaster.
|
||||
What do we do about them?
|
||||
Make sure they don't come here, you know, kind of like people fleeing from--you know,
|
||||
my relatives, in fact, fleeing, trying to flee from Eastern Europe under the--before
|
||||
when the Nazis were coming along.
|
||||
"We don't want 'em.
|
||||
Not here."
|
||||
You know.
|
||||
So the Syrians don't come--maybe a tiny trickle, but very few come here.
|
||||
Europe's not that much better--in fact, pretty horrible, too.
|
||||
So one thing you could do is just take care of the people who are fleeing the disaster.
|
||||
Another thing you can do is provide humanitarian aid for those in the region.
|
||||
Now, there are countries who are absorbing refugees, remember, like take Lebanon.
|
||||
It's not a rich country like us.
|
||||
Poor country.
|
||||
About 40 percent of the population are refugees, many of them fleeing from the Israeli wars
|
||||
as far back as '48, many--huge number of Syrians.
|
||||
Jordan, another poor country, has absorbed a huge number of refugees.
|
||||
Turkey has a couple of million.
|
||||
Iran has accepted refugees.
|
||||
So there are very--there are poor countries that are accommodating refugees, but not the
|
||||
rich countries.
|
||||
The rich countries, it's not our business, certainly not us.
|
||||
It's even a more serious problem with regard--for us, moral problem, with regard to Central
|
||||
America, but let's keep to Syria.
|
||||
So another thing you could do is provide badly needed aid and assistance for those who have
|
||||
succeeded in fleeing the disaster, or who remain in parts of Syria where survival is
|
||||
possible, but are living under horrible conditions.
|
||||
Now, that's all cheap and easy, a tiny fraction of increasing the military budget to cause
|
||||
more destruction.
|
||||
Now, the other thing that can be done and is being done is to try to support local efforts
|
||||
throughout Syria at local ceasefires, just to lower the level of violence.
|
||||
That's happening in different places.
|
||||
Yeah, maybe the people don't like each other, but people sometimes like to survive.
|
||||
And there are accommodations worked out, and they could be helped.
|
||||
A broader possibility is to try to pursue the negotiations that will lead to some kind
|
||||
of diplomatic settlement.
|
||||
Now, there have been efforts, but they're mixed.
|
||||
And there probably--can't be certain, but there seem to be possibilities that were dismissed.
|
||||
So, for example, in 2012, there were reports from former Finnish minister Ahtisaari--has
|
||||
a very credible record of involvement in international peacekeeping--who claimed that the--that
|
||||
a republic--that a Russian diplomat had proposed a settlement in which Assad would be eased
|
||||
out in the course of the negotiations, and some settlement would be reached in which
|
||||
the Assad regime would be ended.
|
||||
That was apparently dismissed without comment.
|
||||
The U.S. and Britain and France just assumed at that point that they could overthrow the
|
||||
Assad regime.
|
||||
They didn't want to have anything to do with it.
|
||||
That's the report.
|
||||
The report appeared in England--as far as I know, it was never even reported here--by
|
||||
good reporters.
|
||||
Is it true?
|
||||
Who knows?
|
||||
Got to look into it to find out whether it's true.
|
||||
You have to inquire.
|
||||
You have to pursue the options, if they exist.
|
||||
And they weren't.
|
||||
But there are things that could be done, not what we would like to see.
|
||||
You know, it would be nice to see: "Here's a solution that will make everybody happy
|
||||
and end the destruction."
|
||||
But those just don't seem on the possible agenda, because--for all kinds of reasons,
|
||||
including the threat of a very serious war if Russia and the United States don't act
|
||||
in a high level of concert in pursuing whatever they may be doing.
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
7
|
||||
8
|
||||
14
|
||||
16
|
||||
23
|
||||
29
|
||||
36
|
||||
37
|
||||
40
|
||||
46
|
||||
52
|
||||
58
|
||||
65
|
||||
68
|
||||
72
|
||||
76
|
||||
79
|
||||
87
|
||||
88
|
||||
95
|
||||
101
|
||||
109
|
||||
116
|
||||
119
|
||||
126
|
||||
131
|
||||
133
|
||||
138
|
||||
141
|
||||
144
|
||||
149
|
||||
150
|
||||
152
|
||||
159
|
||||
167
|
||||
170
|
||||
177
|
||||
185
|
||||
192
|
||||
196
|
||||
199
|
||||
203
|
||||
209
|
||||
211
|
||||
218
|
||||
219
|
||||
226
|
||||
232
|
||||
233
|
||||
238
|
||||
246
|
||||
248
|
||||
250
|
||||
254
|
||||
258
|
||||
263
|
||||
265
|
||||
267
|
||||
273
|
||||
274
|
||||
280
|
||||
287
|
||||
289
|
||||
296
|
||||
297
|
||||
301
|
||||
307
|
||||
314
|
||||
315
|
||||
321
|
||||
327
|
||||
334
|
||||
336
|
||||
342
|
||||
344
|
||||
348
|
||||
352
|
||||
356
|
||||
359
|
||||
366
|
||||
372
|
||||
375
|
||||
377
|
||||
381
|
||||
382
|
||||
383
|
||||
386
|
||||
392
|
||||
394
|
||||
400
|
||||
402
|
||||
403
|
||||
409
|
||||
411
|
||||
414
|
||||
420
|
||||
426
|
||||
427
|
||||
431
|
||||
438
|
||||
439
|
||||
446
|
||||
447
|
||||
452
|
||||
455
|
||||
462
|
||||
463
|
||||
464
|
||||
471
|
||||
473
|
||||
477
|
||||
481
|
||||
487
|
||||
494
|
||||
496
|
||||
497
|
||||
498
|
||||
499
|
||||
504
|
||||
508
|
||||
513
|
||||
518
|
||||
524
|
||||
527
|
||||
529
|
||||
536
|
||||
541
|
||||
546
|
||||
549
|
||||
552
|
||||
558
|
||||
560
|
||||
564
|
||||
571
|
||||
572
|
||||
580
|
||||
586
|
||||
589
|
||||
596
|
||||
598
|
||||
605
|
||||
611
|
||||
614
|
||||
619
|
||||
622
|
||||
630
|
||||
631
|
||||
637
|
||||
644
|
||||
655
|
||||
662
|
||||
672
|
||||
679
|
||||
683
|
||||
686
|
||||
693
|
||||
694
|
||||
695
|
||||
697
|
||||
702
|
||||
703
|
||||
705
|
||||
706
|
||||
708
|
||||
709
|
||||
712
|
||||
713
|
||||
718
|
||||
724
|
||||
725
|
||||
735
|
||||
746
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: As President Trump prepares to mark 100 days in office, we spend the hour
|
||||
with the world-renowned linguist and political dissident Noam Chomsky.
|
||||
I spoke to him on Monday night at the First Parish Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
|
||||
We talked about climate change, nuclear weapons, North Korea, Iran, the war in Syria and the
|
||||
Trump administration's threat to prosecute WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange.
|
||||
I began by asking Noam Chomsky about his comments that the Republican Party is the most dangerous
|
||||
organization in the world.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: I wanted to ask you about this comment that you made that the Republican
|
||||
Party, you said, is the most dangerous organization in world history.
|
||||
Can you explain?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: I also said that it's an extremely outrageous statement.
|
||||
But the question is whether it's true.
|
||||
I mean, has there ever been an organization in human history that is dedicated, with such
|
||||
commitment, to the destruction of organized human life on Earth?
|
||||
Not that I'm aware of.
|
||||
Is the Republican organization--I hesitate to call it a party--committed to that?
|
||||
Overwhelmingly.
|
||||
There isn't even any question about it.
|
||||
Take a look at the last primary campaign--plenty of publicity, very little comment on the most
|
||||
significant fact.
|
||||
Every single candidate either denied that what is happening is happening--namely, serious
|
||||
move towards environmental catastrophe--or there were a couple of moderates, so-called--Jeb
|
||||
Bush, who said, "Maybe it's happening.
|
||||
We really don't know.
|
||||
But it doesn't matter, because fracking is working fine, so we can get more fossil
|
||||
fuels."
|
||||
Then there was the guy who was called the adult in the room, John Kasich, the one person
|
||||
who said, "Yes, it's true.
|
||||
Global warming's going on.
|
||||
But it doesn't matter."
|
||||
He's the governor of Ohio.
|
||||
"In Ohio, we're going to go on using coal for energy, and we're not going to apologize
|
||||
for it."
|
||||
So that's 100 percent commitment to racing towards disaster.
|
||||
Then take a look at what's happened since.
|
||||
The--November 8th was the election.
|
||||
There was, as most of you know, I'm sure, a very important conference underway in Morocco,
|
||||
Marrakesh, Morocco.
|
||||
Almost roughly 200 countries at the United Nations-sponsored conference, which was--the
|
||||
goal of which was to put some specific commitments into the verbal agreements that were reached
|
||||
at Paris in December 2015, the preceding international conference on global warming.
|
||||
The Paris conference did intend to reach a verifiable treaty, but they couldn't, because
|
||||
of the most dangerous organization in human history.
|
||||
The Republican Congress would not accept any commitments, so therefore the world was left
|
||||
with verbal promises, but no commitments.
|
||||
Well, last November 8th, they were going to try to carry that forward.
|
||||
On November 8th, in fact, there was a report by the World Meteorological Organization,
|
||||
a very dire analysis of the state of the environment and the likely prospects, also pointed out
|
||||
that we're coming perilously close to the tipping point, where--which was the goal
|
||||
of the--the goal of the Paris negotiations was to keep things below that--coming very
|
||||
close to it, and other ominous predictions.
|
||||
At that point, the conference pretty much stopped, because the news came in about the
|
||||
election.
|
||||
And it turns out that the most powerful country in human history, the richest, most powerful,
|
||||
most influential, the leader of the free world, has just decided not only not to support the
|
||||
efforts, but actively to undermine them.
|
||||
So there's the whole world on one side, literally, at least trying to do something
|
||||
or other, not enough maybe, although some places are going pretty far, like Denmark,
|
||||
couple of others; and on the other side, in splendid isolation, is the country led by
|
||||
the most dangerous organization in human history, which is saying, "We're not part of this.
|
||||
In fact, we're going to try to undermine it."
|
||||
We're going to maximize the use of fossil fuels--could carry us past the tipping point.
|
||||
We're not going to provide funding for--as committed in Paris, to developing countries
|
||||
that are trying to do something about the climate problems.
|
||||
We're going to dismantle regulations that retard the impact, the devastating impact,
|
||||
of production of carbon dioxide and, in fact, other dangerous gases--methane, others.
|
||||
OK.
|
||||
So the conference kind of pretty much came to a halt.
|
||||
The question--it continued, but the question was: Can we salvage something from this wreckage?
|
||||
And pretty amazingly, the countries of the world were looking for salvation to a different
|
||||
country: China.
|
||||
Here we have a world looking for salvation to China, of all places, when the United States
|
||||
is the wrecking machine that's threatening destruction, in--with all three branches
|
||||
of government in the hands of the most dangerous organization in human history.
|
||||
And I don't have to go through what's happened since, but the--in general, the
|
||||
Cabinet appointments are designed to--assigned to people whose commitment and beliefs are
|
||||
that it's necessary to destroy everything in their department that could be of any use
|
||||
to human beings and wouldn't just increase profits and power.
|
||||
And they're doing it very systematically, one after another.
|
||||
EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, has been very sharply cut.
|
||||
Actually, the main department that's concerned with environmental issues is the Department
|
||||
of Energy, which also had very sharp cuts, particularly in the environment-related programs.
|
||||
In fact, there's even a ban on posting and publishing information and material about
|
||||
this.
|
||||
And this is not just at the national level.
|
||||
The Republican Party, whatever you want to call it, has been doing this at every level.
|
||||
So, in North Carolina, a couple of years ago, where the Legislature, mostly thanks to gerrymandering,
|
||||
is in the hands of the Republicans, there was a study.
|
||||
They called for a study on the effect of sea level rise--on what sea level rise might
|
||||
be on the North Carolina coast.
|
||||
And there was a serious scientific study, which predicted, in not--I forget how many
|
||||
years--not a long time, about roughly a meter rise in sea level, which could be devastating
|
||||
to eastern North Carolina.
|
||||
And the Legislature did react, namely, by passing legislation to ban any actions or
|
||||
even discussion that might have to do with climate change.
|
||||
Actually, the best comment of this--I wish I could quote it verbatim--was by Stephen
|
||||
Colbert, who said, "If you have a serious problem, the way to deal with it is to legislate
|
||||
that it doesn't exist.
|
||||
Problem solved."
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: MIT professor Noam Chomsky, author of the new book, Requiem for the American
|
||||
Dream.
|
||||
We'll be back with Chomsky in a minute to talk about the threat of nuclear war, North
|
||||
Korea, Iran and more.
|
||||
Stay with us.
|
||||
5
|
||||
11
|
||||
15
|
||||
22
|
||||
28
|
||||
33
|
||||
41
|
||||
43
|
||||
48
|
||||
54
|
||||
55
|
||||
59
|
||||
62
|
||||
70
|
||||
78
|
||||
79
|
||||
87
|
||||
88
|
||||
92
|
||||
100
|
||||
103
|
||||
112
|
||||
118
|
||||
122
|
||||
123
|
||||
128
|
||||
129
|
||||
136
|
||||
137
|
||||
139
|
||||
141
|
||||
142
|
||||
148
|
||||
149
|
||||
156
|
||||
159
|
||||
164
|
||||
172
|
||||
174
|
||||
181
|
||||
193
|
||||
202
|
||||
210
|
||||
213
|
||||
219
|
||||
223
|
||||
228
|
||||
234
|
||||
242
|
||||
250
|
||||
255
|
||||
259
|
||||
266
|
||||
267
|
||||
276
|
||||
283
|
||||
287
|
||||
292
|
||||
298
|
||||
305
|
||||
311
|
||||
313
|
||||
319
|
||||
326
|
||||
332
|
||||
341
|
||||
349
|
||||
351
|
||||
356
|
||||
362
|
||||
368
|
||||
370
|
||||
377
|
||||
385
|
||||
389
|
||||
397
|
||||
406
|
||||
411
|
||||
415
|
||||
420
|
||||
426
|
||||
434
|
||||
440
|
||||
447
|
||||
448
|
||||
451
|
||||
457
|
||||
466
|
||||
471
|
||||
479
|
||||
481
|
||||
488
|
||||
495
|
||||
498
|
||||
505
|
||||
510
|
||||
516
|
||||
523
|
||||
524
|
||||
525
|
||||
533
|
||||
534
|
||||
538
|
||||
541
|
||||
114
cnt/Chomsky on the Pope's Radicalism zPDv_1peapY.en.cnt
Normal file
114
cnt/Chomsky on the Pope's Radicalism zPDv_1peapY.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
|
|||
Sung- Wake uo...not time for sleeping...
|
||||
|
||||
Abel: Do you think the reawakening social justice concerns
|
||||
in the Catholic Church speaks to a paradigm shift
|
||||
something like we saw- particularly in Latin America with the Catholic Church
|
||||
there,
|
||||
a focus on liberation? Noam: There's a good test of this.
|
||||
In 1962 with
|
||||
Vatican II- Pope John the 23rd
|
||||
introduced a very substantial paradigm shift.
|
||||
He tried to restore the Gospels to the church.
|
||||
They'd been essentially eliminated, except in form.
|
||||
since the 4th century, when the Roman Empire
|
||||
took over Christianity, as soon official religion,
|
||||
This is a major change and it was picked up in Latin America, as you say,
|
||||
became most (often) called liberation theology. Priests and nuns
|
||||
lay people went out talk to peasants
|
||||
set up groups in with a group of peasants would read the Gospels, think about their
|
||||
radical pacifist message. There is a reason we're Christians were persecuted
|
||||
for three centuries- gospels is a radical...
|
||||
It is basically radical pacifism
|
||||
with its preferential option for the poor. They tried to restore and
|
||||
what happened? Well, the US went to war
|
||||
fought a bitter, brutal violent war against the Church.
|
||||
If we had Free Press. that's the way they present it.
|
||||
It started out with hope, you know,
|
||||
a long listed religious martyrs.
|
||||
There's another photograph,a painting over there which depicts them.
|
||||
The overthrew governments, the institutional of
|
||||
Neo- Nazi style dictatorships; a major war against the church
|
||||
which ended, sort of, in 1989
|
||||
with the assassination of six leading
|
||||
Jesuit intellectuals by a- what we should call them a terrorist group.
|
||||
A US-backed, US trained, US Armed battalion
|
||||
in El Salvador which it is come from
|
||||
renewed training at the Kennedy School counterinsurgency warfare
|
||||
acting on official orders of the Salvadorian command,
|
||||
very close to the US Embassy. I don't have to attribute this to the US government,
|
||||
it accepts this. The School of the Americas which
|
||||
trains latin-american officers, killers basically,
|
||||
one of it's talking points is that the US Army helped defeat Liberation Theology.
|
||||
Okay that's what happened when the church
|
||||
tried to return to the gospels. It's not happening now
|
||||
and the reason is that so far nothing much is happening.
|
||||
What's happening is...you know, I like the fact that the tone has shifted.
|
||||
there's more... better words about social justice but
|
||||
we have to see if it crosses the point
|
||||
where it leads to, say organizing people to
|
||||
insist on their rights and to
|
||||
pursue the path love preferential option for the poor,
|
||||
take a gospel seriously, if it gets to that point,
|
||||
then I think we'd see the same reaction.
|
||||
|
||||
twitter @so1idaritymedia
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
3
|
||||
4
|
||||
8
|
||||
12
|
||||
15
|
||||
20
|
||||
20
|
||||
24
|
||||
28
|
||||
31
|
||||
34
|
||||
37
|
||||
42
|
||||
45
|
||||
49
|
||||
54
|
||||
59
|
||||
62
|
||||
67
|
||||
72
|
||||
75
|
||||
79
|
||||
83
|
||||
87
|
||||
92
|
||||
96
|
||||
99
|
||||
102
|
||||
105
|
||||
110
|
||||
114
|
||||
119
|
||||
123
|
||||
129
|
||||
132
|
||||
136
|
||||
140
|
||||
145
|
||||
149
|
||||
153
|
||||
156
|
||||
162
|
||||
165
|
||||
169
|
||||
173
|
||||
178
|
||||
182
|
||||
186
|
||||
190
|
||||
193
|
||||
197
|
||||
201
|
||||
206
|
||||
213
|
||||
220
|
||||
229
|
||||
237
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,992 @@
|
|||
after transmission teacher actions
|
||||
live on youtube good afternoon everyone today
|
||||
we continue with the cycle the other policy this cycle is part of the
|
||||
international seminar of the ongoing online training program promoted
|
||||
by the international research center other voices in education
|
||||
from venezuela the cooperative of educators educators and researchers
|
||||
popular historical researchers from Argentina and the research center
|
||||
Eduardo del Rio Rius without regret from Mexico this international seminar of
|
||||
online training takes place all week on Mondays with the cycle on
|
||||
trade union historical memory on Tuesdays with the cycle on the other days politics
|
||||
Wednesday with the other education tomorrow we will have the presence of the French
|
||||
Pedro director of the ices and unesco is paid on Thursdays with the cycle that
|
||||
We call other insurgent voices this Thursday will be discussed on the youth
|
||||
today and on Fridays the international contact group coordinated by
|
||||
leaders and union leaders of Latin America '
|
||||
the faculty of humanities of the university of panama has decided that
|
||||
this seminar the other politics and each of its encounters are part of
|
||||
the contents of the course on public policies and social participation of the
|
||||
Master of Social Sciences with an emphasis on educational policy
|
||||
contemporaries that develop the faculty of humanities of the
|
||||
university of panama that is to say this lecture by doctor chams that forms
|
||||
part of the training of students and students of this master's degree
|
||||
vice-rector for extension of the university of panama has decided
|
||||
certify each of these seminars those who participate in 70% of the
|
||||
courses every Tuesday for this you must interact in the youtube chat
|
||||
of other voices in education and in each of the facebook
|
||||
organizations that carry out these seminars this seminar and the
|
||||
organizations that we promote the international center other voices in
|
||||
education the historical popular educators cooperative and the simple being
|
||||
try to encourage critical thinking and develop political alternatives
|
||||
educational and union organizations in the face of neoliberalism when we are going to send a
|
||||
strong hug also the difficult moment that Mexico is living today with a
|
||||
very important earthquake especially in the south zone for the comrades
|
||||
brothers and sisters especially from oaxaca we send here from this barefoot that
|
||||
we carry out strong support, enormous support for this situation so
|
||||
complex that are living at the low complexity of the parador pandemic and
|
||||
joins fellow comrades is this horrible situation so go a
|
||||
warm hug from the entire alliance for mexico
|
||||
well today we have the honor enormous honor the presence of chongqing
|
||||
intellectual, linguist, philosopher, political scientist, and activist from the
|
||||
1,928 since 1945 he studied linguistic and mathematical philosophy at the
|
||||
University of Pennsylvania received his doctorate in 1955 after leading
|
||||
conducted most of his research at the University of
|
||||
Harvard in 1998 received an honorary doctorate in linguistics from the
|
||||
rovira and virgili university and received this same distinction in numerous
|
||||
universities around the world the work and life done and we can
|
||||
divide into two large planes not obviously separated but are
|
||||
related because it is always positioned against the structures of
|
||||
power and oppressor of the dominant groups either in the theoretical plane
|
||||
philosophical as well as political one has to do with the field of linguistics and
|
||||
the other with his political commitment and activism against US policies
|
||||
in 957 with only 29 years they are who revolutionized the field of linguistics
|
||||
history with his theses on logical structures of theories
|
||||
linguistics would not be published until 1,975 his linguistic and psychological theory
|
||||
derived from central assumptions of structuralism as well as of psychology
|
||||
behaviorism with typical forgiveness noam chomsky became interested in politics very
|
||||
early age stimulated by the free readings and guides of the
|
||||
Spanish anarchists exiled in New York
|
||||
defines himself as a supporter of the anarchist tradition especially of
|
||||
the labor orientation current of anarchism anarcho-syndicalism and is
|
||||
member of the famous revolutionary union of americans ted and
|
||||
ww although he is a great critic of capitalism especially with politics
|
||||
outside the U.S. was in 1967 when he began his inclusion in activism
|
||||
politician totally opposing the participation of the United States in the war of
|
||||
vietnam from this he produced his essay book entitled the responsibility of
|
||||
intellectuals for which he obtained great recognition is associated with the law
|
||||
new left and was therefore arrested several times for his activism
|
||||
against the war although he has published numerous books and articles against
|
||||
neoliberalism and neoliberal globalization imposed by the US as another
|
||||
great work of the North American intervention Joyce who has asked
|
||||
USA and Canada lift economic sanctions imposed
|
||||
to cuba and venezuela so we are beyond proud
|
||||
to this great intellectual and thinker of reference throughout the world in our
|
||||
dear noam chomsky and ezekiel
|
||||
other
|
||||
in question
|
||||
question
|
||||
and that it is important to note that the focus of everything is currently on the
|
||||
the issue of the pandemic and therefore the crucial question that people ask is
|
||||
how the pandemic is going to change everything from this great event
|
||||
three cool questions is rock and roll
|
||||
expression of condemnation that is like that of both projectiles of 23 teachers
|
||||
sainz test in which 26 predictions was the next to an robots wars and things
|
||||
[Music] first the question would be for
|
||||
what is a pandemic after all is important the crucial thing now is to find
|
||||
the reason for its origin since it was predicted in 2003
|
||||
after the sars case that was so serious then scientists are
|
||||
predicting a similar event due to global warming
|
||||
factors that led discharge
|
||||
but it is not, we are not
|
||||
God
|
||||
the one world water is water black white list
|
||||
two
|
||||
There are basically three factors that have led us to this situation in the
|
||||
2003 it was understood that it was very possible that this happened and there was a
|
||||
knowledge to deal with it however currently knowledge
|
||||
is not enough and someone has to be willing to act in relation to
|
||||
This, then, what do we mean by big pharmaceuticals that are governed by
|
||||
a logic of capital that if something is not profitable or cannot be voted on
|
||||
profit because it simply cannot be developed or should not exist
|
||||
it is
|
||||
that problem
|
||||
if the drug companies the pharmaceutical companies
|
||||
they are being excluded due to this logic of capital
|
||||
The obvious alternative is the government that counts for the resources and thus has the
|
||||
means to develop this this cost effective solution
|
||||
which is not rigid by capital, however, there exists because this thought the
|
||||
neoliberal that taking alpes to the presentation of the former president
|
||||
President Reagan in which he simply said that the government is the
|
||||
problem that you can not leave things in the hands of the government so we have
|
||||
this limitation also by the government
|
||||
game
|
||||
or [Music]
|
||||
physically
|
||||
the worst of the control replay
|
||||
United States
|
||||
for ever ready
|
||||
henceforth because I feel that private companies are excluded
|
||||
due to the logic of capital and government is excluded by the logic
|
||||
liberalism then as how governments can react to
|
||||
this reality the cases are known china reacted by producing its own
|
||||
drugs in search of the solution in their vaccine was that the eastern countries of
|
||||
Asia Oceania also the response of other countries varied however because
|
||||
another slower way is valid in the case of in the western hemisphere usa and
|
||||
emblematic brazil in their reaction to the case
|
||||
of the pandemic
|
||||
and me
|
||||
at 12
|
||||
stream sonar ex ignore by law
|
||||
by sea [Music]
|
||||
Mr
|
||||
i
|
||||
in the case of countries in the hemisphere where things can be done with them
|
||||
call from outside or outside the reaction are those countries in which things
|
||||
are out of control and these two are countries that are led by fans
|
||||
extremists where they are willing to open the economy
|
||||
In search of profit and power we can mention for example the case of the stock market
|
||||
In Brazil, since the numbers are very high in deaths from the pandemic, then
|
||||
His answer was simply who cares in the case of the president of
|
||||
trump in the usa seeing the numbers so high just what he said was then
|
||||
that the tests were stopped for I have no more cases arise these are the
|
||||
countries where things are a little out of control
|
||||
and nothing is together
|
||||
m
|
||||
with
|
||||
the werder elements claim in crisis funding hans op 64 false field in
|
||||
destroy
|
||||
then the world awaits us after the pandemic in the case of the most
|
||||
powerful in the history of the United States as the president of Trump said that in
|
||||
February when he produces his new annual budget he will continue
|
||||
withdrawing its fund from the entire international initiative to develop some and
|
||||
that will then continue to provide funds for everything that is the initiative
|
||||
militaristic and nuclear weapons in a nutshell
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
in that direction
|
||||
of is
|
||||
efe
|
||||
the tukkers
|
||||
in a theme a theme that unifies everything that refers to the new proposal of
|
||||
US budget first distribute in the system
|
||||
health for people for the simple fact of not being profitable so it can
|
||||
Therefore, it does not make sense, we will have a center to control
|
||||
diseases are still planted for the public and return to subsidize from a
|
||||
open way all that is seeking
|
||||
fossil energy as part of making the capitalist initiative profitable
|
||||
also the regulation of environmental controls and this must be
|
||||
highlight the malicious nature of this mentality in removing all
|
||||
the regulations on air quality controls in the environment in
|
||||
full pandemic of a health nature where health is greatly affected if
|
||||
these industries are active and pollute the air more than
|
||||
which is already apart from the condition of 5,019 land for
|
||||
know if you allow me to add to what is important what the doctor says
|
||||
Chomsky is that reducing regulations to
|
||||
controls of the contaminations did it at this moment with under the mask of
|
||||
that the economy was going to be reactivated if there were regulations, the
|
||||
economy but that is why it is the malicious character they hide behind the
|
||||
reactivation of the economy and thus seek to justify what they are
|
||||
politics is moving thanks
|
||||
rain
|
||||
quest
|
||||
i
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
16 h
|
||||
from saint marc
|
||||
its T
|
||||
the media have described the cuts destroy the world where you kers
|
||||
[Music] if really all elements that is
|
||||
It is important to note that we already mentioned the subsidy to everything that the industry
|
||||
fossil as in the destruction of public health systems and the
|
||||
increase the military budget and give that last blow to the remnants the
|
||||
gun control plan that had been evident for 30 years which all
|
||||
translates into new contracts for the government since the new countries
|
||||
would also serve as a means of continuing to direct public funds to
|
||||
the large arms industries and thus leading us to a new career
|
||||
nuclear to armamentism again
|
||||
and me
|
||||
video
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
expert
|
||||
i
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
two
|
||||
marks [Music]
|
||||
reuters
|
||||
weapons
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
efe that's the broom
|
||||
If there are some basic principles of this neoliberal doctrine, we must take
|
||||
in consideration above all because greed greed and
|
||||
apart from that because the goals of that greed
|
||||
keep pace with corporations is simply established by explaining that
|
||||
seeks to expand profits for members of private
|
||||
these then new owners of the government at the time leaders like
|
||||
thatcher and reagan simply as they expressed the need
|
||||
that private sectors had control of the economy and it is understood that
|
||||
that Karl Marx in the 16th century criticized for turning this intention of
|
||||
turn the population into simple sacks of potatoes the inhabitants and in this
|
||||
more modern times the minister of brazil simply good talks that there is
|
||||
a whole private structure within the government
|
||||
I don't know if Luis wants to add something to
|
||||
very well thanks
|
||||
singh you
|
||||
exact konami
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
well
|
||||
and os windows
|
||||
then the main thought or the main slogan below the government
|
||||
except when we need it and it tells us to look for other
|
||||
mechanisms to protect ourselves and we have a very important lesson from this
|
||||
pandemic which is that the result of the following that there is state violence
|
||||
more and economic plans than in the same as
|
||||
It was ceded in Austria between the two great wars in the 20th century
|
||||
it is something common doctor chams that rafael there is something that seems important to me when
|
||||
teaches that the idea of neoliberalism is to remove the government from
|
||||
center not but control is the hands of individuals but simply
|
||||
when they need the government they use it again to protect them for
|
||||
that says that neoliberalism and state violence go hand in hand
|
||||
as is happening at the moment there was no very strong economic crisis that
|
||||
we are still not out of it and what did the entrepreneurs and the
|
||||
Senators both Democrats and Republicans
|
||||
they wrote trillions in money to entrepreneurs to get back that
|
||||
power that control they had, they do not want it, the government does not work but
|
||||
used when they need to rebuild
|
||||
the gourd today
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
i
|
||||
[Music] fusion
|
||||
and in the attempt
|
||||
wang wei
|
||||
if he is the main idea or what moves
|
||||
really because this movement of change can really lead to
|
||||
exemplify it through the case of austria in the 20th century
|
||||
because it was a moment in which it was led with a strong movement
|
||||
which was destroyed by economic forces to make way for
|
||||
new to new forms of government such as fascism such as that of mussolini
|
||||
it can be said that the establishment of these friendly dictatorships of good
|
||||
intentions because in many cases it was said that they were the ones that saved
|
||||
europe at the time
|
||||
efe
|
||||
I'm going to take two layoffs
|
||||
with months
|
||||
Well, to do it in a fairly simple way if we go to the pages
|
||||
website of the institution fan page is we need to understand that many of the
|
||||
things that are explained there after saving civilization because
|
||||
important is to save the structures not the people
|
||||
important is the collective in its logic
|
||||
yes no but but the idea that he added in that web page is that he was told to
|
||||
people in those moments where they were destroying governments like the
|
||||
Austrian Social Democrat that after saving society those of the
|
||||
black shirts that were type of clothing that they wore in which
|
||||
supported those fascist dictatorships were going to return and disappear from the
|
||||
scene no and unfortunately we realized that it did not happen that way or there
|
||||
neither with hitler nor with mussolini thanks reflex
|
||||
l
|
||||
you are not
|
||||
d
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
this is the sun
|
||||
efe
|
||||
Nine dollars
|
||||
with a crack why
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
because there is a compromise it could be called that this neoliberalism
|
||||
somehow it will bring violence as in the case of Chile for
|
||||
exemplify cliche cases without going into more detail
|
||||
Well, torture chambers and money from foreign investors
|
||||
thus caused the Chilean industry to change
|
||||
However, by ignoring Feinmann's anxiety, I do not completely
|
||||
they privatized the copper industry, which we know that somehow
|
||||
helped anyway in 1982 it should be remembered that there was a destruction
|
||||
total of its economy is what in the end because it causes all this
|
||||
trans
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
two
|
||||
two
|
||||
as soon as this neoliberal experiment had problems, it was seen as a
|
||||
establishment of a system that we know prevailed for 40 years with the
|
||||
Reagan and Thatcher doctrine has caused enormous instability
|
||||
suffering and discomfort worldwide due to the way in which the
|
||||
same visit the world
|
||||
they admire
|
||||
abroad
|
||||
i
|
||||
and in this
|
||||
we wish
|
||||
i
|
||||
[Music] 6
|
||||
[Music] as
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
h [Music]
|
||||
and luis huerta there are also para para and para also for translations and
|
||||
we are doing aybar son louis and of course rafael is great in price he added
|
||||
what I think may be importing now of the contextualize effect
|
||||
we continue
|
||||
Okay
|
||||
hc we see with concern that all genders in davos switzerland are therefore
|
||||
concern of these elite groups of the world because in their private environments
|
||||
where they argue for 40 years they have held hegemony in the past
|
||||
January there was concern due to the follow-up of a nuisance at the
|
||||
world against capitalism and as it would be a new issue the issue was the
|
||||
development of new companies that work in a more humane way in which
|
||||
propose to privatize everything for the benefit of humanity this is the
|
||||
new we could say doctrine
|
||||
so if it is something that appears important than doctor chams that
|
||||
is pointing out is that generally in each year they met in Switzerland in a
|
||||
teacher to ski and all that what the people of the capital met and
|
||||
congratulated each other to point out how well they were doing
|
||||
In their managing the world, in fact, the Salesians are the owners of the world of the
|
||||
universe but that this year in January was different because they started talking about
|
||||
the concern they had as the masters of the universe for the resistance
|
||||
the social uprisings that people were doing against the
|
||||
capitalism as a system, not for that reason what Rafael says very rightly that
|
||||
recognized that for 40 years they have made mistakes and that they were going to be now
|
||||
now more this humanitarian companies not that they were going to work for the people
|
||||
with doctor chams I know
|
||||
we had the story of war z 'extralegal our activity repression harting of
|
||||
bernal only short rhythms to require regional
|
||||
natural de los de textiles del arenal software corporation neuer extract
|
||||
gordi with software
|
||||
when there is a private eye cherry bomb order
|
||||
by politicians
|
||||
if I wanted to refer to a term
|
||||
because if looking at history 60 years ago
|
||||
companies switched to them throughout this long period of time when
|
||||
his thinking predominated approximately these 40 years and they were perfected because
|
||||
somehow his way of selling himself to the public then this term
|
||||
software that is human corporations or corporations or businesses
|
||||
with the human being in the middle or in the center of its activity
|
||||
it is like a proposal that they had originally made and that they will
|
||||
retake it they have wanted to sell that it is going to be retaken they are going to rule the world
|
||||
putting people at the center for your personal benefit they will offer you
|
||||
that you are going to have a role in everything else, however they are going to dominate what
|
||||
is at the end the story and something to point out is that that story was the
|
||||
counted 60 years ago in 1960 when capitalism was emerging again
|
||||
has a lot of force after the second world war we were told that
|
||||
companies were that kind of concern for people they did not work
|
||||
for people etc they have spent 60 years and now what the one mentioned in
|
||||
davos switzerland worried because people were resisting capital
|
||||
so now they told us that once again they will be human enterprises like
|
||||
you said they are concerned that people are well participate
|
||||
etcetera etcetera but but doctor chams says that we are going to wait for others
|
||||
60 years to realize that the same thing happens then the state repeating that
|
||||
in reality the data the facts that we see are not important or do not take them
|
||||
in consideration people
|
||||
reuters / eric light
|
||||
two
|
||||
vigor
|
||||
with sporting
|
||||
two
|
||||
i
|
||||
2 warner crisis the lord all softly
|
||||
is to collect the crises then through the ebro has come the new ever
|
||||
yes this is very important to make an illustration of three major themes that
|
||||
we are living the first is that we are in a crucial moment
|
||||
capitalism is fighting a very fierce class struggle
|
||||
to ensure that the post-pandemic world is a world
|
||||
totally according to his vision and second this represents a possible end of the
|
||||
organized movement an organized social moment for reasons well enough
|
||||
governments and thirdly because there is a crisis
|
||||
that will also be intensified by the hammer of the
|
||||
capitalism in the same way and I would like to add how important
|
||||
It is the vision that they share with us, we take advantage of it, how to be the world
|
||||
After this pandemic passes, it is a great question, it is very important because
|
||||
because capitalism right now as it illustrated when it said it
|
||||
remove the regulations here in the US for example in the middle of the pandemic that is going to
|
||||
help production for example oil companies companies
|
||||
that companies that extract fossils from fossil energy and it is a class struggle
|
||||
what is he doing against people all over the world and then what will happen
|
||||
if they actually succeed in the neoliberal system
|
||||
triumphs when the pandemic passes because they right now as they do in the
|
||||
doctrine of the clash which I believe that somehow we have
|
||||
heard what happens when that shake that the system makes at this moment
|
||||
we are under the pandemic but capitalism is acting the
|
||||
neoliberalism is pushing to remove all regulations and it will come
|
||||
a time when if they succeed they will continue to make excessive profits
|
||||
all that greed and there will come a time when it will put us in a
|
||||
instance where we are at the point of the destruction of human life from
|
||||
democratic societies as we know them
|
||||
this means the use of new opportunities
|
||||
efe opportunities for what we can work to order rested ruiz football from
|
||||
raids ternitz no temple guys road production
|
||||
To conclude, this is a moment of historical significance where there is a
|
||||
great opportunity also to focus on the human being their needs their
|
||||
rights and not only in the profit and the obtaining of returns
|
||||
to put it this way and because at the same time it is some
|
||||
presents great challenges as Rafael mentioned it is a historic moment
|
||||
It also gives us opportunities and we should think about the possibility of
|
||||
build in this case on the social resistance that is emerging
|
||||
in many countries of the world even here in this country in the usa many people from
|
||||
power I'm like in a trance I'm in shock I don't know how to describe it because people
|
||||
he is protesting he is moving he is articulating he is acting
|
||||
jointly and that did not happen then that is the opportunity for example that
|
||||
Dr. James points out that because if we can take advantage of this moment that
|
||||
we are living with resistance in the system we can get to establish
|
||||
better a new social order where the needs of beings are important
|
||||
humans not just corporate profits
|
||||
fernando
|
||||
do your good but it is
|
||||
ok fernando, in 5 minutes he has to go to
|
||||
another good interview was not for questions but
|
||||
maybe in a dialogue we can get it out but then the happiness that is grateful
|
||||
really this conference the proposal now of this cycle of the other politics
|
||||
It is also in asking some questions, yes, we can pass
|
||||
quickly to the questions and thank Rafael Cardenas teacher of the
|
||||
english apartment at the university of panama public intellectual and doctoral student
|
||||
in humanities and social sciences panama university and keeps them
|
||||
listen to them associate professor of critical pages and multiculturalism that
|
||||
They were doing this translation and we can move on to the questions all three
|
||||
questions we had belen tanus the word is shown
|
||||
educate popular and hungary dora and institute history teacher left
|
||||
with any of gonzalez Argentina member of the cooperative of
|
||||
educators and mentors can you historic llc sorry for interrupting you
|
||||
professor chomsky has to leave in five minutes
|
||||
well then I don't know if it would be nice to fire him thanking him and
|
||||
between us handle the questions of the participants I do not know why he does not go
|
||||
to be more time but yes to think if suddenly a final message is to say
|
||||
a message to the teachers and with that those audiences do if it is a final message
|
||||
from doctor chams that for the teachers of latin america and of all
|
||||
the world ok
|
||||
you want to tell races
|
||||
Benefits
|
||||
wayne
|
||||
newman sprint
|
||||
Just be show racing jordi young expert welcome to end
|
||||
rising
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
racing in the arc
|
||||
the street
|
||||
will
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
there luis if you can translate
|
||||
If you are not seeing the final message, it is that we are living in a moment
|
||||
unique historical and that some of the things have to be resolved by
|
||||
For example, the great risk that still exists in the pandemic that is active and
|
||||
very still as affecting many population of the world
|
||||
we have another big risk another big threat is
|
||||
the environmental crisis that continues to deteriorate and continues to generate many
|
||||
problems at the world level and the other is the risk or threat that exists with the
|
||||
issue of nuclear war not because of the investment you are making in
|
||||
these moments especially in this country but he says that the essence of the
|
||||
hope we have time but not much
|
||||
actually say a couple of decades to decide what kind of world we're going to have
|
||||
or how are we going to change the world we have
|
||||
louis ask him if you can do it just a final greeting to close
|
||||
regards
|
||||
He left and I think he was in a hurry for two degrees
|
||||
good to thank you obviously are with this masterful lecture by chomsky as
|
||||
We said at the beginning this is part of an alliance between the center of
|
||||
research and international other voice of education
|
||||
venezuela the cooperative educators popular researchers historical de
|
||||
Argentina and the international education center of the regidor del rio sin
|
||||
third and this this talk of this conference today is part
|
||||
precisely from an international seminar of online training programs and the
|
||||
Tuesday is the other policy today we had with chomsky on Tuesday who will be
|
||||
with Juan Carlos Monedero tomorrow will be the day of the other education where
|
||||
we will have the presence of francesc pedro director of the ies' la de unesco
|
||||
On Thursdays we are with the cycle that we call other insurgent voices that
|
||||
this Thursday he will speak about today's youth on Friday the
|
||||
international contact group coordinated by leaders and leaders
|
||||
trade unions in Latin America and on Mondays the cycle is about historical memory
|
||||
union all these as we said are
|
||||
sanctified by a city of Panama and is the cycle of permanent formation in
|
||||
line that operates all week from Monday to Friday 3 p.m.
|
||||
Mexico 4 in the afternoon venezuela time and 5 in the afternoon -Argentine time- we invite
|
||||
also to enter our pages of the national center of other voices in
|
||||
education of historical ceip in the face and that of simple being so that they can
|
||||
see all the information we have on the seminars we are taking
|
||||
go ahead so well thank you all for being and we will be
|
||||
seeing we are seeing tomorrow at the same time in the cycle as he just said
|
||||
classmates from another education so we thank everyone for being
|
||||
thank you very much thank you very much thank you very much rafael also thanks to
|
||||
work them
|
||||
thank you thank you thank you luis 2
|
||||
thanks thanks
|
||||
0
|
||||
21
|
||||
28
|
||||
33
|
||||
38
|
||||
42
|
||||
46
|
||||
51
|
||||
56
|
||||
61
|
||||
67
|
||||
72
|
||||
77
|
||||
82
|
||||
86
|
||||
90
|
||||
93
|
||||
99
|
||||
103
|
||||
107
|
||||
110
|
||||
115
|
||||
120
|
||||
123
|
||||
129
|
||||
133
|
||||
136
|
||||
142
|
||||
147
|
||||
151
|
||||
156
|
||||
161
|
||||
166
|
||||
171
|
||||
177
|
||||
183
|
||||
188
|
||||
193
|
||||
198
|
||||
205
|
||||
212
|
||||
217
|
||||
222
|
||||
226
|
||||
231
|
||||
235
|
||||
240
|
||||
244
|
||||
248
|
||||
252
|
||||
257
|
||||
261
|
||||
267
|
||||
272
|
||||
278
|
||||
283
|
||||
288
|
||||
292
|
||||
295
|
||||
300
|
||||
305
|
||||
309
|
||||
313
|
||||
319
|
||||
325
|
||||
330
|
||||
335
|
||||
339
|
||||
343
|
||||
349
|
||||
353
|
||||
356
|
||||
361
|
||||
368
|
||||
378
|
||||
393
|
||||
399
|
||||
403
|
||||
409
|
||||
414
|
||||
422
|
||||
431
|
||||
445
|
||||
454
|
||||
460
|
||||
465
|
||||
470
|
||||
478
|
||||
488
|
||||
505
|
||||
515
|
||||
522
|
||||
544
|
||||
549
|
||||
554
|
||||
561
|
||||
566
|
||||
569
|
||||
576
|
||||
584
|
||||
599
|
||||
628
|
||||
663
|
||||
668
|
||||
673
|
||||
678
|
||||
685
|
||||
690
|
||||
696
|
||||
702
|
||||
707
|
||||
712
|
||||
724
|
||||
736
|
||||
743
|
||||
759
|
||||
764
|
||||
772
|
||||
778
|
||||
782
|
||||
787
|
||||
795
|
||||
800
|
||||
806
|
||||
812
|
||||
816
|
||||
820
|
||||
824
|
||||
850
|
||||
860
|
||||
879
|
||||
889
|
||||
901
|
||||
907
|
||||
915
|
||||
922
|
||||
926
|
||||
931
|
||||
938
|
||||
943
|
||||
948
|
||||
954
|
||||
958
|
||||
964
|
||||
992
|
||||
999
|
||||
1009
|
||||
1018
|
||||
1023
|
||||
1029
|
||||
1034
|
||||
1039
|
||||
1046
|
||||
1049
|
||||
1078
|
||||
1125
|
||||
1143
|
||||
1156
|
||||
1163
|
||||
1170
|
||||
1175
|
||||
1180
|
||||
1185
|
||||
1192
|
||||
1196
|
||||
1202
|
||||
1209
|
||||
1216
|
||||
1220
|
||||
1227
|
||||
1232
|
||||
1238
|
||||
1244
|
||||
1250
|
||||
1257
|
||||
1261
|
||||
1267
|
||||
1273
|
||||
1283
|
||||
1286
|
||||
1300
|
||||
1334
|
||||
1340
|
||||
1355
|
||||
1372
|
||||
1380
|
||||
1391
|
||||
1396
|
||||
1402
|
||||
1408
|
||||
1415
|
||||
1419
|
||||
1424
|
||||
1429
|
||||
1435
|
||||
1443
|
||||
1452
|
||||
1459
|
||||
1470
|
||||
1477
|
||||
1484
|
||||
1495
|
||||
1503
|
||||
1508
|
||||
1520
|
||||
1529
|
||||
1540
|
||||
1549
|
||||
1556
|
||||
1564
|
||||
1568
|
||||
1576
|
||||
1581
|
||||
1587
|
||||
1591
|
||||
1598
|
||||
1606
|
||||
1612
|
||||
1617
|
||||
1621
|
||||
1628
|
||||
1633
|
||||
1641
|
||||
1657
|
||||
1677
|
||||
1683
|
||||
1692
|
||||
1698
|
||||
1704
|
||||
1709
|
||||
1714
|
||||
1720
|
||||
1726
|
||||
1734
|
||||
1738
|
||||
1743
|
||||
1748
|
||||
1752
|
||||
1758
|
||||
1763
|
||||
1766
|
||||
1773
|
||||
1777
|
||||
1782
|
||||
1797
|
||||
1817
|
||||
1832
|
||||
1836
|
||||
1845
|
||||
1863
|
||||
1875
|
||||
1882
|
||||
1890
|
||||
1895
|
||||
1899
|
||||
1906
|
||||
1912
|
||||
1917
|
||||
1923
|
||||
1928
|
||||
1952
|
||||
1968
|
||||
1978
|
||||
1986
|
||||
1994
|
||||
2000
|
||||
2006
|
||||
2012
|
||||
2020
|
||||
2024
|
||||
2029
|
||||
2033
|
||||
2037
|
||||
2042
|
||||
2063
|
||||
2066
|
||||
2070
|
||||
2083
|
||||
2092
|
||||
2112
|
||||
2124
|
||||
2127
|
||||
2135
|
||||
2140
|
||||
2147
|
||||
2152
|
||||
2156
|
||||
2162
|
||||
2167
|
||||
2172
|
||||
2178
|
||||
2184
|
||||
2196
|
||||
2203
|
||||
2208
|
||||
2232
|
||||
2243
|
||||
2252
|
||||
2258
|
||||
2263
|
||||
2270
|
||||
2278
|
||||
2289
|
||||
2301
|
||||
2313
|
||||
2327
|
||||
2339
|
||||
2352
|
||||
2358
|
||||
2362
|
||||
2366
|
||||
2371
|
||||
2377
|
||||
2385
|
||||
2391
|
||||
2394
|
||||
2399
|
||||
2405
|
||||
2411
|
||||
2418
|
||||
2422
|
||||
2427
|
||||
2431
|
||||
2436
|
||||
2441
|
||||
2446
|
||||
2450
|
||||
2457
|
||||
2461
|
||||
2469
|
||||
2475
|
||||
2480
|
||||
2486
|
||||
2491
|
||||
2495
|
||||
2501
|
||||
2507
|
||||
2518
|
||||
2525
|
||||
2538
|
||||
2544
|
||||
2555
|
||||
2559
|
||||
2576
|
||||
2583
|
||||
2590
|
||||
2597
|
||||
2603
|
||||
2609
|
||||
2614
|
||||
2619
|
||||
2625
|
||||
2633
|
||||
2638
|
||||
2647
|
||||
2655
|
||||
2659
|
||||
2663
|
||||
2668
|
||||
2672
|
||||
2677
|
||||
2681
|
||||
2686
|
||||
2692
|
||||
2698
|
||||
2704
|
||||
2713
|
||||
2718
|
||||
2725
|
||||
2736
|
||||
2742
|
||||
2751
|
||||
2757
|
||||
2768
|
||||
2774
|
||||
2779
|
||||
2785
|
||||
2790
|
||||
2798
|
||||
2803
|
||||
2806
|
||||
2812
|
||||
2821
|
||||
2826
|
||||
2830
|
||||
2834
|
||||
2840
|
||||
2844
|
||||
2852
|
||||
2857
|
||||
2862
|
||||
2867
|
||||
2871
|
||||
2877
|
||||
2879
|
||||
2884
|
||||
2888
|
||||
2893
|
||||
2897
|
||||
2909
|
||||
2916
|
||||
2927
|
||||
2935
|
||||
2941
|
||||
2946
|
||||
2954
|
||||
2959
|
||||
2964
|
||||
2969
|
||||
2973
|
||||
2981
|
||||
2986
|
||||
2991
|
||||
2996
|
||||
3000
|
||||
3005
|
||||
3009
|
||||
3016
|
||||
3019
|
||||
3027
|
||||
3030
|
||||
3036
|
||||
3043
|
||||
3049
|
||||
3053
|
||||
3059
|
||||
3063
|
||||
3066
|
||||
3070
|
||||
3075
|
||||
3080
|
||||
3084
|
||||
3087
|
||||
3093
|
||||
3097
|
||||
3102
|
||||
3107
|
||||
3113
|
||||
3117
|
||||
3122
|
||||
3125
|
||||
3141
|
||||
3154
|
||||
3161
|
||||
3168
|
||||
3183
|
||||
3189
|
||||
3196
|
||||
3206
|
||||
3214
|
||||
3220
|
||||
3236
|
||||
3246
|
||||
3251
|
||||
3257
|
||||
3263
|
||||
3270
|
||||
3276
|
||||
3281
|
||||
3288
|
||||
3294
|
||||
3298
|
||||
3305
|
||||
3308
|
||||
3313
|
||||
3319
|
||||
3326
|
||||
3336
|
||||
3341
|
||||
3346
|
||||
3350
|
||||
3354
|
||||
3359
|
||||
3364
|
||||
3369
|
||||
3376
|
||||
3380
|
||||
3385
|
||||
3390
|
||||
3396
|
||||
3400
|
||||
3403
|
||||
3408
|
||||
3411
|
||||
3416
|
||||
3422
|
||||
3428
|
||||
3433
|
||||
3438
|
||||
3442
|
||||
3446
|
||||
3451
|
||||
3459
|
||||
3465
|
||||
3470
|
||||
3476
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,994 @@
|
|||
someone streaming teacher actions what
|
||||
live on youtube good afternoon everyone today
|
||||
we continue with the cycle the other policy this cycle is part of the
|
||||
international seminar of the ongoing online training program promoted
|
||||
by the international research center other voices in education
|
||||
from venezuela the cooperative of educators educators
|
||||
and popular historical researchers from Argentina and the
|
||||
eduardo del rio rius research center without regret from mexico this seminar
|
||||
international online training takes place all week on Mondays
|
||||
with the cycle on union historical memory on Tuesdays with the cycle on
|
||||
the other policy on Wednesday with the other education tomorrow we will have the
|
||||
presence of frances pedro director of issste and unesco leaves on Thursdays
|
||||
with the cycle that we call other insurgent voices this Thursday will be discussed
|
||||
on today's youth and on Fridays the contact group
|
||||
international coordinated by leaders and linear leaders of Latin America '
|
||||
the faculty of humanities of the university of panama has decided that
|
||||
this seminar the other politics and each of its encounters are part of
|
||||
the contents of the course on public policies and social participation of the
|
||||
Master of Social Sciences with an emphasis on educational policy
|
||||
contemporaries that develop the faculty of humanities of the
|
||||
university of panama is to say this conference of doctor champ that forms
|
||||
part of the training of students and students of this master's degree
|
||||
vice-rector for extension of the university of panama has decided
|
||||
certify each of these seminars those who participate in 70% of the
|
||||
courses every Tuesday for this you must interact in the youtube chat
|
||||
of other voices in education and in each of the facebook
|
||||
organizations that carry out these seminars this seminar and the
|
||||
organizations that we promote the international center other voices in
|
||||
education the cooperative of historical popular educators and the simple being
|
||||
try to encourage critical thinking and develop political alternatives
|
||||
educational and union organizations in the face of neoliberalism when we are going to send a
|
||||
strong hug also the difficult moment that Mexico is living today with a
|
||||
very important earthquake especially in the south zone for the comrades
|
||||
brothers and sisters especially from oaxaca we send here from this alliance
|
||||
that we carry out strong support, enormous support for this situation so
|
||||
complex that are living at the low complexity of the parador pandemic and
|
||||
joins fellow comrades is this horrible situation so go a
|
||||
warm hug from the entire alliance for mexico
|
||||
well today we have the enormous honor honor presence of intellectual chomsky
|
||||
US linguist, philosopher, political scientist and activist was born in 1928 from
|
||||
1945 studied linguistic and mathematical philosophy at the University of
|
||||
Pennsylvania received his doctorate in 1955 after undertaking the major
|
||||
part of his research at Harvard University in 998
|
||||
received the honorary doctorate in linguistics from the rovira university and
|
||||
virgili and received this same distinction in numerous universities throughout the
|
||||
world the work and life done and we can
|
||||
divide into two large planes not obviously separated but are
|
||||
related because it is always positioned against the structures of
|
||||
power and oppressor of the dominant groups either in the theoretical plane
|
||||
philosophical as well as political one has to do with the field of linguistics and
|
||||
the other with his political commitment and activism against US policies in
|
||||
1907 with only 29 years jones who revolutionized the field of linguistics
|
||||
history with his theses on logical structures of theories
|
||||
linguistics would not be published until 1975 his linguistic and psychological theory
|
||||
derived from central assumptions of structuralism as well as of psychology
|
||||
behaviorism with typical forgiveness noam chomsky became interested in politics very
|
||||
early age stimulated by the free readings and guides of the
|
||||
Spanish anarchists exiled in New York
|
||||
defines himself as a supporter of the anarchist tradition especially of
|
||||
the labor orientation current of anarchism anarcho-syndicalism and is
|
||||
member of the famous American and revolutionary union east
|
||||
www.cristinaonline.com and 967 when it began its inclusion in activism
|
||||
politician totally opposing the participation of the United States in the war of
|
||||
vietnam from this he produced his essay book entitled the responsibility of
|
||||
intellectuals for which he obtained great recognition is associated with the law
|
||||
new left and was therefore arrested several times for his activism
|
||||
against the war although he has published numerous books and articles against
|
||||
neoliberalism and neoliberal globalization imposed by the US as another
|
||||
great work of the North American intervention what he has asked
|
||||
United States and Canada lift economic sanctions imposed Cuba and
|
||||
Venezuela so we are beyond proud
|
||||
to have this great intellectual and thinker of reference throughout the world in our
|
||||
dear sancho and ezequiel
|
||||
attention for
|
||||
is in question world of all the question forums
|
||||
and that it is important to note that the focus of everything is currently on the
|
||||
the issue of the pandemic and therefore the crucial question that people ask is
|
||||
how the pandemic is going to change everything from this great event
|
||||
three questions
|
||||
then
|
||||
He is an expert in pandemics such as the projectiles of 23 teachers of Federico
|
||||
sanchez in the index impressions was the next a robot awards and things
|
||||
[Music] first the question would be for
|
||||
what is a pandemic after all is important the crucial thing now is to find
|
||||
the reason for its origin since it was predicted in 2003
|
||||
after the sars case that was so serious then scientists are
|
||||
predicting a similar event due to global warming
|
||||
factors that led from blatantly to each other
|
||||
but it is not, they are not new god
|
||||
extreme football waner libertadores water black white
|
||||
west
|
||||
eleven
|
||||
football for the sterling and m2
|
||||
There are basically three factors that have led us to this situation in the
|
||||
2003 it was understood that it was very possible that this happened and there was the knowledge
|
||||
to deal with it however currently knowledge is not what
|
||||
enough and someone has to be willing to act on this
|
||||
So what do we mean by big pharmaceuticals that are governed by
|
||||
a logic of capital that if something is not profitable or cannot be voted on
|
||||
profit because it simply cannot be developed or should not exist
|
||||
oops
|
||||
that's the problem
|
||||
if drugs companies pharmaceutical companies
|
||||
they are being excluded due to this logic of capital
|
||||
The obvious alternative is the government that counts for the resources and thus has the
|
||||
means to develop this profitable solution that is not rigid by capital
|
||||
However, there is therefore this neoliberal thought that, taking it to
|
||||
to the presentation of former president reagan
|
||||
in which he simply said that the government is the problem that cannot be
|
||||
leave things in the hands of the government so we have this limitation
|
||||
also by the government game
|
||||
[Applause]
|
||||
issues
|
||||
basic adherents
|
||||
the replay
|
||||
the worst of Greece
|
||||
for ever ready
|
||||
if you feel ahead because I feel that way that private companies
|
||||
are excluded due to the logic of capital and the government is excluded by
|
||||
the logic of liberalism then as how governments can react
|
||||
Faced with this reality, the cases are known, China reacted by producing
|
||||
own medicine in search of the solution in his vaccine just like the
|
||||
countries of east asia oceania also the response of other countries
|
||||
varied however, since other slow forms such is the case of in the
|
||||
western hemisphere usa and brazil emblematic in their reaction to the case
|
||||
of the pandemic
|
||||
it's me with a glass globe
|
||||
chris ware 12
|
||||
beijing
|
||||
in stream sonar ex
|
||||
by law
|
||||
by sea
|
||||
tucker
|
||||
in the case of the countries of the hemisphere where things where they can
|
||||
call from outside or outside the reaction are those countries in which things
|
||||
are out of control and these two are countries that are led by fans
|
||||
extremists where they are willing to open the economy
|
||||
In search of profit and power we can mention for example the case of works
|
||||
Now in Brazil, the numbers are very high in deaths from the pandemic
|
||||
because simply his answer was who cares in the case of the
|
||||
president of trump in the us seeing the numbers so high just what
|
||||
He said it was then that the tests were stopped so that they would not have us more
|
||||
cases these are the countries where
|
||||
things are a little out of control or not at all
|
||||
on the balance sheet
|
||||
laughs
|
||||
Wow
|
||||
then the world awaits us after the pandemic in the case of the most
|
||||
powerful in the history of the United States as the president of Trump said that in
|
||||
February when he produces his new annual budget he will continue
|
||||
withdrawing its fund from all international initiatives of
|
||||
development of some and that it will then continue to provide funds for everything
|
||||
what is the militarist initiative and nuclear weapons
|
||||
in a nutshell [Music]
|
||||
lesson
|
||||
of is
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
2 reuters
|
||||
in a theme a theme that unifies everything that refers to the new proposal
|
||||
first of all destroy the US budget system
|
||||
health for people for the simple fact of not being profitable so it can
|
||||
Therefore, it does not make sense, we will have a center to control
|
||||
diseases are still planted for the public and return to subsidize from a
|
||||
open way all that is seeking
|
||||
fossil energy as part of making the capitalist initiative profitable
|
||||
also the regulation of environmental controls and this must be
|
||||
highlight the malicious nature of this mentality in removing all
|
||||
the regulations on air quality controls in the environment in
|
||||
full pandemic of a health nature where health is greatly affected if
|
||||
these industries are active and pollute the air more than
|
||||
which is already part of the condition of 2019 and delays the
|
||||
If you allow me, is to add that the important thing there is what the doctor says
|
||||
Chomsky is that reducing regulations to
|
||||
Pollution controls did so at this time under the mask of
|
||||
that the economy was going to be reactivated if there were regulations, the
|
||||
economy is not why it is the malicious character they hide behind the
|
||||
reactivation of the economy and thus seek to justify what they are
|
||||
politics the one that is moving thanks
|
||||
this [Music]
|
||||
efe
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
oops
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
from saint marc
|
||||
just
|
||||
so the media have described the cuts destroy the world where you kers
|
||||
if there are really two elements that it is important to highlight that we already mentioned
|
||||
the subsidy to everything that the fossil industry because in the destruction of the
|
||||
public health systems and the increase in the military budget and give
|
||||
that last blow to the remnants the gun control plan that had
|
||||
evident for 30 years which all translates into new contracts for the
|
||||
government because the new countries would
|
||||
also as a means of continuing to direct public funds to large
|
||||
arms industries and thus leading us to a new nuclear race and a
|
||||
weaponry again
|
||||
and me
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
i
|
||||
marks [Music]
|
||||
reuters
|
||||
two
|
||||
two
|
||||
two
|
||||
price racing that the broom
|
||||
If there are some basic principles of this neoliberal doctrine, we must take
|
||||
in consideration above all because greed greed and
|
||||
Apart from that, the goals of that greed, where does it lead us?
|
||||
the corporate guru as he simply stated it by explaining that
|
||||
It seeks to expand the profits for the members of private these these new
|
||||
government owners at the time leaders like Thatcher and Reagan
|
||||
simply because they expressed the need for private sectors to have the
|
||||
control of the economy and it is understood that Karl Marx in the 16th century his
|
||||
criticism of converting this intention to convert the population into simple
|
||||
sacks of potatoes is inhabitants and in this more modern era the minister of brazil
|
||||
simply good talks about the fact that there is a whole private structure within the
|
||||
government I don't know if you want to add something louis
|
||||
very well thanks
|
||||
singh me
|
||||
monthly
|
||||
konami
|
||||
i
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
and 2
|
||||
then the main thought or the main slogan below the government
|
||||
except when we need it and it tells us to look for other
|
||||
mechanisms to protect ourselves and we have a very important lesson from this
|
||||
pandemic which is that the result of the following that there is state violence
|
||||
more economic plans that is the same as I wish occurred in Austria between the
|
||||
two great wars in the 20th century komen doctor chams that there is something to rafael
|
||||
that it seems important to me when teaching it that the idea of
|
||||
neoliberalism is to remove the government from the center, but control is the hands
|
||||
of individuals but simply when they need the government they use it
|
||||
new to protect them that is why he says that neoliberalism and
|
||||
violence the state goes hand in hand as is happening at the moment no
|
||||
There was the very strong economic crisis that we are still in, we have not come out of it
|
||||
and what the businessmen and senators did
|
||||
Both Democrats and Republicans wrote trillions in money to the
|
||||
entrepreneurs to regain that power that control they had was not
|
||||
they want the government does not work but they use it when they need to rebuild
|
||||
the gourd
|
||||
dyn [Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
two
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
d
|
||||
[Music] fusion
|
||||
and in this
|
||||
6
|
||||
one way
|
||||
if he is the main idea or what moves
|
||||
really because this movement of change can really lead to
|
||||
exemplify it through the case of austria in the 20th century
|
||||
because it was a moment in which although a strong movement was led
|
||||
which was destroyed was economic forces to make way for
|
||||
new to new forms of government such as fascism such as that of mussolini
|
||||
it can be said that the establishment of these friendly dictatorships of good
|
||||
intentions because in many cases it was said that they were the ones that saved
|
||||
europe at the time
|
||||
efe
|
||||
I'm going to take I describe take
|
||||
name is it you
|
||||
Well, to do it in a fairly simple way if we go to the pages
|
||||
web of the institution fan gleizes we need to understand that many of the
|
||||
things that are explained there after saving civilization because
|
||||
important is to save
|
||||
the structures not the people the important thing is
|
||||
the collective in its logic if not but but in the idea that
|
||||
added in that web page is that people were told at those times where
|
||||
they were destroying governments like the Austrian Social Democrat who
|
||||
after saving society from the black shirts who were kind of
|
||||
clothing worn by those who supported those fascist dictatorships were
|
||||
to return and they will disappear from the scene no and unfortunately we gave ourselves
|
||||
He tells that he did not pass from saman from there neither with hitler nor with mussolini
|
||||
thanks efe
|
||||
l
|
||||
or are you
|
||||
d
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
the one with the sun
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
from my
|
||||
Nine dollars
|
||||
I don't know why [Music]
|
||||
because there is a compromise it could be called that this neoliberalism
|
||||
somehow it will bring violence as in the case of Chile for
|
||||
identify cliche cases without going into more detail
|
||||
since the structure chambers and the money of foreign investors and
|
||||
the geese therefore caused the Chilean industry to change
|
||||
However, by ignoring the anxiety of priman completely no
|
||||
they privatized the copper industry, which we know that somehow
|
||||
helped anyway in 1982 it should be remembered that there was a destruction
|
||||
total of its economy which is what in the end then causes all this
|
||||
trans
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
two
|
||||
working
|
||||
as soon as this neoliberal experiment had problems, there was a
|
||||
establishment of a system that we know prevailed for 40 years with the
|
||||
doctrine of wigan and touch has caused enormous instability
|
||||
suffering and discomfort worldwide due to the way in which the
|
||||
same
|
||||
and admire two suites
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
Hello
|
||||
news corporation
|
||||
efe
|
||||
[Music] 6
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
h [Music]
|
||||
and luis huerta also and for and for also for the translation
|
||||
so we are doing there is a louis couple who watched the truth is that this
|
||||
Rafael is great the price added what I think may be an importer was
|
||||
of perfect context
|
||||
we continue
|
||||
Okay
|
||||
hc we see with concern that all genders in davos switzerland are therefore
|
||||
concern of these elite groups of the world because in their private environments
|
||||
where they argue for 40 years they have held hegemony in the past
|
||||
January there was concern due to the follow-up of a nuisance at the
|
||||
world against capitalism and as it would be a new issue the issue was the
|
||||
development of new companies that work in a more humane way in which
|
||||
propose to privatize everything for the benefit of humanity this is the
|
||||
new we could say doctrine
|
||||
so if it is something that seems important than we authorize it to be
|
||||
pointing out is that generally in each year they met in Switzerland in a resort
|
||||
to ski and all that what the people of the capital met and congratulated each other
|
||||
each other to point out how well they were doing in their driving the
|
||||
world in fact are excellence for the owners of the world of the universe but
|
||||
that this year in January was different because they started talking about
|
||||
concern that they had as the masters of the universe for the resistance
|
||||
social uprisings that people were doing against the
|
||||
capitalism as a system, not for that reason what Rafael says very rightly that
|
||||
recognized that for 40 years mistakes have been made and that they were going to be now
|
||||
now more this humanitarian companies not that they were going to work for the people
|
||||
take descriptions that order
|
||||
we had the story before exteriors igal our activity repression rating of
|
||||
bernal only short beats to require human
|
||||
nature angels
|
||||
textiles of the software corporation neuer extract
|
||||
2 [Music]
|
||||
is prohibited
|
||||
are corrected
|
||||
if I wanted to refer to a term
|
||||
because if going to history 60 years ago
|
||||
companies changed them throughout this long period of time when
|
||||
his thinking dominated approximately these 40 years and they were perfected because
|
||||
somehow his way of selling himself to the public then this term
|
||||
software human embeddings
|
||||
to companies with the human being in the middle or in the
|
||||
center of its activity because it is like a proposal that
|
||||
they had originally made and that they are going to take it again they have wanted to sell that
|
||||
to be retaken they are going to rule the world putting people at the center to
|
||||
your personal benefit they will offer you that you will have a role in everything else
|
||||
however they will dominate what is in the end the internal and something to
|
||||
point out is that this story was told 60 years ago in 1960 when the
|
||||
capitalism was emerging again with great force after the
|
||||
Second world war we were told that companies were that kind of
|
||||
concern for people did not work for people etc have not passed 60
|
||||
years and now what the Swiss have mentioned they worried because the
|
||||
people were resisting capital so now they told us again
|
||||
account are going to be human enterprises like you said that they are worried that
|
||||
people are well participate etcetera etcetera but but the doctor says we raise
|
||||
that we are going to wait another 60 years to realize that what happens
|
||||
same then the state repeating that in reality the data are the facts that
|
||||
we see are not important or do not take them into consideration
|
||||
people
|
||||
rounders light
|
||||
two
|
||||
rightnow vigor
|
||||
sporting
|
||||
two
|
||||
l
|
||||
2 letting the crisis arm the lord of
|
||||
plan give me is to collect the crises so today the new mistress has come through the black
|
||||
yes this is very important to make an illustration of three major themes that
|
||||
we are living the first is that we are in a crucial moment
|
||||
capitalism is fighting a very tough class struggle
|
||||
in a way that ensures that the post-pandemic world is a world
|
||||
totally according to his vision and second this represents a possible end of the
|
||||
organized movement a social movement organized for reasons
|
||||
quite obvious and thirdly because there is a crisis
|
||||
that will also be intensified by the hammer of the
|
||||
capitalism in the same way and I would like to add how important
|
||||
It is the vision that the chamos share with us that what the world will be like after
|
||||
what happens in this pandemic is a great question is very important because because
|
||||
capitalism at this time as illustrated when he said remove the
|
||||
regular regulations here in the United States for example in the middle of the pandemic that will
|
||||
help production for example oil companies companies
|
||||
that companies that extract fossils from fossil energy and it is a class struggle
|
||||
what is he doing against people all over the world and then what will happen
|
||||
if they really succeed if the neoliberal system
|
||||
triumphs when the pandemic passes because they right now as they do in the
|
||||
doctrine of shock 'which I believe that somehow we have
|
||||
heard what happens when that will shake what the system does at this time
|
||||
we are under the pandemic but capitalism is acting the
|
||||
neoliberalism is pushing to remove all regulations and it will come
|
||||
a time when if they succeed they will continue to make excessive profits
|
||||
all that greed and there will come a time when it will put us in a
|
||||
instance where we are at the point of the destruction of human life from
|
||||
democratic societies as we know them
|
||||
racing meters this means two achievements or the new
|
||||
opportunities this opportunity because it is we can work to order will rest ruiz
|
||||
Ternitz raids football no temple and wish road production
|
||||
To conclude, this is a moment of historical significance where there is a
|
||||
great opportunity also to focus on the human being their needs their
|
||||
rights and not only in the profit and the obtaining of returns
|
||||
to put it this way and because at the same time we
|
||||
presents great challenges as Rafael mentioned it is a historic moment
|
||||
It also gives us opportunities and we should think about the possibility of
|
||||
build in this case on the social resistance that is emerging
|
||||
in many countries of the world even here in this country in the usa many people from
|
||||
power I'm like in a trance I'm in shock I don't know how to describe it because people
|
||||
he is protesting he is moving he is articulating he is acting
|
||||
jointly and that did not happen then that is the opportunity for example that
|
||||
Dr. Sessions points out that because if we can take advantage of this moment that
|
||||
we are living with resistance in the system we can get to establish
|
||||
better a new social order where the needs of beings are important
|
||||
humans not just corporate profits
|
||||
what fernando
|
||||
do your good
|
||||
ok fernando, in 5 minutes he has to go to
|
||||
another interview very good in condition for questions but
|
||||
maybe in a dialogue we can get him out of the bar then congratulate and
|
||||
thank or insane this conference the proposal now of this cycle the other
|
||||
politics is also in asking some questions if we can
|
||||
go quickly to the questions and thank Rafael Cardenas teacher of the
|
||||
english department at the university of panama public selector and doctoral student
|
||||
humanities and social sciences panama university y les guardas
|
||||
marry them associate professor of critical couples and multiculturalism who
|
||||
was doing this translation and we can move on to the questions all three
|
||||
questions that we had of slow light and we are each the word is to educate
|
||||
popular and hungary dora and history teacher of the institute left with joaquin
|
||||
gonzalez argentina member of the cooperative of educators and mentors
|
||||
Well, historical llc, sorry for interrupting that Professor Chomsky
|
||||
has to go in five minutes well then I don't know if it would be
|
||||
good to say goodbye to thank him and between us to handle the questions of
|
||||
the participants I don't know why he won't be there longer but I do think and
|
||||
if suddenly a final message ask the teachers for a message and with that
|
||||
those audiences does if it is a final message from Dr. Chams that for the
|
||||
teachers from Latin America and around the world
|
||||
you mean terraces
|
||||
big benefits
|
||||
weiss
|
||||
in this
|
||||
racing
|
||||
the expert the com
|
||||
rising risk observed band mix we know where you guys and william a
|
||||
waiting
|
||||
2 discreet is serious
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
question
|
||||
there luis if you can translate
|
||||
if it is not saying as a final message it is that we are living in a moment
|
||||
unique historical and that some of the things have to be resolved by
|
||||
example the great risk that still exists with the pandemic that is active
|
||||
I still eat like affecting a lot of the world's population
|
||||
we have another big risk another big threat is the environmental crisis that follows
|
||||
deteriorating and continues to generate many problems at the world level and the other is
|
||||
the risk or threat that exists with the issue of nuclear war not because
|
||||
investment that is being made at the moment especially in this country but
|
||||
he says the essence of hope we have time but not much
|
||||
actually say a couple of decades to decide what kind of world we're going to have
|
||||
or how are we going to change the world we have
|
||||
louis ask him if you can do it just a final greeting to close
|
||||
is
|
||||
she left and I think she was in a hurry she's hard
|
||||
good to thank obviously is with this masterful conference of champs that as
|
||||
We said at the beginning this is part of an alliance between the center
|
||||
international research another voice of education
|
||||
venezuela the cooperative educators and popular historical researchers
|
||||
Argentina and the international education center of the river without third and this
|
||||
this talk of this conference today is part of a seminar
|
||||
international online training program and Tuesdays is the other
|
||||
politics today we had with chomsky on tuesday off we will be with juan carlos
|
||||
purse tomorrow will be the day of the other education where we will have the
|
||||
presence of francesc pedro director of ies' la unesco on Thursdays
|
||||
we are with the cycle that we call other insurgent voices that this Thursday
|
||||
the contact group will speak about today's youth on Fridays
|
||||
International coordinated by leaders and union leaders from Latin America
|
||||
and on Mondays the cycle is about the union's historical memory
|
||||
All of these, as we said, are certified for the University of Panama
|
||||
and it is the cycle of permanent online training that works all week from
|
||||
Monday to Friday 3 in the afternoon Mexico time 4 in the afternoon and Venezuela and 5
|
||||
in the afternoon -Argentine time- we also invite you to enter our
|
||||
the national center for other voices in education of historical ceip in the face and
|
||||
the simple one to do so that they can see all the information that we carry from
|
||||
the seminars that we are carrying out so well, we thank
|
||||
all and all to be and we will be seeing each other we are seeing tomorrow in the same
|
||||
hour in the cycle as the colleague from another education just said so
|
||||
we thank everyone for being
|
||||
thank you very much thank you very much rafael also thanks to working the first
|
||||
thank you thank you thank you luis 2
|
||||
thanks thanks
|
||||
0
|
||||
21
|
||||
28
|
||||
33
|
||||
38
|
||||
41
|
||||
45
|
||||
50
|
||||
55
|
||||
60
|
||||
65
|
||||
71
|
||||
77
|
||||
81
|
||||
85
|
||||
90
|
||||
93
|
||||
99
|
||||
103
|
||||
107
|
||||
110
|
||||
115
|
||||
120
|
||||
123
|
||||
129
|
||||
133
|
||||
136
|
||||
142
|
||||
147
|
||||
151
|
||||
156
|
||||
161
|
||||
166
|
||||
171
|
||||
177
|
||||
183
|
||||
188
|
||||
193
|
||||
198
|
||||
206
|
||||
213
|
||||
217
|
||||
223
|
||||
228
|
||||
232
|
||||
236
|
||||
240
|
||||
244
|
||||
248
|
||||
252
|
||||
257
|
||||
262
|
||||
266
|
||||
272
|
||||
278
|
||||
283
|
||||
288
|
||||
291
|
||||
295
|
||||
300
|
||||
305
|
||||
315
|
||||
319
|
||||
325
|
||||
330
|
||||
335
|
||||
339
|
||||
343
|
||||
349
|
||||
353
|
||||
357
|
||||
361
|
||||
368
|
||||
378
|
||||
389
|
||||
403
|
||||
409
|
||||
414
|
||||
422
|
||||
426
|
||||
432
|
||||
446
|
||||
454
|
||||
460
|
||||
466
|
||||
470
|
||||
478
|
||||
488
|
||||
505
|
||||
522
|
||||
529
|
||||
533
|
||||
538
|
||||
549
|
||||
554
|
||||
562
|
||||
566
|
||||
570
|
||||
576
|
||||
584
|
||||
598
|
||||
628
|
||||
663
|
||||
669
|
||||
672
|
||||
678
|
||||
687
|
||||
693
|
||||
698
|
||||
703
|
||||
708
|
||||
720
|
||||
725
|
||||
735
|
||||
743
|
||||
749
|
||||
764
|
||||
771
|
||||
776
|
||||
782
|
||||
787
|
||||
795
|
||||
799
|
||||
804
|
||||
809
|
||||
816
|
||||
820
|
||||
829
|
||||
841
|
||||
848
|
||||
855
|
||||
859
|
||||
876
|
||||
901
|
||||
907
|
||||
916
|
||||
922
|
||||
926
|
||||
931
|
||||
938
|
||||
943
|
||||
947
|
||||
953
|
||||
956
|
||||
980
|
||||
1003
|
||||
1014
|
||||
1018
|
||||
1023
|
||||
1029
|
||||
1034
|
||||
1037
|
||||
1045
|
||||
1049
|
||||
1092
|
||||
1125
|
||||
1149
|
||||
1156
|
||||
1163
|
||||
1170
|
||||
1175
|
||||
1180
|
||||
1185
|
||||
1192
|
||||
1196
|
||||
1202
|
||||
1209
|
||||
1216
|
||||
1220
|
||||
1227
|
||||
1232
|
||||
1239
|
||||
1244
|
||||
1250
|
||||
1257
|
||||
1261
|
||||
1267
|
||||
1273
|
||||
1286
|
||||
1306
|
||||
1326
|
||||
1343
|
||||
1350
|
||||
1355
|
||||
1372
|
||||
1379
|
||||
1393
|
||||
1399
|
||||
1405
|
||||
1411
|
||||
1416
|
||||
1421
|
||||
1424
|
||||
1429
|
||||
1437
|
||||
1443
|
||||
1469
|
||||
1477
|
||||
1484
|
||||
1491
|
||||
1503
|
||||
1508
|
||||
1517
|
||||
1521
|
||||
1528
|
||||
1539
|
||||
1549
|
||||
1556
|
||||
1564
|
||||
1570
|
||||
1576
|
||||
1582
|
||||
1589
|
||||
1594
|
||||
1602
|
||||
1608
|
||||
1614
|
||||
1620
|
||||
1628
|
||||
1633
|
||||
1637
|
||||
1646
|
||||
1662
|
||||
1678
|
||||
1683
|
||||
1692
|
||||
1698
|
||||
1704
|
||||
1709
|
||||
1714
|
||||
1723
|
||||
1731
|
||||
1736
|
||||
1741
|
||||
1745
|
||||
1749
|
||||
1754
|
||||
1760
|
||||
1764
|
||||
1770
|
||||
1775
|
||||
1782
|
||||
1786
|
||||
1797
|
||||
1808
|
||||
1816
|
||||
1833
|
||||
1836
|
||||
1845
|
||||
1857
|
||||
1863
|
||||
1875
|
||||
1882
|
||||
1890
|
||||
1895
|
||||
1899
|
||||
1906
|
||||
1913
|
||||
1917
|
||||
1923
|
||||
1928
|
||||
1952
|
||||
1965
|
||||
1978
|
||||
1986
|
||||
1994
|
||||
2000
|
||||
2003
|
||||
2008
|
||||
2015
|
||||
2021
|
||||
2026
|
||||
2031
|
||||
2035
|
||||
2039
|
||||
2045
|
||||
2063
|
||||
2066
|
||||
2070
|
||||
2083
|
||||
2092
|
||||
2098
|
||||
2102
|
||||
2114
|
||||
2118
|
||||
2124
|
||||
2129
|
||||
2140
|
||||
2147
|
||||
2152
|
||||
2156
|
||||
2161
|
||||
2167
|
||||
2172
|
||||
2178
|
||||
2184
|
||||
2196
|
||||
2203
|
||||
2208
|
||||
2235
|
||||
2243
|
||||
2252
|
||||
2258
|
||||
2263
|
||||
2270
|
||||
2276
|
||||
2304
|
||||
2318
|
||||
2337
|
||||
2346
|
||||
2352
|
||||
2362
|
||||
2366
|
||||
2371
|
||||
2376
|
||||
2383
|
||||
2387
|
||||
2391
|
||||
2394
|
||||
2399
|
||||
2405
|
||||
2411
|
||||
2418
|
||||
2422
|
||||
2427
|
||||
2431
|
||||
2436
|
||||
2441
|
||||
2446
|
||||
2452
|
||||
2458
|
||||
2464
|
||||
2471
|
||||
2475
|
||||
2481
|
||||
2486
|
||||
2491
|
||||
2495
|
||||
2501
|
||||
2507
|
||||
2518
|
||||
2526
|
||||
2530
|
||||
2542
|
||||
2547
|
||||
2554
|
||||
2559
|
||||
2576
|
||||
2583
|
||||
2590
|
||||
2597
|
||||
2603
|
||||
2607
|
||||
2611
|
||||
2617
|
||||
2622
|
||||
2629
|
||||
2636
|
||||
2643
|
||||
2652
|
||||
2657
|
||||
2661
|
||||
2665
|
||||
2669
|
||||
2674
|
||||
2679
|
||||
2684
|
||||
2689
|
||||
2695
|
||||
2700
|
||||
2703
|
||||
2713
|
||||
2717
|
||||
2728
|
||||
2736
|
||||
2747
|
||||
2751
|
||||
2757
|
||||
2768
|
||||
2774
|
||||
2779
|
||||
2785
|
||||
2790
|
||||
2798
|
||||
2802
|
||||
2806
|
||||
2812
|
||||
2821
|
||||
2826
|
||||
2831
|
||||
2835
|
||||
2840
|
||||
2844
|
||||
2852
|
||||
2857
|
||||
2862
|
||||
2867
|
||||
2871
|
||||
2877
|
||||
2879
|
||||
2884
|
||||
2888
|
||||
2893
|
||||
2897
|
||||
2905
|
||||
2914
|
||||
2925
|
||||
2935
|
||||
2941
|
||||
2946
|
||||
2954
|
||||
2959
|
||||
2964
|
||||
2969
|
||||
2973
|
||||
2980
|
||||
2986
|
||||
2991
|
||||
2996
|
||||
3000
|
||||
3005
|
||||
3009
|
||||
3016
|
||||
3019
|
||||
3027
|
||||
3030
|
||||
3036
|
||||
3043
|
||||
3049
|
||||
3053
|
||||
3059
|
||||
3063
|
||||
3066
|
||||
3070
|
||||
3075
|
||||
3080
|
||||
3085
|
||||
3088
|
||||
3095
|
||||
3099
|
||||
3104
|
||||
3110
|
||||
3114
|
||||
3119
|
||||
3125
|
||||
3136
|
||||
3155
|
||||
3161
|
||||
3170
|
||||
3174
|
||||
3183
|
||||
3196
|
||||
3203
|
||||
3220
|
||||
3235
|
||||
3246
|
||||
3251
|
||||
3257
|
||||
3263
|
||||
3271
|
||||
3276
|
||||
3284
|
||||
3291
|
||||
3296
|
||||
3303
|
||||
3308
|
||||
3313
|
||||
3319
|
||||
3324
|
||||
3336
|
||||
3341
|
||||
3346
|
||||
3350
|
||||
3354
|
||||
3359
|
||||
3366
|
||||
3371
|
||||
3377
|
||||
3381
|
||||
3386
|
||||
3392
|
||||
3396
|
||||
3401
|
||||
3404
|
||||
3409
|
||||
3413
|
||||
3419
|
||||
3425
|
||||
3430
|
||||
3436
|
||||
3441
|
||||
3444
|
||||
3449
|
||||
3455
|
||||
3459
|
||||
3470
|
||||
3476
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
|
|||
is the 15 companions to your music the secretary of relations
|
||||
that the honor of presenting the watch goes everyone already knows well the honor of
|
||||
to present to that press conference professor jones that that is a
|
||||
of the most important intellectuals in the contemporary world is a great sausage
|
||||
emeritus professor philosopher from several North American institutions and to
|
||||
in addition to this your intellectual academic production of relevance
|
||||
very important for humanity is a political activist is socialist
|
||||
libertarian defender of the good causes of humanity
|
||||
he gives us the honor of coming to Brazil especially to visit the
|
||||
president squid here in his prison in addition to having participated in a seminar that
|
||||
was held last friday in sao paulo is and we too having the pleasure
|
||||
everyone already knows how to present our minister senator aloisio
|
||||
merchant who also accompanied the teacher shows that on the visit the
|
||||
president squid and both can give the statements the president's messages
|
||||
squid and eventually answer questions and we also have mine with valeria
|
||||
wasserman that the teacher's wife who is also an activist who is
|
||||
we don't have the honor of having a
|
||||
and she will translate the questions and answers of the
|
||||
professor joseph now though his king if anyone wanted to
|
||||
get ready to do the favor feel free because I'm already tired
|
||||
after all and the claw of the meeting for an hour if anyone wants it like that
|
||||
to stay I think it's useful from Brazil because it's going
|
||||
having daughter plaid wrestling heh heh mmc viviane the village is a boris journalist
|
||||
matter if opel was media in brazil is political the body
|
||||
from the land at 20h
|
||||
report chelsea to the great place to run spanish to organs of the year 1986 a bow
|
||||
wow
|
||||
joao rocha novo with a shock in this important book
|
||||
now chatroulette is expected and they were waiting 80 school and look just twisted will
|
||||
take a long time, but I think it also leads to FIFA because I was able to remember
|
||||
mine because this is the difficulty of reading already touched the raw rock I will not do
|
||||
like this but I ask everyone afterwards he will answer and now he will
|
||||
produce August but it is summarizing what the president said here attacks
|
||||
squid suffered during the period he was in government
|
||||
this retreat from the press didn't give a break and it's important that this
|
||||
type of press does not retain it is more balanced, right, because they say that
|
||||
only constant criticism throughout his government
|
||||
summarizing the sporting coach but what the hell civilians island of brazil intellects
|
||||
the time of things rio the brazilian is already expecting class leadership
|
||||
Northern intellectual we should not expect leadership from the
|
||||
intellectual class liu tian xi colloquium of people like you
|
||||
was one of the top 10 popular movements luiz cruls all movements
|
||||
popular grow or another or san antonio by bus delivered some
|
||||
often join movements and, together with their voices, sexual and
|
||||
Bruno cellulite and night for example civil rights in the united states
|
||||
everything around the year didn't start as intellectuals us history started
|
||||
with some black students sitting on the streets next in restaurants
|
||||
while the rest of the Englishman were arrested and taken to other students
|
||||
bruno's children came are soon you had a number of students to a
|
||||
absurd brothers project direct to in July 2011 were able to vote volts trump
|
||||
of the goal is to register to pull out the best deal that was extremely dangerous
|
||||
the production of grape sound adopt the use of peeling on the face and another of the own
|
||||
ian core the time to hear from a little bit of that
|
||||
the time today to perform more that started to appear
|
||||
the exit then was the pilot is jack black raulzinho who started to unite
|
||||
to social movements we discuss and this is the way I think that
|
||||
changes happen this way thank you I'm not President Lula's and
|
||||
how about what they talked about to sum up in a confrontation in the bucket exchange business
|
||||
even today the spiritist group was a wonderful experience
|
||||
it's not true a nixon i used in the years following the game
|
||||
whoever changes is not every day that you find an extraordinary figure of a
|
||||
21st century
|
||||
royce kick the next to you that the person with the right should be the next
|
||||
Brazilian President
|
||||
remains optimistic in athletic know and infinite many clear plans for the
|
||||
future the mother sister of andre santos
|
||||
the imam corrected me i reminded him when we met 20 years ago and all
|
||||
month of blood life that the government banque he said he never thought that
|
||||
could be elected
|
||||
he was elected at home leaving bogota in the filter area and this is an indication
|
||||
of what can happen in the future
|
||||
look I have some messages from President Lula
|
||||
first it was extraordinary to follow the dialogue of 15 intellectuals
|
||||
lushan president squid but he said he has conviction was actually won
|
||||
election he is excited about the campaign
|
||||
think that fernando our candidate purpose his candidate even in
|
||||
excellent performance a lot of dignity and a lot of consistency with a lot of
|
||||
tranquility he wins the hearts of the rectors every day more than ours
|
||||
military militancy a vehicle we will win the elections that in
|
||||
truth will be the next president of brazil
|
||||
he is also asked that the militancy do not just wait for the research that
|
||||
Canada will stay alive nor will I watch the campaign.
|
||||
the clay mass on the street hitting from house to house and work because the future of
|
||||
Brazil depends on these next 17 days of the campaign that shows everything is going
|
||||
very well in the campaign another great asset the big difference that we
|
||||
we have is the militancy of social movements is the militancy of the pt
|
||||
we have to go to the street forwarded showing that the option that is
|
||||
a landmark a culture of respect for diversity dialogue with the difference that
|
||||
allows plurality but that Brazil needs peace and that the path of peace and
|
||||
fernando haddad presence in brazil are the dogs and cats that he asked for the
|
||||
process is you and it is very difficult for me to know since the mid years
|
||||
70 see the squid at a time like these people
|
||||
that he on the street and that he wants from the republic locked in a cell
|
||||
of 15 square meters but he is much bigger is a giant and
|
||||
nothing is going to choose the pace is one thing he said I
|
||||
I want to ask you guys it's amazing that he gets bigger
|
||||
American intellectuals of the contemporary world and comes to
|
||||
parliamentary leaderships from everywhere from everyone more representative
|
||||
parliamentary leaders coming or four ex ministers and ex ministers of europe
|
||||
this week in Brazil defending his freedom and denouncing injustice
|
||||
and that the Nobel Peace Prize Pope Francis sent him a third
|
||||
of a book and nobody goes to the newspaper's palace
|
||||
nobody visits this coup government so I think of the world and the UN and the show
|
||||
is saying is free squid the people want the world also about the woman spoke
|
||||
something about this polemic of pardon no he said he already sent more
|
||||
of a letter making his position very clear he is an innocent man and
|
||||
who believes in his innocence and that's why he didn't take refuge in the embassy
|
||||
he came to face in justice and in the courts because he is sure that he
|
||||
will prove innocence because what has happened so far is to run over deadlines
|
||||
agency will prevent him from being a candidate to phrase the true truth
|
||||
of this process and everything that was built to prevent it from being the
|
||||
presidential election shift candidate
|
||||
however does not want to include the check proving innocence that justice recognizes
|
||||
who gave and will fight for it and I'm sure
|
||||
that this is also the commitment as I said that fernando haddad the work
|
||||
will fight along with so many intellectual and political leaders and as advice
|
||||
of human rights the UN has already said for the freedom of squid has I don't know if he
|
||||
is alone in a more optimistic scene today after meeting in an economy
|
||||
I thought more optimistic with 166 in the last year
|
||||
is not a source of energy and in the exam but the violent episode is with him a
|
||||
great experience
|
||||
happened the last time they met if today insurance has little
|
||||
entered twice with the saints the object of the icomon of the colleges years
|
||||
running like that was just the embu film where he spoke for the future
|
||||
for him for the squid doesn't seem like his thirst a sentence but it seems to be
|
||||
prepared to board as if it were a board to catch my hinterland
|
||||
bicolor leather it all illegal and with the help of you people how can you
|
||||
become a reality, we leave there with a broken heart and willingness to
|
||||
cry but the smile his strength is so energetic that we leave more
|
||||
motivated when he becomes a giant and the courage he has of innocents who
|
||||
invented is facing with head up and justice despite little 1916
|
||||
skeptical about the school he did an assessment of anac or in what he always
|
||||
demanded today he must be in the lead to create a free society with light
|
||||
of you talked about what the polls are announcing so
|
||||
present the candidate there the one that we don't
|
||||
speak the name in front ooo save from going up you
|
||||
commented on this, went on to detail more of researches have a lot of information but
|
||||
I think that at sea the historical experience of Brazil none
|
||||
candidate who has experienced such extraordinary growth in such a short time
|
||||
to command detained in those little more than a week that he is candidate and has a
|
||||
reason clear this legacy from the pt government the strength of our party militancy the
|
||||
third old militants of social movements and the will of the goal of flame is
|
||||
squid heart of the people part po non-resident
|
||||
android has grown a lot and has an avenue to keep pressing can
|
||||
stop just an Angolan flag I take a whole gap
|
||||
human rights socialism and freedom
|
||||
i draw zinho
|
||||
8
|
||||
16
|
||||
23
|
||||
29
|
||||
35
|
||||
42
|
||||
48
|
||||
53
|
||||
58
|
||||
63
|
||||
69
|
||||
76
|
||||
83
|
||||
86
|
||||
93
|
||||
99
|
||||
104
|
||||
108
|
||||
114
|
||||
120
|
||||
124
|
||||
130
|
||||
137
|
||||
148
|
||||
158
|
||||
174
|
||||
219
|
||||
230
|
||||
245
|
||||
252
|
||||
255
|
||||
259
|
||||
264
|
||||
269
|
||||
273
|
||||
280
|
||||
288
|
||||
291
|
||||
301
|
||||
322
|
||||
328
|
||||
336
|
||||
343
|
||||
349
|
||||
355
|
||||
361
|
||||
370
|
||||
375
|
||||
384
|
||||
396
|
||||
408
|
||||
415
|
||||
422
|
||||
427
|
||||
430
|
||||
436
|
||||
443
|
||||
449
|
||||
457
|
||||
463
|
||||
469
|
||||
473
|
||||
476
|
||||
481
|
||||
498
|
||||
504
|
||||
508
|
||||
516
|
||||
520
|
||||
523
|
||||
533
|
||||
540
|
||||
544
|
||||
551
|
||||
558
|
||||
562
|
||||
566
|
||||
571
|
||||
577
|
||||
582
|
||||
584
|
||||
593
|
||||
598
|
||||
604
|
||||
609
|
||||
614
|
||||
619
|
||||
623
|
||||
628
|
||||
634
|
||||
637
|
||||
643
|
||||
647
|
||||
650
|
||||
656
|
||||
663
|
||||
668
|
||||
672
|
||||
676
|
||||
682
|
||||
687
|
||||
694
|
||||
698
|
||||
703
|
||||
709
|
||||
715
|
||||
721
|
||||
725
|
||||
733
|
||||
738
|
||||
742
|
||||
747
|
||||
749
|
||||
753
|
||||
757
|
||||
761
|
||||
766
|
||||
771
|
||||
778
|
||||
788
|
||||
797
|
||||
802
|
||||
808
|
||||
816
|
||||
823
|
||||
828
|
||||
833
|
||||
838
|
||||
844
|
||||
849
|
||||
856
|
||||
863
|
||||
875
|
||||
887
|
||||
894
|
||||
899
|
||||
906
|
||||
911
|
||||
914
|
||||
918
|
||||
924
|
||||
929
|
||||
936
|
||||
941
|
||||
948
|
||||
963
|
||||
969
|
||||
4296
cnt/Education For Whom and For What e_EgdShO1K8.en.cnt
Normal file
4296
cnt/Education For Whom and For What e_EgdShO1K8.en.cnt
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
1404
cnt/Entre Vistas - Noam Chomsky V7r836B0gaY.en.cnt
Normal file
1404
cnt/Entre Vistas - Noam Chomsky V7r836B0gaY.en.cnt
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
|
|||
The current situation is very serious,
|
||||
you don't have to tell anyone in Spain.
|
||||
The virus, we should understand
|
||||
as the result of a colossal market failure.
|
||||
It is important to understand the context
|
||||
if we want to avoid future reappearances
|
||||
of catastrophes like this.
|
||||
At some point, it will end,
|
||||
but the cost can be very high.
|
||||
It was known that there was very likely to be a pandemic,
|
||||
including one for coronavirus.
|
||||
It was something pretty obvious to scientists
|
||||
after the SARS epidemic in 2003.
|
||||
The genome was sequenced and a vaccine was created,
|
||||
and it was all over, but the cost was very high.
|
||||
And it was immediately predicted that other coronaviruses would appear
|
||||
and that we should prepare for it.
|
||||
The foundations were laid,
|
||||
but there needs to be someone to pick up the testimonial and move on.
|
||||
Who did it?
|
||||
No one.
|
||||
We will recover from all this,
|
||||
we have recovered from worse pests,
|
||||
the cost will be terrible, but we will partly recover.
|
||||
Maybe we'll even recover completely in a long time.
|
||||
The courage and heroism of those who fight on the front lines
|
||||
against the pandemic,
|
||||
Doctors, Nurses, Health Workers,
|
||||
they are admirable.
|
||||
Local communities have organized and helped each other.
|
||||
Schools are closed,
|
||||
the children are at home, the parents cannot work.
|
||||
But in this kind of situation,
|
||||
in which we live in a very fragile system,
|
||||
which can go awry if nothing goes wrong
|
||||
but in which everything collapses when there is a catastrophe,
|
||||
education will also collapse.
|
||||
And we have much deeper problems
|
||||
about the kind of education system we want.
|
||||
Do we want a society in which we treat children
|
||||
as containers where we pour water and something comes out of it?
|
||||
Or we want an education system that encourages creativity,
|
||||
participation, cooperation
|
||||
and encourage you to meet your goals
|
||||
and take advantage of the possibilities
|
||||
that open before you to pursue your interests?
|
||||
I don't think it's a matter of telling them,
|
||||
but to provide them with the stimuli and opportunities
|
||||
for them to follow their own creative instinct,
|
||||
so that they explore the world as much as they can,
|
||||
on the Internet if it is the only one they have;
|
||||
to do creative activities,
|
||||
such as writing, drawing,
|
||||
or build things that help them understand the world.
|
||||
This can be done at any level.
|
||||
For example, there is an interesting project
|
||||
which has been done with older students
|
||||
in which the following question is asked to them:
|
||||
How does a mosquito fly in the rain?
|
||||
If we calculate the pressure exerted by a raindrop
|
||||
about a mosquito,
|
||||
that can be calculated,
|
||||
it is so large that it would crush a human being.
|
||||
So how does a mosquito fly in the rain?
|
||||
As they study it they learn a little physics,
|
||||
a little bit of biology, of our organisms, and so on.
|
||||
Many similar projects can be done,
|
||||
which give children the opportunity
|
||||
to satisfy his natural curiosity
|
||||
so that they can make them understand things about the world.
|
||||
And it can be done in all areas.
|
||||
Literature, History, whatever.
|
||||
That should be education, and it can be achieved.
|
||||
Of course at home, where there is no interaction between children,
|
||||
it is more difficult, but not impossible.
|
||||
3
|
||||
7
|
||||
12
|
||||
17
|
||||
22
|
||||
26
|
||||
31
|
||||
35
|
||||
39
|
||||
43
|
||||
48
|
||||
51
|
||||
56
|
||||
60
|
||||
65
|
||||
69
|
||||
73
|
||||
77
|
||||
79
|
||||
84
|
||||
85
|
||||
86
|
||||
88
|
||||
91
|
||||
95
|
||||
100
|
||||
103
|
||||
105
|
||||
110
|
||||
111
|
||||
115
|
||||
117
|
||||
122
|
||||
123
|
||||
127
|
||||
130
|
||||
134
|
||||
136
|
||||
139
|
||||
143
|
||||
146
|
||||
152
|
||||
156
|
||||
161
|
||||
164
|
||||
168
|
||||
172
|
||||
175
|
||||
181
|
||||
186
|
||||
190
|
||||
196
|
||||
198
|
||||
202
|
||||
206
|
||||
209
|
||||
212
|
||||
216
|
||||
221
|
||||
225
|
||||
228
|
||||
230
|
||||
232
|
||||
237
|
||||
240
|
||||
243
|
||||
248
|
||||
251
|
||||
254
|
||||
257
|
||||
262
|
||||
266
|
||||
269
|
||||
273
|
||||
277
|
||||
1110
cnt/Especiales TNU - Noam Chomsky (entrevista) 9OqdQ5-zcIE.en.cnt
Normal file
1110
cnt/Especiales TNU - Noam Chomsky (entrevista) 9OqdQ5-zcIE.en.cnt
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
|||
and i know you once a day i dunno the first amendment external speech was one
|
||||
intel really the the civil rights movement for those were so real ik protest en
|
||||
peak is typical for architects 5
|
||||
for the en prostalife eye for detail and this is not just a given you first me
|
||||
thousand product freedom switch the first amendment jury the keys
|
||||
create history what you area context for the speech of the furthest mine
|
||||
accelerating tenzing wanting to excel there was a theory to the century
|
||||
that's you starter reaching the bike or
|
||||
and scream for the early statements model this boring freedom of
|
||||
speech the workmen cents and spray our burners and rain soak because you want
|
||||
was a chill pc printing civil rights movement there
|
||||
power we stand at the fever and pond polluters
|
||||
I so in times who anoint my king sixty four the
|
||||
supreme court for the first time a struct and the principle of sorts
|
||||
becomes less so with pear and quiet thousand games
|
||||
a little chain pull that's about word '
|
||||
this and the wild create where the fair
|
||||
1916 line and jump corfetti but the faster you cut the knife over my rich and
|
||||
famous impacting freedom of speech cushions or we ku klux klan cees
|
||||
idenburg are a party and the week was speech and the greater in
|
||||
established lesbian lovers also speak to you
|
||||
I curl up participation and implement with him
|
||||
ewan own white we store and now I want a menu become small and you sea
|
||||
shake let's not permitted speech need pc media and course which flexible
|
||||
my hands dirty prince on our exactly how winter with the jelly the
|
||||
fridge speechen beat your query shirt became a specific topic with
|
||||
these ring issues are so far posters are following a neo-nazi
|
||||
your in lecture it is something too clean use billboard in
|
||||
times square in new york about the no time square they had to
|
||||
look cities crematoriums so you have the beeper in the middle an object myself there quickly
|
||||
means calling a kiwi here this morning
|
||||
professional but a feeling is who the deal with it for speech
|
||||
there is a black one with drugs tomorrow and then men
|
||||
thrust are upon us in an ever human party crawley
|
||||
jan a whole culture and they have their protection of freedom speech
|
||||
got swimmers and two-wheelers so mister neo-nazi
|
||||
group just go it reve gray and economically you cook
|
||||
wages and witches full of luck or they stay back on a brown and is notice
|
||||
illustration tell me in spree and nelis cru middle
|
||||
that is all of you they want to quarrel
|
||||
tony simmer to know where i will organize the car demonstration
|
||||
script s'posed the group plus cryptologist cuddly euro and you see that
|
||||
the barry white whale aboutaleb not on and
|
||||
is a posts i say block the easy way in an a location to acetyl
|
||||
label for cheating the that sometimes know
|
||||
it is that the best tactic to pick them up case and many more exposure is one
|
||||
while sleidinge nathaniel i'm s'pose so two crossed just haven't
|
||||
and willy trio we can buy the channel from the new york times
|
||||
loic rose the viewer and they finally carol it works here earlier you like this
|
||||
long course new concerns will make the production
|
||||
villains to mulder people in hiding places I give my sister the sweetest rinus
|
||||
the one that repeopled your profile from the manly
|
||||
criminals pc criminals how they did what i we are short when
|
||||
you major newspaper you see your fans our post
|
||||
quenched up and jon bon for the people curious
|
||||
take risks banish you run l so let's be the worst criminal ever
|
||||
bodies the cosmic worked with x need a pointer
|
||||
the nash us curling like is a dutch around that the music u
|
||||
[Music] yes
|
||||
beautiful
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
0
|
||||
5
|
||||
11
|
||||
14
|
||||
21
|
||||
28
|
||||
34
|
||||
42
|
||||
46
|
||||
54
|
||||
61
|
||||
65
|
||||
70
|
||||
77
|
||||
84
|
||||
89
|
||||
95
|
||||
101
|
||||
108
|
||||
114
|
||||
120
|
||||
127
|
||||
133
|
||||
141
|
||||
149
|
||||
156
|
||||
164
|
||||
168
|
||||
173
|
||||
179
|
||||
186
|
||||
191
|
||||
198
|
||||
203
|
||||
209
|
||||
215
|
||||
221
|
||||
229
|
||||
235
|
||||
240
|
||||
246
|
||||
253
|
||||
262
|
||||
265
|
||||
270
|
||||
273
|
||||
278
|
||||
285
|
||||
293
|
||||
302
|
||||
306
|
||||
312
|
||||
317
|
||||
323
|
||||
327
|
||||
334
|
||||
340
|
||||
346
|
||||
353
|
||||
357
|
||||
361
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,842 @@
|
|||
Judy Cole: Welcome to the Faculty Forum Online, a program of the MIT Alumni Association.
|
||||
I'm Judy Cole, the EVP and CEO of the Alumni Association and I will serve as moderator.
|
||||
Our viewers of today's conversation include MIT alumni, friends, friends of MIT libraries and the
|
||||
general public. Any MIT alumni who wish to ask a question, enter your name and question
|
||||
and we'll try to get to as many questions as possible. The general public is encouraged
|
||||
to share their questions on Twitter by using #mitfaculty. Our guest today is Noam Chomsky,
|
||||
Institute Professor Emeritus in the Department of Linguistics at MIT. Professor Chomsky is
|
||||
an author, political activist, and philosopher, and he created the field of modern linguistics,
|
||||
the scientific study of language. He is also the subject of the Chomsky Archive, a recently
|
||||
launched MIT Libraries project to preserve and digitize the lectures, personal papers
|
||||
and materials he has donated to MIT's Institute Archives and Special Collections. Professor
|
||||
Chomsky, welcome. Could you start by telling us what you hope readers and researchers will
|
||||
draw from these historic items?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well, the archives include everything I could think of. Endless amounts of correspondence,
|
||||
the hard copy of the maybe 20 years ago and it starts mostly to be electronic. Books,
|
||||
papers, class notes from most of 60 years, notes or talks, lengthy transcripts of discussions,
|
||||
and probably tapes of things like this. What I hope people will be able to do is reconstruct
|
||||
some of the history of both sides of my existence, both how the linguistics, cognitive science,
|
||||
modern philosophy have taken the shape they have, and on the other side an ongoing commentary
|
||||
on what's going on in the world. So lots of data in there.
|
||||
Judy Cole: No doubt, I'm sure it will provide a rich, rich text of the evolution of your
|
||||
thinking. Questions are coming in now and as we gather them let me ask a question or
|
||||
two of my own to start us off. As you may know, we've been doing these forums for years.
|
||||
Never have we had so much interest from viewers as for this one, nor so many testy responses.
|
||||
As a public intellectual, you've certainly sparked controversy. How do you decide which
|
||||
contemporary issues to address?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well, it's a mixture. Partly it's just personal interest and background.
|
||||
Partly I try to evaluate what are the most humanly significant issues that we're now
|
||||
confronting. And some mixture of those two considerations.
|
||||
Judy Cole: So here's another question. You have been applauded for your boldness and
|
||||
clarity and your many vigorous public debates are legendary. Is there a favorite debate
|
||||
that stands out or do you have a favorite opponent, perhaps someone you vigorously disagree
|
||||
with or enjoy engaging in debate with?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well the people I enjoy most engaging with are in the so-called, what I
|
||||
think of as the professional side of my field, so discussions about the nature of language,
|
||||
the origin of human cognition and language, and lots of lively discussions and debates
|
||||
about that. Those are pretty constructive.
|
||||
Judy Cole: So now we are getting them from our alumni. Bob in Leverett, MA, asks...uh,
|
||||
somehow this isn't scrolling properly, there we go. I value the insights I've learned from
|
||||
you but every time I hear you speak I feel depressed. How can we change feelings of helplessness
|
||||
into positive actions that can turn our governments around?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well the best way to do it, there are several ways. One is to pay attention
|
||||
to history. Things may look difficult and uncomfortable now but they were much worse
|
||||
50 or 60 years ago. Take MIT, where we're all from. When I got here in 1955, the Institute
|
||||
was virtually, entirely white males - well dressed, polite, deferential, relatively formal
|
||||
relations among people, faculty and students. Take a walk down the halls today, it's radically
|
||||
different. It's half women, maybe a third minorities, informal relations, informal dress,
|
||||
which is in fact symbolic of the informal relations among people. Look at the bulletin
|
||||
boards - calls for engagement in all kinds of issues, at that time, it was virtually
|
||||
nothing. That's happened all over the world and it's a very positive development. It
|
||||
didn't happen by itself, it happened by a lot of difficult struggle. Yesterday, Martin
|
||||
Luther King day, was a good time to recall a very substantial part of it. It was by no
|
||||
means easy, and there's plenty to go forward. If you look back beyond, there's kind of
|
||||
a trajectory, with relative progress over the last few centuries. In many respects.
|
||||
There's also regression, but the best reason for optimism is we've changed things before
|
||||
and we can do it again.
|
||||
Judy Cole: It seems like there's a certain impatience in the MIT DNA that wants things
|
||||
to happen more quickly, so. But you're right, putting it in perspective is what really...
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: One of the difficulties in the United States is that there's very little
|
||||
continuity in activism. Everything begins from zero. So take the Occupy movement. It
|
||||
began with a, it just sprang up, no historical recollection, no, few connections to everything
|
||||
that happened before. You have to kind of learn everything from scratch. Along with
|
||||
that comes a feeling that we want quick victories. If you do have this sense of continuity and
|
||||
struggle, you know it goes back a long time, so take again the civil rights struggle, it
|
||||
kind of sparked around 1960 when several events, a couple of black students sat at a lunch
|
||||
counter in Greensborough, North Carolina, others joined and were arrested, others joined
|
||||
them and pretty soon you had freedom riders in the south, violence, tremendous courage,
|
||||
registering voters, marches like Selma and so on, and finally some victories. But it
|
||||
didn't begin in 1960, it goes back to abolition, and that's the way life works, you're
|
||||
not going to get quick, you can get small changes, but major victories are going to
|
||||
take time.
|
||||
Judy Cole: So another alumnus, David in Jerusalem, asks, what influences and which teachers helped
|
||||
you form your current world views, including your view on the Arab/Israeli disagreements?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well actually that was a major concern of my life as a teenager. There were
|
||||
individuals of course, but I was very much involved as a teenager in what was then called
|
||||
Zionist activism, now it's called anti-Zionist. It was part of the Zion - this is pre-1948,
|
||||
it was the part of the Zionist movement that was opposed to a Jewish state, and was committed
|
||||
to some form of Arab-Jewish cooperation at the time within an effort to develop a cooperative
|
||||
economy, an economy of the kind that was in fact partially developing in Palestine at
|
||||
the time, the Jewish sectors of Palestine. And there were, there were particular individuals
|
||||
who were influential, but it was mainly the...simply engagement in the constant activism committed
|
||||
to those goals and continued from there.
|
||||
Judy Cole: So, Louis in Massachusetts asks, do you feel your writing has influenced or
|
||||
directly impacted decisions made by policy makers and what evidence if any do you see
|
||||
to support this?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: The influence is often, the most significant influence is indirect, so
|
||||
take, say the Vietnam War, a major topic, I was very intensively involved in it through
|
||||
the 60s and 70s, and many others were too, in fact MIT became one of the leading centers
|
||||
of opposition to the war, even resistance activities. What was the effect? Well the
|
||||
effect, it had an effect on bringing the war to an end, very slowly, much too slowly, not
|
||||
until millions of people had been killed and several countries practically destroyed, but
|
||||
it did come to an end. If you look closely at how it came to an end, uh, it traces back
|
||||
to the fact that there was so much opposition to the war engendered by these activities
|
||||
that the government was never able to call a national mobilization of the kind that was
|
||||
called during World War II when people really dedicated to the war effort. Well, the national
|
||||
mobilization is very good for the economy, uh, if you take a look at what happened during
|
||||
World War II, the war's horror story, if you just look at the economy, industrial production
|
||||
almost quadrupled, depression was ended, there were jobs for everyone, the basis was laid
|
||||
for very substantial technological and economic growth in the subsequent years, cause people
|
||||
were really committed to the effort. In the 1960s you couldn't do that, it wasn't
|
||||
that kind of commitment. So what was fought was what was called a guns and butter war.
|
||||
You have to keep the population quiet and at the same time continue with the war. That's
|
||||
very harmful to the economy. And in fact it led to stagflation. Stagnation and inflation
|
||||
became the...the internal economy began to suffer. In January 1968, there was a major
|
||||
uprising in South Vietnam, the Tet Offensive, that made it very clear to the decision makers,
|
||||
in particular in the business community that this war was going to go on for a long time.
|
||||
At that point a decision was made to begin to wind it down. Now it ... they don't,
|
||||
no one says the peace movement pulled the decision makers to wind it down, but the indirect
|
||||
activities of stimulating opposition concern, dissent, protest, had the indirect effect
|
||||
of leading to the decision, and in fact we have direct evidence for that. It's pretty
|
||||
obvious from what happened, but if you look at say the Pentagon Papers, the famous Pentagon
|
||||
Papers, the record there ends in mid-1968, a few months after the Tet Offensive, and
|
||||
if you look at those last few sections, they're pretty interesting. What happened is that
|
||||
the government...these are internal records so not intended to be read, but, the government,
|
||||
uh, the Johnson administration, wanted to send a couple hundred thousand more troops
|
||||
to Vietnam after the offensive. The military was wary, they didn't want to do it, and
|
||||
the reason was, they said that there would, if that happened they would need troops in
|
||||
the United States for civil disorder control because of the extent of the protest and dissent
|
||||
among young people, among women, among minorities. They listed the groups they were concerned
|
||||
with. Well, that's -
|
||||
Judy Cole: I remember those days.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Yes. That's a way to influence policy. And it happens over and over in complicated
|
||||
ways, and it's not a matter of, take a trip to Washington and convincing the president
|
||||
that you should do so and so, you know, they know what you're going to tell them anyway.
|
||||
But there are indirect ways of, uh, bringing about results. Yesterday's commemoration
|
||||
of King is a good example. It wasn't a matter of Martin Luther King going to Washington
|
||||
and convincing Lyndon Johnson to pass the voting rights act. A lot of activism took
|
||||
place for years, in fact going back centuries, but in recent - in the immediately preceding
|
||||
years, there was very intensive struggle, activism, popular mobilization, it created
|
||||
a situation in which certain decisions were made.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Very interesting, I have to tell you, it's a much more international set
|
||||
of questions than we typically get. The next one is from an alumnus, Kalil in Saudi Arabia.
|
||||
What role did the west and the regional powers play in distinguishing the Arab Spring outcries
|
||||
and flares? Do you think they will rekindle again?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well the Arab Spring took many different forms. It actually began in the
|
||||
last African colony, Western Sahara, about a month before the Tunisia, uh, the demonstrations
|
||||
and protests.
|
||||
Judy Cole: I didn't realize that.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well it's not discussed, but it's important that it's not discussed.
|
||||
There's one colony left in Africa, Western Sahara. It was Spanish. The Spanish left in
|
||||
1975. It was supposed to go through decolonization under UN auspices, but Morocco invaded and
|
||||
uh, the, a war began which continues between the indigenous population and the Moroccan
|
||||
invaders. Morocco transferred arms, a number of people into the territory, hoping to swamp
|
||||
a referendum if it ever takes place, and this struggle continues right up to the Security
|
||||
Council. It's one of the cases where there hasn't been significant progress because
|
||||
there isn't popular activism and mobilization. That's quite significant. In cases where
|
||||
there has been, there was progress. Back in, I guess it was October, shortly before the
|
||||
Arab Spring broke out, there was a popular demonstration, a tent city, set up in the
|
||||
main cities of Western Sahara by the Sahrawi indigenous population. They were crushed by
|
||||
force very quickly. Went to the Security Council and it was blocked, mostly by France which
|
||||
is a patron of Morocco. That one ended. Then came Tunisia, then Egypt, then other places,
|
||||
and the effects varied. So in Tunisia there was, there has been significant progress,
|
||||
uh, again it's mostly French influenced. French tried to block it, but it didn't
|
||||
break out, and it continued. Egypt is a complicated matter, they're again, substantial achievements
|
||||
but a sharp reversal. Egypt's now heading into a very dark period. Saudi Arabia, where
|
||||
the questioners is, I'm sure the person knows, there were initial attempts at joining
|
||||
the Arab Spring, very mild purposed, they were crushed by force instantly and nothing
|
||||
ever happened. In nearby Bahrain, where struggles went on for a while, finally Saudi Arabia
|
||||
sent troops to quell the uprising, and it, Syria of course turned into the whole monstrosity,
|
||||
Libya was torn to shreds and nothing left, so the question what happened, well, right
|
||||
now I think it's kind of in limbo. My suspicion is it's going to, I think there were substantial
|
||||
achievements despite the regression, and it probably lays the basis for something that
|
||||
will break out soon. I don't think the current regimes will mostly really dictorial regimes,
|
||||
have the capacity to deal with the demands of the, the just demands of the population,
|
||||
for freedom, for economic development, for some degree of social rights, and ...
|
||||
Judy Cole: The current situation seems unsustainable indefinitely. Maybe a little longer but hopefully
|
||||
not too much longer.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well right now the region is being torn to shreds by the repercussions
|
||||
of the invasion of Iraq. The invasion of Iraq was very devastating for Iraq, but it also
|
||||
set in motion sectarian conflicts which didn't really exist before. Take a look at Baghdad
|
||||
in the year 2000. Shiite and Sunni were intermingled, they intermarried, they lived in the same
|
||||
places, sometimes people living in the...it was kind of like knowing what Protestant sect
|
||||
your neighbors were in . Some you didn't know. Within a couple of years it turned into
|
||||
a raging war, now tearing the whole region to shreds. That's going to be very hard
|
||||
to deal with.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Indeed. So our next question comes from Geneva. Alumna Simone. What are the fundamental
|
||||
differences between spoken and invented languages, e.g. Elvish, and what are the main difficulties
|
||||
in inventing a language?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well, the concept of inventing a language is very misleading. So take say
|
||||
the best known one, Esperanto. If you take a look at ta grammar of Esperanto, it doesn't'
|
||||
tell you the rules of Esperanto, just as if you take a look at a grammar of Spanish, it
|
||||
doesn't tell you the rules of Spanish. Those almost nobody knows, those are matters of
|
||||
discovery. To try to find the principles that are really operating when you and I converse
|
||||
is a problem like finding out what's going on in our visual systems when stimuli hit
|
||||
our retina and I see a person or a room or whatever, that's very com- you can't interspect
|
||||
into that. You don't know what it is, you have to discover it from the outside. The
|
||||
same is true of language. Esperanto is, carries over, when people think they know Esperanto,
|
||||
what's really happening is they know language, they know their own language, they know something
|
||||
about common romance languages. Unconsciously. And beyond the level of consciousness, just
|
||||
like they can't figure out how your digestive system is working, or your visual system or
|
||||
whatever. So the invented languages are really just the invention of extremely superficial
|
||||
elements of language, like the choice of words, or the choice of sounds, or the decision what
|
||||
order to put the words in. These are all facts about language but they're extremely superficial.
|
||||
What's really happening, say in our interchange, is deep and below the level of conscious awareness,
|
||||
and it's actually the topic of linguistics and cognitive sciences and brain sciences,
|
||||
is to try to unearth it. But all of that is taken over unconsciously, when people say
|
||||
they're inventing a language, what they're doing is actually filling out some of the
|
||||
superficial details of their actual linguistic knowledge.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Fascinating. I'm not sure I understand all of that but it was really good. So Michelle
|
||||
in Philadelphia: what do you think of the impact of the world wide web - what do you
|
||||
think of the impact that the world wide web has had on language.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: My hometown. Philadelphia. I don't think, I mean it's had a kind of
|
||||
effect in the way that teenage slang has an effect on the language. So there are some
|
||||
locutions that are used that weren't used otherwise, but languages are constantly changing
|
||||
in these pretty superficial respects. The web is, use of the web, especially texting
|
||||
and so on, has probably had some minor effects but the language doesn't change.
|
||||
Judy Cole: It seems it's sort of in formalized it somewhat in the same way that relations
|
||||
between people at MIT has become less formal over time.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well that's a process that's been going on for a long time and it affects
|
||||
usage of the language but it doesn't affect the language.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Okay.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: The language is the same whether you use it in formal discourse or informal
|
||||
talk with your grandchildren.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Got it. So Erik in California asks, what are the long term prospects for the U.S.
|
||||
economy? The standard of living has been maintained through consumer debt and asset bubbles but
|
||||
these cannot continue indefinitely. What other obstacles are there?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well actually consumer debt did rise sharply in this early part of this
|
||||
millennium, but by now it's not really high relative to GDP. Problems with the economy
|
||||
are different. Problems are...the problem is that during the, what's called the new
|
||||
liberal period, roughly the past new generation, productivity has increased not quite as fast
|
||||
as before, but it has increased, on the other hand it hasn't reached the population. For
|
||||
the majority of the population it's been a period of relative stagnation or decline.
|
||||
So a real minimum wages today are at about the level of the 1960s even through productivity
|
||||
has gotten much greater, wealth has been produced but it's gone into very few pockets. The
|
||||
last decade, I don't have the exact figures but I think about 95% of the wealth produced,
|
||||
something like that, went to 1% of the population, and the 1% that people talk about is misleading,
|
||||
because if you take a look at that 1%, it's heavily skewed towards a tenth of one percent
|
||||
at the very top, so what's happened is an extreme maldistribution of wealth. Stagnation,
|
||||
relative stagnation for much of the population and the limited opportunities for work. I
|
||||
mean there's now a lot of, uh, some, uh, praise for the fact that the unemployment
|
||||
rate has gone down, which is good but misleading because one of the reasons it's gone down
|
||||
is that people have just dropped out of the workforce.
|
||||
Judy Cole: They've given up, yeah.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: If you take a look at the proportion of the working population that has good, full
|
||||
time employment, it's still way below what it should be. I mean, this, you know the financial
|
||||
access is for the last roughly, actually it goes back 20 or 30 years since deregulation
|
||||
started, but particularly the last decade have lost trillions of dollars of output,
|
||||
and those are the problems of the economy. You can see there's much discussion now
|
||||
about the minimum wage. But some things are overlooked. If you go back to the rapid growth
|
||||
periods, 1950s and 60s, what's called the golden age of the economy, the minimum wage
|
||||
tracked productivity, which it should. As productivity increases the minimum wage increased.
|
||||
As you get to the mid-1970s they start to separate. Productivity goes up and minimum
|
||||
wage flattens, which means it goes down relatively. If the minimum wage had continued at the rate
|
||||
of the 50s and the 60s, it would now probably be about $20/hour or something like that,
|
||||
and that's a reflect- and that of course reflects everything else. AS minimum wages
|
||||
go down, so do others, and we have a period of, if you take a look at the economy today,
|
||||
you can see really deep failures. I mean there's a huge amount of work that has to be done,
|
||||
Drive around the city, the infrastructure is a wreck, schools underfunded, the health
|
||||
center is an international scandal, way too expensive for what's achieved. There'
|
||||
s a tremendous amount of work to be done, there's lot of people who want to do the
|
||||
work, plenty of resources, and it's not happening. The system is so dysfunctional
|
||||
that massive capital resources, great and willingness to work, vast amounts of work
|
||||
to be done can't be put together. That's a serious, I mean, we can think of ways out
|
||||
of that, but the fact that it's happening is a major problem. Consumer debt in contrast
|
||||
is not a major problem.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Right, and that has actually gone down more recently anyway.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: It's now within a reasonable limit. It did increase briefly during the
|
||||
housing bubble.
|
||||
Judy Cole: So I was hearing on the radio this morning about legislation around creating
|
||||
super PACs, and the ability of anonymous donors to support different political lobbying efforts.
|
||||
It seems to me that that might be a part of the causes of some of these problems that
|
||||
you're talking about, getting it all together.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: There is a very fundamental problem of the functioning of the democratic
|
||||
system. There's a very good study of the last election, the midterm election, by two
|
||||
leading political scientists, Water Dean Burnham and Thomas Ferguson, the major students of
|
||||
electoral politics, and the figures, the results that came out are pretty startling. It turns
|
||||
out that voting participation in much of the country is about at the level of the early
|
||||
19th century. That's a time when voting was restricted to propertied white males.
|
||||
Judy Cole: That's scary.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: It's very scary and what they conclude is plausibly, people have just given
|
||||
up on the political system. They know that it doesn't do anything for them. And if
|
||||
you look at other studies, you see the details. So for example an important book came out
|
||||
a couple of years ago by Martin Gilens, I think he's at Princeton, it's called Affluence
|
||||
and Influence, it's just a study of how, the relation between public opinion and public
|
||||
policy. There are many such studies. This is one. What he found, which is what others
|
||||
find, is that for a large majority of the population, roughly 70% at the lower part
|
||||
of the income scale, they're effectively disenfranchised. Their representatives simply
|
||||
pay no attention to their opinions. As you go up the scale you get a little bit more
|
||||
influence. When you get to the very top, that's where policy is made. And that's closely
|
||||
related to what you brought up. The elections are basically bought and those who are, uh,
|
||||
put into office by the massive funding of concentrated wealth are responsive to that
|
||||
constituency. Actually, this goes way back, it's nothing new. You go back about a century,
|
||||
the famous campaign manager Mark Hannah, he was once asked what are the important things
|
||||
for running a successful campaign? And his answer was, he said there are three things
|
||||
that are important: the first one is money, the second one is money, and I've forgotten
|
||||
what the third one is. That was over a century ago, and it's gotten much more extreme,
|
||||
particularly in the light of recent Supreme Court rulings.
|
||||
Judy Cole: So I'm going to jump around a little bit here and stick with the international
|
||||
flavor. Tugral in Nairobi, Kenya, asks, media powerhouses around the world use words and
|
||||
language of exclusion and division such as martyr, religious, and terrorist. Do you think
|
||||
social media has the ability to counter the divisive language used by mass media?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: They can in the same way that popular activism can counter public decisions
|
||||
that impose repression and oppression. So social...take, say terrorism, social media
|
||||
- the term is used in almost a certain Orwellian manner, the terrorism means the terrorism
|
||||
they commit against us but not what we commit against them. So social media, I mean we've
|
||||
seen this, right, in the last couple of days in regard to the Charlie Hebdo affair. It
|
||||
was a terrorist act. There are others that we've committed that are very similar that
|
||||
don't even enter into the discussion. Some are even worse. For example the U.S., and
|
||||
NATO, bombed and destroyed, put off the air a Serb television station, uh, during the
|
||||
attack on Serbia in 1999. And killed 16 journalists, about the same as Paris. And there was a reason:
|
||||
it was producing information supportive of the government we were attacking, okay? That's
|
||||
not called terrorism. We did it a couple of years later, uh, the U.S. Marines invaded
|
||||
the town of Fallujah, in Iraq. You take a look at the newspapers just days of the invasion,
|
||||
very positive reporting, it was described as a noble enterprise. It's still described
|
||||
that way. It's actually one of the worst war crimes of the millennia. First day of
|
||||
the invasion, you take a look at the New York Times, there's a picture on the front page
|
||||
of, which is described in the caption, the picture is patients lying on the floor of
|
||||
the general hospital, the troops invaded the general hospital, which is a war crime, uh,
|
||||
took the patients out of the beds, put them on the floor, tied their hands behind their
|
||||
back. Same with hospital personnel and so on. There were questions from reporters and
|
||||
there was a reason: they said the hospital was a propaganda agency for the rebels. What
|
||||
was the propaganda? Producing casualty figures. Well, when we do that's considered fine.
|
||||
In fact, there's a bestselling movie now, a famous movie that glorifies some of these
|
||||
things. When if they were to do that to us.
|
||||
Judy Cole: They would be terrorists.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Oh my God, beyond terrorism. But that's the kind of thing that can be
|
||||
overcome by popular engagement, and social media is just one form of popular engagement.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Mm hmm. So going back, let me see, where was I, Jane in Cambridge: how do you
|
||||
write and how have you managed to be so productive. Was it a conscious goal for you to be prolific?
|
||||
Do you believe that it's possible to be so politically active while still climbing
|
||||
the ranks of academia?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Sure. There's no special trick. It's just hard work. It's something anybody
|
||||
can do if they want to. You have to decide how you want to spend your time. It takes
|
||||
time for other things, you can't help but doing that.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Right, there's only 24 hours in a day.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Only 24 hours, but it's very fulfilling in many ways.
|
||||
Judy Cole: So Jonathan in California asks: do you have any observations or predictions
|
||||
about the recent warming of relations between the U.S. and Cuba?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well that's an interesting development. We should look a little bit at
|
||||
the background. The U.S. has been extremely isolated on Cuba. You take a look at the votes
|
||||
of the United Nations. Every year there's a vote in the general assembly on the U.S.
|
||||
embargo in Cuba, basically a blockade. The votes are, you know, 180 to three. The United
|
||||
States, Israel, and the Marshall Islands or something like that. But it goes on year after
|
||||
year. It's gotten so extreme. A very interesting development has taken place in the Western
|
||||
hemisphere in the last ten or fifteen years. For the first time in the last 500 years,
|
||||
literally, the countries mainly of South America, have begun to extricate themselves from imperial
|
||||
domination. In the last century or so, that means U.S. domination. They've begun to
|
||||
move towards integration. They've moved towards independence. The U.S. is, one sign
|
||||
of it is the U.S. doesn't have a single military base left in South America. The,
|
||||
uh, and they've begun to confront their very serious internal problems. One consequence
|
||||
of this is that the U.S. has lost its influence in the continent. If you go back to, say,
|
||||
1945, where at the end of the second world war, the U.S. was able right away to call
|
||||
a hemispheric conference in Mexico, where the U.S. virtually dictated what was called
|
||||
an economic charter for the Americas, designed very explicitly to keep the continent as exploitable
|
||||
resource base for U.S. industry and enterprise. You can't conceive of doing that now. In
|
||||
fact the last hemispheric conference, the U.S. and Canada were virtually excluded, and
|
||||
the next one they may be literally excluded. That's the background for the...Obama's
|
||||
move toward Cuba. One of several issues which the U.S. has been isolated in the Western
|
||||
Hemisphere is the refusal to allow Cuba to enter into the Hemispheric system, the rest
|
||||
of the hemisphere is in favor of that and has been for a long time.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Well and haven't some of the South American countries been ignoring our
|
||||
blockade?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: They try to ignore it but you can't really ignore it. The U.S. has been
|
||||
very punitive about the blockade. Not just South America, so, you know if Sweden, to
|
||||
take a real case, sends medical equipment somewhere that's using nickel that was gotten
|
||||
from Cuba, that can be punished under the U.S. embargo. It's a very punitive system
|
||||
and it's been, of course, extremely harmful to Cuba. But on top of that, going back to
|
||||
terrorism, the U.S. tends to forget that beginning with Kennedy, the U.S. launched a very serious
|
||||
terrorist war against Cuba. What people talk about is attempts to assassinate Castro, and
|
||||
yeah, they existed. But that wasn't what it was about. It was blowing up petrochemical
|
||||
plants, killing a lot of people, sinking ships in harbor, shelling hotels, uh, biological,
|
||||
probable it's not certain, biological warfare it could be, it's not certain. A very serious
|
||||
attack. That's kind of out of our, our history, but it's in real history. And that's again
|
||||
part of the background that went on into the 90s.
|
||||
Judy Cole: So we're going to, we're running out of time here, but um, we have time for
|
||||
just one or two more questions I think. I think this is an interesting one. What do
|
||||
you think is the greatest tool in demilitarizing our economy and our culture?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: The human will. It's the greatest tool for any change. But take, say, nuclear
|
||||
weapons. There are now plans to spend about a trillion dollars in the current coming decades
|
||||
to upgrade the nuclear weapons system. That's a tremendous threat to survival. I mean it's
|
||||
kind of a miracle that we've survived the nuclear age. If you look at the record, there
|
||||
have been case after case where war came very close through inadvertence. So take a recent
|
||||
case that was just discovered from archival research. In the early 1980s, this is one
|
||||
of many incidentally - in the early 1980s, the incoming Reagan administration decided
|
||||
to probe Russian air and sea defenses by simulating attacks including nuclear attacks to try to
|
||||
determine how they would react and to learn about their defensive systems. They also declared
|
||||
a nuclear alert intended for the Russians to know it so that they would take it seriously.
|
||||
Well, this was a very tense moment, it turns out. Pershing missiles were being installed
|
||||
in Western Europe, a five or ten minute flight time to Moscow. The, of course Russia was
|
||||
completely surrounded by missiles, Turkey, everywhere. Star Wars, so-called SDI program,
|
||||
was announced. That's understood to be on all sides a first strike. The Russians took
|
||||
it very seriously. Newly released archives indicate that there was a major war scare
|
||||
which was not well understood but it's worse. Just about a year ago, again, archival information
|
||||
revealed that, you know, in this very tense period, the Russian automated systems which
|
||||
make huge numbers of errors, errors, detected a major missile attack from the United States.
|
||||
And the protocol is that that information is supposed to be transmitted to the high
|
||||
command which then ordered a retaliatory strike. Well there's one human being, his name is
|
||||
Stanislav Petrov, who received the automated information and decided not to transmit it.
|
||||
And that's why we're here to talk about it. We don't know how many cases there are
|
||||
like that but there are, there's a recent study that came out in the Atomic Scientist,
|
||||
just studying the, whatever data they have, a lot of it is classified, but whatever data
|
||||
they have from the U.S. systems, from about 1980 to 1983, that period, they found probably
|
||||
hundreds of cases where there were accidents that could have blown up and they assumed
|
||||
that it continues. Well this is quite apart from cases where there were really open confrontations
|
||||
like the Cuban missile crisis, or what might be building up, that's constant. In the
|
||||
face of that we're now upgrading our missile systems. Just a couple of days ago the Russians
|
||||
announced that they are withdrawing from a pretty successful agreement in which the U.S.
|
||||
helped them eliminate dangerous nuclear weapons stores that they had after the Cold War. They're
|
||||
pulling out of it because of the conflict in Ukraine. That's hazardous. And this is
|
||||
a case where we know, at least we know the answer of how to end the problem: get rid
|
||||
of nuclear weapons. And in fact we're committed to that by the non-proliferation treaty. But
|
||||
we're going in the other direction.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Like that old movie War Games, where the only winning move is not to play.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: Well if the article of the Atomic Scientist starts off by talking about black
|
||||
swans, you know, highly improbable events that do nevertheless take place. And what
|
||||
it says is a nuclear war is a black swan. We won't know that there is one until we're
|
||||
all dead.
|
||||
Judy Cole: Well going back to the person who asked about how to feel better afterwards,
|
||||
that's kind of a sad note to end on, but I'm afraid we must. Cause we're out of
|
||||
time.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: It's an optimistic note to end on, and the reason is that this is at
|
||||
least one problem that we know how to solve. There are others equally serious where it's
|
||||
not clear that we know, like environmental catastrophes.
|
||||
Judy Cole: That's very true. So on behalf of the MIT Alumni Association, thank you Noam
|
||||
for your insights, and thanks to our viewing audience for joining us. For more information
|
||||
on the Chomsky Archive at the MIT Libraries, visit libraries.mit.edu/chomsky. We encourage
|
||||
you to continue discussing these topics on our blog, Slice of MIT, by following the link
|
||||
that will appear on your screen, and on Twitter by using the hashtag mit-faculty. You can
|
||||
also view an archive of past Faculty Forums Online by visiting the Learn section on the
|
||||
Alumni Association website. Please join us next month for another session of the Faculty
|
||||
Forum Online.
|
||||
3
|
||||
11
|
||||
18
|
||||
26
|
||||
35
|
||||
40
|
||||
49
|
||||
55
|
||||
61
|
||||
67
|
||||
72
|
||||
78
|
||||
84
|
||||
86
|
||||
95
|
||||
104
|
||||
116
|
||||
125
|
||||
136
|
||||
144
|
||||
149
|
||||
156
|
||||
163
|
||||
171
|
||||
178
|
||||
184
|
||||
186
|
||||
193
|
||||
202
|
||||
207
|
||||
216
|
||||
222
|
||||
228
|
||||
232
|
||||
243
|
||||
252
|
||||
259
|
||||
262
|
||||
270
|
||||
280
|
||||
286
|
||||
289
|
||||
296
|
||||
304
|
||||
316
|
||||
328
|
||||
335
|
||||
344
|
||||
353
|
||||
362
|
||||
366
|
||||
374
|
||||
380
|
||||
389
|
||||
397
|
||||
404
|
||||
405
|
||||
410
|
||||
415
|
||||
420
|
||||
428
|
||||
436
|
||||
442
|
||||
451
|
||||
458
|
||||
471
|
||||
476
|
||||
482
|
||||
488
|
||||
496
|
||||
503
|
||||
504
|
||||
512
|
||||
517
|
||||
530
|
||||
538
|
||||
545
|
||||
552
|
||||
562
|
||||
569
|
||||
576
|
||||
583
|
||||
586
|
||||
594
|
||||
600
|
||||
602
|
||||
609
|
||||
616
|
||||
623
|
||||
630
|
||||
639
|
||||
645
|
||||
653
|
||||
660
|
||||
664
|
||||
670
|
||||
675
|
||||
682
|
||||
689
|
||||
696
|
||||
702
|
||||
708
|
||||
714
|
||||
721
|
||||
730
|
||||
738
|
||||
742
|
||||
750
|
||||
757
|
||||
765
|
||||
770
|
||||
776
|
||||
786
|
||||
792
|
||||
800
|
||||
805
|
||||
812
|
||||
818
|
||||
826
|
||||
830
|
||||
831
|
||||
834
|
||||
841
|
||||
848
|
||||
853
|
||||
860
|
||||
870
|
||||
876
|
||||
883
|
||||
890
|
||||
892
|
||||
897
|
||||
905
|
||||
911
|
||||
915
|
||||
923
|
||||
932
|
||||
933
|
||||
934
|
||||
938
|
||||
946
|
||||
954
|
||||
963
|
||||
970
|
||||
975
|
||||
983
|
||||
989
|
||||
997
|
||||
1004
|
||||
1011
|
||||
1017
|
||||
1025
|
||||
1031
|
||||
1037
|
||||
1046
|
||||
1052
|
||||
1060
|
||||
1067
|
||||
1074
|
||||
1082
|
||||
1088
|
||||
1095
|
||||
1101
|
||||
1109
|
||||
1116
|
||||
1121
|
||||
1130
|
||||
1131
|
||||
1136
|
||||
1146
|
||||
1153
|
||||
1162
|
||||
1166
|
||||
1171
|
||||
1178
|
||||
1179
|
||||
1187
|
||||
1194
|
||||
1195
|
||||
1201
|
||||
1208
|
||||
1213
|
||||
1219
|
||||
1226
|
||||
1234
|
||||
1241
|
||||
1246
|
||||
1254
|
||||
1260
|
||||
1268
|
||||
1273
|
||||
1281
|
||||
1287
|
||||
1294
|
||||
1304
|
||||
1310
|
||||
1316
|
||||
1323
|
||||
1326
|
||||
1335
|
||||
1340
|
||||
1344
|
||||
1351
|
||||
1359
|
||||
1365
|
||||
1373
|
||||
1378
|
||||
1382
|
||||
1386
|
||||
1391
|
||||
1393
|
||||
1395
|
||||
1401
|
||||
1402
|
||||
1412
|
||||
1418
|
||||
1421
|
||||
1428
|
||||
1436
|
||||
1441
|
||||
1449
|
||||
1455
|
||||
1461
|
||||
1468
|
||||
1475
|
||||
1482
|
||||
1490
|
||||
1496
|
||||
1504
|
||||
1514
|
||||
1523
|
||||
1528
|
||||
1530
|
||||
1531
|
||||
1538
|
||||
1546
|
||||
1553
|
||||
1558
|
||||
1563
|
||||
1569
|
||||
1578
|
||||
1584
|
||||
1591
|
||||
1598
|
||||
1605
|
||||
1610
|
||||
1617
|
||||
1624
|
||||
1632
|
||||
1636
|
||||
1640
|
||||
1648
|
||||
1658
|
||||
1664
|
||||
1669
|
||||
1671
|
||||
1674
|
||||
1681
|
||||
1682
|
||||
1690
|
||||
1699
|
||||
1705
|
||||
1706
|
||||
1712
|
||||
1719
|
||||
1727
|
||||
1734
|
||||
1741
|
||||
1749
|
||||
1750
|
||||
1756
|
||||
1761
|
||||
1767
|
||||
1774
|
||||
1781
|
||||
1786
|
||||
1794
|
||||
1800
|
||||
1805
|
||||
1813
|
||||
1822
|
||||
1830
|
||||
1837
|
||||
1846
|
||||
1852
|
||||
1858
|
||||
1864
|
||||
1868
|
||||
1875
|
||||
1884
|
||||
1889
|
||||
1894
|
||||
1903
|
||||
1910
|
||||
1921
|
||||
1927
|
||||
1933
|
||||
1939
|
||||
1949
|
||||
1957
|
||||
1968
|
||||
1975
|
||||
1985
|
||||
1994
|
||||
2000
|
||||
2006
|
||||
2011
|
||||
2019
|
||||
2026
|
||||
2032
|
||||
2038
|
||||
2043
|
||||
2049
|
||||
2056
|
||||
2058
|
||||
2061
|
||||
2067
|
||||
2075
|
||||
2082
|
||||
2088
|
||||
2092
|
||||
2098
|
||||
2104
|
||||
2108
|
||||
2111
|
||||
2113
|
||||
2117
|
||||
2122
|
||||
2125
|
||||
2130
|
||||
2138
|
||||
2143
|
||||
2152
|
||||
2157
|
||||
2163
|
||||
2171
|
||||
2179
|
||||
2185
|
||||
2193
|
||||
2199
|
||||
2206
|
||||
2213
|
||||
2219
|
||||
2227
|
||||
2237
|
||||
2244
|
||||
2252
|
||||
2259
|
||||
2266
|
||||
2273
|
||||
2276
|
||||
2281
|
||||
2282
|
||||
2289
|
||||
2295
|
||||
2304
|
||||
2310
|
||||
2316
|
||||
2325
|
||||
2332
|
||||
2338
|
||||
2349
|
||||
2356
|
||||
2363
|
||||
2366
|
||||
2374
|
||||
2378
|
||||
2383
|
||||
2391
|
||||
2400
|
||||
2407
|
||||
2413
|
||||
2422
|
||||
2429
|
||||
2436
|
||||
2448
|
||||
2455
|
||||
2461
|
||||
2468
|
||||
2476
|
||||
2483
|
||||
2489
|
||||
2497
|
||||
2508
|
||||
2518
|
||||
2527
|
||||
2532
|
||||
2540
|
||||
2547
|
||||
2554
|
||||
2561
|
||||
2566
|
||||
2574
|
||||
2582
|
||||
2591
|
||||
2599
|
||||
2605
|
||||
2613
|
||||
2623
|
||||
2628
|
||||
2636
|
||||
2643
|
||||
2644
|
||||
2650
|
||||
2657
|
||||
2664
|
||||
2671
|
||||
2672
|
||||
2678
|
||||
2681
|
||||
2682
|
||||
2685
|
||||
2691
|
||||
2694
|
||||
2700
|
||||
2706
|
||||
2714
|
||||
2720
|
||||
2727
|
||||
2732
|
||||
2738
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,740 @@
|
|||
[Music] ah
|
||||
here [music]
|
||||
after 200 years of independence two countries divided by the powers
|
||||
plundered by the transnational companies we met to find a
|
||||
integration but an integration for liberation our peoples we have
|
||||
coexist integrated world is now that this world is stopped the funds
|
||||
vultures and insatiable banks did not have that also threatens and harasses not
|
||||
we are here to win we are here to form a government we are here to
|
||||
change the country economic terrorists are also those who destabilize the
|
||||
economy of a country and cause poverty hunger and misery from the sin of
|
||||
the high speculation high to the shit out of here the bankers no longer send
|
||||
here they no longer see the media power here to nome in the monetary fund and the
|
||||
international bureaucracy that don't go to the hairdresser here you send
|
||||
free no matter what and whatever it takes
|
||||
today [Music]
|
||||
good night we are tonight before an important event we are going to
|
||||
interview noam chomsky one of the world's most renowned intellectuals
|
||||
within the framework of this exceptional forum that has just taken place in buenos aires- the
|
||||
international forum emancipation and equality a forum that has brought together
|
||||
intellectuals come from practically the entire world intellectuals of enormous
|
||||
prestige come from the usa come from all latin america 'come from many
|
||||
countries in europe and that has tried to reflect on the moment that is being
|
||||
living not only in latin america but also in some european countries
|
||||
where some political organizations first like ciriza for example in
|
||||
Greece has come to power is trying to change things in Spain there is a
|
||||
organization how can we are also showing up to
|
||||
the elections that can come to power that can change things in Spain and
|
||||
in other European countries some organizations are contemplating what
|
||||
It has happened in Latin America 'in progressive countries and it tries, although not
|
||||
imitate but do reflect on the solutions that have been provided in
|
||||
Latin America 'of social inclusion in the fight against neoliberalism and what
|
||||
How could this bridge in Buenos Aires be implemented in Europe?
|
||||
this bridge between europe latin america has been witnessed between reflections in the
|
||||
two continents has been let's say at the center of this
|
||||
international forum and let's say the personality that has been the the center
|
||||
also from this general reflection as he has spent years thinking about what
|
||||
it is precisely a more just world a less unequal world a world with less
|
||||
violence is this American intellectual noam chomsky who now
|
||||
for viewers who do not know him, we will be able to meet him at
|
||||
through this tape that we are going to spread and then we can meet him and I will
|
||||
to have a conversation with noam chomsky so at the moment we see
|
||||
this tape
|
||||
what we are and what we do is just language, they assure not jones that the
|
||||
top intellectual of today linguist philosopher and
|
||||
American political activist was born in Philadelphia in 1928 he entered the
|
||||
university of pennsylvania to study linguistic and mathematical philosophy and
|
||||
he obtained a doctorate in linguistics in 1955 in 1957 chomsky revolutionized the
|
||||
field of theoretical linguistics with the publication of the work structures
|
||||
syntactics based on his doctoral thesis logical structures of theory
|
||||
linguistics in which he raises the existence of a brain device
|
||||
innate that allows you to learn and use language almost instinctively is
|
||||
emeritus professor of linguistics at the massachusetts institute of technology
|
||||
in haiti since 1961 and one of the leading figures in linguistics
|
||||
of the 20th century his academic and intellectual work throughout half a century
|
||||
covers the fields of linguistics communication
|
||||
and sociology his work is very extensive comprising more than 30 books and hundreds
|
||||
of articles chomsky is one of the linguists who have
|
||||
transformed the most essential concepts of general grammar
|
||||
founding the transformational generative grammar according to chomsky being
|
||||
human has a natural faculty that develops language as a mechanism
|
||||
necessary of militant communication of the North American intellectual left
|
||||
is recognized worldwide for having chosen the path of thought and
|
||||
political activism its critical and committed position in relation to capitalism
|
||||
contemporary and foreign policy of the us since the war years of
|
||||
Vietnam to this day this firm decision has allowed him to be a
|
||||
privileged interlocutor in debates on world order problems
|
||||
In numerous articles and public presentations, he highlights that the media
|
||||
communication are strategic instruments subordinate to large
|
||||
economic corporations that dominate the state and civil society
|
||||
good night and business welcome to the set of
|
||||
Argentine public television
|
||||
we are going to tackle a series of themes gathered around three themes
|
||||
individuals let's talk about latin america '
|
||||
we are going to talk about the usa in the world at the present time and we are going to talk also
|
||||
mass communications communication manipulation of spirits a subject or
|
||||
two three topics on which you have reflected a lot I would like
|
||||
ask the first question
|
||||
a few days ago president obama made a statement that is an order
|
||||
executive in which she declared that Venezuela was a threat to the
|
||||
us national security what do you think of this statement from the
|
||||
President Obama
|
||||
[Music] we have to be careful to distinguish
|
||||
two parts of that statement on the one hand one part was real was the
|
||||
imposing sanctions on seven officers Venezuelans the
|
||||
another part is also a technical aspect is the way laws are formulated
|
||||
Americans today when a president imposes a sanction must raw invoke
|
||||
ridiculous statement esther saying there is a security threat
|
||||
national and the existence of the us of the island of granada or whatever
|
||||
that's a technical aspect of American law is so
|
||||
ridiculous that the lender never actually records it if they
|
||||
records in the us but only because this
|
||||
emerged in Latin America the original statement is never mentioned in all its
|
||||
context and I think it's the ninth time obama has invoked the threat to
|
||||
national security and survival usa
|
||||
because it is the only mechanism within its reach by which the law allows it
|
||||
impose a strong sanction, that is, what counts are the sanctions, the rest is
|
||||
an absurd formality that is a history of many years that we could
|
||||
which we could do without but love the case it doesn't mean anything sometimes if for
|
||||
example in 1985 president reagan
|
||||
invoked the same law saying that the state of nicaragua is a threat to the
|
||||
national security and us survival but in that cavern it was true
|
||||
it was fine at a time when the world court had ordered up
|
||||
two husbands who sustraba an end to their attacks against nicaragua
|
||||
with the side the inappropriate use of force against terrorism
|
||||
Nicaragua does not take it into account and the nations security council
|
||||
united considered at that time two functions that asked all states
|
||||
they will respect international law did not mention anyone in particular
|
||||
return and I knew they were on their way refer the United States and states and the
|
||||
second he did the same in both cases in the congress
|
||||
American court asked us to end terrorism
|
||||
international and it will pay for very large repairs and congress
|
||||
what he did was increase the financing
|
||||
of the North American forces that attacked Nicaragua is to say that the
|
||||
government did not expose its veto to the resolution and violated what was being
|
||||
seeing in that context king gun put on his cowboy boots and said it was
|
||||
a threat to the security of states that made sense will remind them of
|
||||
moments he organized a course saying that the Nicaraguan troops are only
|
||||
two days walk from some old cities
|
||||
so we were in big trouble and they couldn't have survived well that
|
||||
man unfortunately it was a reality but now it is not a truncal
|
||||
try to say it's not an extra effort to try to undermine the
|
||||
government of venezuela something that the united states does and that almost always does
|
||||
In those cases they have not met President Hugo
|
||||
chavez
|
||||
On the other hand, President Chavez had great admiration for you
|
||||
he promoted some of his books very insistently
|
||||
What memories do you have of President Chavez and what opinion do you have of him?
|
||||
he deserves president chavez as ruler in particular for his
|
||||
influence in latin america [Music]
|
||||
after the pepper and chavez after they showed the yellow radiation
|
||||
it sold very well and a friend of mine said his book was 2,600,000 in
|
||||
souls
|
||||
ovidio asked me if president chavez could not show my book the book of
|
||||
he
|
||||
that we had with him in science evaluation price I had a
|
||||
day with a friend we basically talked about how he got to
|
||||
power how the united states reacted and many
|
||||
things of that nature
|
||||
Chavez made a very important effort to try to introduce changes
|
||||
substantial in Venezuela and its role in the world is more one of its first
|
||||
Hindu acts was brought to the opep
|
||||
the notorious case of going down to production to increase a price according to what I
|
||||
he said that was the time that the us finally turned against
|
||||
Venezuela used to tolerate it and much more
|
||||
fire with oil supplied cheaply to Cuba and other Caribbean countries
|
||||
efforts to develop or improve the health system in that
|
||||
poverty the missions they got it was an effort within their community
|
||||
entire etcetera this had some degree of success from
|
||||
Steve who faces serious difficulties particularly the
|
||||
incompetence and corruption as dreamed strike etc and the other end
|
||||
it is a difficult context for a venezuela internally and the most important problem
|
||||
serious that has not been overcome and is a problem for Latin America in general
|
||||
insofar as they depend on a new unsustainable format of development
|
||||
economic based on the export of bread
|
||||
one can get with that as argentina brazil among know it but unless
|
||||
the economy diversifies in such a way that it cannot develop
|
||||
from basic car production to industrialization
|
||||
both of agricultural products but the industry that most is not its social model
|
||||
and if you take the developed countries starting with england
|
||||
united states and others all upload originally started exporting
|
||||
basic products for example the case usa was developed because it had almost a
|
||||
monopoly on commodities most important in century but that was the
|
||||
cotton made in slave camps in the usa
|
||||
that there were camps that would have impressed the Nazis if they had
|
||||
could see they failed to increase cotton productivity faster
|
||||
industry had no technical duration apart from the whip they used every time
|
||||
more for three gilded slaves with the widely used torture and other
|
||||
activities to the reptile before cotton production increased very
|
||||
quickly which did not enrich the owners we are slaves
|
||||
for they have put but also development of the manufacturing system if you go for
|
||||
example to the northeast which is a manufacturing area
|
||||
at that time the main expenses were spent on spector and cotton
|
||||
predicted cotton cloth the same as the earth
|
||||
it did not matter usa and they had their first factory and that also developed their
|
||||
financial systems themselves it was an extremely complex move
|
||||
about borrowing funds and other financial stuff and all that from
|
||||
cotton export a trading system financial systems well
|
||||
The US like other developed countries that did not respect what is called the
|
||||
healthy economy under which those principles that today are done with
|
||||
high tariffs and with other mechanisms and exports continued like this until the
|
||||
year 1945 when they could really develop the industrial production of
|
||||
textile steel and other drugs this is how development can be done if a
|
||||
country is self-imitating the importation of basic products is going to be installed and
|
||||
that's what happened in that the economy continues to depend
|
||||
terribly of oil export
|
||||
and this model is also sustainable for the export of soy or other
|
||||
agricultural products in such a way that we have to go through a format
|
||||
other than development like England and the USA and others did for
|
||||
course for example france lived in the 90's the wealth came from the torture of
|
||||
Haitians today sadly continue the same with history
|
||||
knowledge about other countries venezuela has not overcome this obstacle and has
|
||||
other serious internal problems and of course the us exacerbate those
|
||||
problems and I believe that sanctions is an effort to achieve this
|
||||
For me it is a good answer to Venezuela, it would be just letting go
|
||||
ignore sanctions cannot be ignored because they are real
|
||||
but raise what you mentioned the ridiculous claim of threats to the
|
||||
American national security it's important to remember that this in itself we
|
||||
represents like I didn't say it was just a matter of ways
|
||||
It is something that was not reported to the US It is something that is important is the role in the
|
||||
Latin America that counts in that case last December 17
|
||||
President Obama and also President Raul Castro made a
|
||||
joint non-joint statement each for his part in which they announced the
|
||||
normalization of relations between Cuba and the US President Obama in
|
||||
that statement acknowledged that 50 years of US pressure politics
|
||||
Americans with included economic blockade had not produced any
|
||||
result and that you had to change your policy what do you think of this
|
||||
normalization between cuba and the us and how do you see the evolution of relations
|
||||
between Cuba and the United States and its influence for the whole of Latin America '
|
||||
it's not normalizing your first steps to what might be a normalism
|
||||
that is, the embargo, but it will be the restrictions on the neighborhood
|
||||
they can travel debt free but if it is a step towards
|
||||
normalization and it's extremely easy to see what the current rhetoric of the analysis is
|
||||
of obama and suppression do whatever fertile he said 50 years of
|
||||
efforts to bring democracy freedom and human rights agreements
|
||||
have failed and that other countries unfortunately were not supporting us in
|
||||
the reinforcement carmen we have against another way to continue our
|
||||
dedication to the imposition of democracy, freedom and human rights that
|
||||
dominate our benign policies in word plus word plus word
|
||||
less than eight flights the eggs fill up though when a government
|
||||
pronounce something you have to translate it into a cute what does this mean
|
||||
for 50 I have made a terrain of the great is to change an economic struggle
|
||||
simple have left the us totally isolated in
|
||||
a world in Latin America that we have not been able to undermine the government of Cuba in
|
||||
those fifty years with which how about five we close another solution is the
|
||||
translating a little bit of the speech is what it really means or what is
|
||||
can say Spanish or English it is worth remembering that most of these
|
||||
issues are suppressed the North American debates and even
|
||||
Europeans indeed usa campaigned
|
||||
terrorism terrorism against Cuba under Kennedy terrorism was we will include
|
||||
right now there is a debate sometimes about assassination attempts
|
||||
trace that is they made to saturate that those
|
||||
petrochemical facilities bombing hotels where they knew there were Russians who
|
||||
they were housed in killing cattle or a very large campaign that lasted many
|
||||
years but more after the united states will end its terrorism the
|
||||
direct appeared supporting terrorism let's say
|
||||
based on miami from the 90's but the economic war didn't play a part
|
||||
started by jce en haul but really picked up momentum during the era
|
||||
kennedy and got worse after excluding the pretext of economic war was not
|
||||
democracy and the introduction of black brothers but that is cuba was a
|
||||
appendix of the great satan who was russia straight and who had we had to
|
||||
protect ourselves in the same way that we had to protect ourselves from others
|
||||
collapsed in the Soviet union with the embargo the blockade got worse
|
||||
clinton won him the status game to extend the brito block then
|
||||
made a liberal senator much stronger or something weird from being without later
|
||||
Worse still is an effort to strangle that it obviously has nothing to do with
|
||||
with democracy and with human rights it's not even a joke because
|
||||
is the only thing we have to do is look at the North American records of their
|
||||
I support violent terrorist dictatorships not only support them and not
|
||||
impose on them with the case of those destined where the us was the strongest support of the
|
||||
Argentine dictatorship and when they reagan
|
||||
the guatemala government was carrying out a genocide
|
||||
de regan wanted to support them but the congress of the day set certain minutes
|
||||
that's why he said well how about we do it in Argentina we transform them with neo-Nazis
|
||||
to do what we have unfortunately Argentina became the
|
||||
democracy later and that's where they lost that support they had then
|
||||
They went to Israel to continue training the armies of
|
||||
terrorism in guatemala
|
||||
we analyze international relations specialists well no
|
||||
they want to talk about this but in fact it is a very important principle of
|
||||
monetary policy sometimes domain theory for example
|
||||
if the usual argument is that the us lost if the world war but not
|
||||
it's true if we look at internal planning the us achieved the most
|
||||
their goals if not perhaps the maximum goal if we think that the Philippines for
|
||||
example but if the basic objectives that were good similar to those of Cuba if
|
||||
the concern they had in the 50s was that maybe in vietnam it might
|
||||
follow a path of successful independence a radical nationalism like
|
||||
we could call it and so this would be a model for others who would like to follow
|
||||
regions along the same path which could lead to undermine this
|
||||
domain system that could later be copied in thailand for example
|
||||
and in other places governments is a big problem it was indonesia that gave
|
||||
many actions for the resources that they already had the us is worried because
|
||||
japan was sometimes called the super domain
|
||||
it could also follow this desire for independence and become a center
|
||||
industrial in asia in economics also so they lost the facet of the
|
||||
peaceful in war and then there we have the new order of japan already
|
||||
the early 1950s the us was not prepared to tolerate this loss to
|
||||
lose the second war so what they had to do was a henry kissinger
|
||||
I used special terminology to describe this these small countries are
|
||||
like viruses that could transmit diseases to infect us if by
|
||||
example to other places here chile for example that could conquer others
|
||||
countries then we have a the system
|
||||
parliamentary democracy here in chile and could bring this disease to the south of
|
||||
Europe and others could be contaminated with what we could call the car
|
||||
communism in some is a danger what we do if we have
|
||||
a virus that can transmit diseases so it must be destroyed
|
||||
to the virus it is necessary to inoculate the possible victims it is necessary to vaccinate those like
|
||||
imposing these tough military addicts baquba the virus
|
||||
in 62
|
||||
Kennedy had already led the economic war on terrorism and had also
|
||||
made a very important decision one of the most important of his government is
|
||||
change goes the mission of the Latin American military that were controlled
|
||||
For the United States, it replaced by hemispheric defense and became
|
||||
internal security and this of the hemispheric defense was something of the second
|
||||
war this internal security is not something that has no meaning is
|
||||
war against the people against the population and in the towns of
|
||||
Latin America knows what others mean by a neo-Nazi style of terrorism
|
||||
murders here argentina the new the worst cases and we see one after another
|
||||
then you well as the domino pieces were falling in the direction
|
||||
Correct this contagion of terrorism in Cuba was also subject to the
|
||||
huge pressures and why did this change good and change because states
|
||||
sustainable they had what they said is that Cuba was isolated but the opposite the
|
||||
the us are the ones who are isolated and think about the votes the voting in
|
||||
united nations year after year voting on embargo
|
||||
then we have a hundred and one votes on one hand and then we have the countries
|
||||
The United States is almost alone, and in Latin America the cases are so
|
||||
extremes that the congresses of this hemisphere
|
||||
no full agreement is ever reached by the us and canada itself
|
||||
They support the rest of the countries of the hemisphere and we have it in Cuba and Cuba.
|
||||
is a member of this us isolation got to the point where you have to
|
||||
make another kind of effort to undermine and weaken and destroy this virus and this
|
||||
is the correct translation of the words of obama
|
||||
in 1999 another virus appeared but in the opposite direction chavez appeared in
|
||||
Venezuela a number of countries adopted some
|
||||
very different anti-neoliberal programs some governments
|
||||
Progressives began to appear in Latin America 'first in Brazil
|
||||
after venezuela truth with lula then in bolivia with evo morales then
|
||||
in Ecuador on a leash then in Argentina with Kirchner
|
||||
in uruguay with tabare vazquez and mujica and this has spread throughout latin america
|
||||
and indeed, as you have just said, Latin America has left a
|
||||
little of the hands to the us I would like to ask first what
|
||||
opinion do you have of these progressive governments in general of america
|
||||
Latin and second, how is it that the U.S. has been in this situation?
|
||||
of loss of influence in Latin America what you wrote is a
|
||||
very significant change is a point of historical importance and the us are by
|
||||
course the country the power that exercises the most dominance of all the all the
|
||||
world all united no longer have the overwhelming power to destroy governments and
|
||||
impose military dictatorships where you want if you think for example the
|
||||
last 15 years there have been some coups a coup attempt in
|
||||
venezuela in 2002 yes well it worked let's say for a few
|
||||
days nothing more if the us fully supported it but did not have the power to
|
||||
impose the new government or another in haiti in 2004 so there we have the
|
||||
torturers from haiti french usa combined
|
||||
to rip kidnap the president and send him to central africa and
|
||||
keep it hidden there so that it could not even participate in
|
||||
elections well this was successful but haiti is a very weak country there was another
|
||||
case in honduras in 2009 if with obama the military if they got rid of the
|
||||
parliamentary government so there's a democratic excuse from us they didn't want
|
||||
condemn it as a military coup or were isolated in this they were led to
|
||||
After the elections, with the permission of the United States, this military coup supported it.
|
||||
successful and now this country is a mess by completely caught we have a
|
||||
terrible record of the worst human rights and if we see the migration to
|
||||
united states which is a great topic most of it comes from honduras because this
|
||||
country was destroyed by the coup that the us supported
|
||||
so you see some success stories so to speak
|
||||
but not as in the past not as formerly Latin America has now
|
||||
taken a step forward to achieve a certain degree of independence is the
|
||||
correct path forward yes so good the mercosur unasur is lab there
|
||||
different groups representing steps towards integration something totally
|
||||
Celac is completely new because we are not united and Canada remains
|
||||
excluded and this good no one could have thought of this is inconceivable
|
||||
years ago and this is reflected in various places
|
||||
a very interesting recent study if what is called for example the
|
||||
way of reflecting the worst torture in the world we take someone and what
|
||||
we send the worst military dictatorship to torture him and with impunity and
|
||||
we can have information this is the worst form of torture
|
||||
The US has been doing it for years, I live a study to see which countries
|
||||
Middle Eastern countries cooperate of course
|
||||
there we sent them to carry out this random torture syria in egypt they were
|
||||
kadafi libya well they torture well no and the European countries mostly
|
||||
england sweden france all participate then there was a region of the world
|
||||
where no Latin American country participated
|
||||
and this is really striking very interesting when you are america
|
||||
latina was under the control of the us it was a global torture center and now
|
||||
they even refused to participate in this kind of this us torture game and
|
||||
this is a very significant change and it is a sign it really is an event
|
||||
very significant there have been certain partial success stories in america
|
||||
Latina who has led the resistance to this neoliberal game
|
||||
we can call it that also other successes
|
||||
and there is still a long way to go
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
0
|
||||
21
|
||||
34
|
||||
41
|
||||
46
|
||||
50
|
||||
56
|
||||
61
|
||||
66
|
||||
70
|
||||
76
|
||||
83
|
||||
87
|
||||
92
|
||||
101
|
||||
146
|
||||
155
|
||||
161
|
||||
170
|
||||
176
|
||||
181
|
||||
188
|
||||
195
|
||||
200
|
||||
206
|
||||
212
|
||||
216
|
||||
220
|
||||
227
|
||||
233
|
||||
240
|
||||
246
|
||||
253
|
||||
259
|
||||
265
|
||||
277
|
||||
284
|
||||
290
|
||||
297
|
||||
303
|
||||
309
|
||||
313
|
||||
316
|
||||
321
|
||||
326
|
||||
332
|
||||
336
|
||||
344
|
||||
348
|
||||
353
|
||||
357
|
||||
364
|
||||
367
|
||||
373
|
||||
379
|
||||
382
|
||||
388
|
||||
391
|
||||
395
|
||||
400
|
||||
404
|
||||
409
|
||||
414
|
||||
419
|
||||
424
|
||||
429
|
||||
435
|
||||
439
|
||||
443
|
||||
453
|
||||
459
|
||||
465
|
||||
471
|
||||
476
|
||||
481
|
||||
489
|
||||
494
|
||||
498
|
||||
504
|
||||
512
|
||||
518
|
||||
521
|
||||
527
|
||||
533
|
||||
540
|
||||
546
|
||||
554
|
||||
562
|
||||
571
|
||||
576
|
||||
581
|
||||
587
|
||||
592
|
||||
598
|
||||
602
|
||||
608
|
||||
614
|
||||
620
|
||||
625
|
||||
631
|
||||
637
|
||||
644
|
||||
650
|
||||
657
|
||||
665
|
||||
670
|
||||
677
|
||||
681
|
||||
688
|
||||
692
|
||||
697
|
||||
704
|
||||
707
|
||||
713
|
||||
718
|
||||
724
|
||||
728
|
||||
735
|
||||
739
|
||||
744
|
||||
755
|
||||
761
|
||||
765
|
||||
772
|
||||
775
|
||||
782
|
||||
789
|
||||
794
|
||||
797
|
||||
806
|
||||
813
|
||||
825
|
||||
828
|
||||
833
|
||||
839
|
||||
844
|
||||
852
|
||||
855
|
||||
859
|
||||
865
|
||||
871
|
||||
878
|
||||
884
|
||||
890
|
||||
898
|
||||
905
|
||||
911
|
||||
917
|
||||
922
|
||||
929
|
||||
936
|
||||
942
|
||||
948
|
||||
956
|
||||
960
|
||||
966
|
||||
972
|
||||
978
|
||||
983
|
||||
987
|
||||
994
|
||||
1001
|
||||
1006
|
||||
1012
|
||||
1015
|
||||
1023
|
||||
1030
|
||||
1037
|
||||
1042
|
||||
1047
|
||||
1051
|
||||
1057
|
||||
1063
|
||||
1068
|
||||
1078
|
||||
1084
|
||||
1090
|
||||
1097
|
||||
1104
|
||||
1110
|
||||
1117
|
||||
1126
|
||||
1131
|
||||
1138
|
||||
1143
|
||||
1146
|
||||
1155
|
||||
1159
|
||||
1166
|
||||
1177
|
||||
1185
|
||||
1191
|
||||
1196
|
||||
1201
|
||||
1207
|
||||
1211
|
||||
1220
|
||||
1225
|
||||
1230
|
||||
1236
|
||||
1243
|
||||
1249
|
||||
1258
|
||||
1266
|
||||
1274
|
||||
1280
|
||||
1285
|
||||
1294
|
||||
1305
|
||||
1313
|
||||
1320
|
||||
1326
|
||||
1332
|
||||
1339
|
||||
1345
|
||||
1351
|
||||
1355
|
||||
1360
|
||||
1366
|
||||
1373
|
||||
1379
|
||||
1385
|
||||
1391
|
||||
1399
|
||||
1403
|
||||
1408
|
||||
1414
|
||||
1422
|
||||
1426
|
||||
1433
|
||||
1438
|
||||
1443
|
||||
1449
|
||||
1456
|
||||
1464
|
||||
1469
|
||||
1476
|
||||
1483
|
||||
1490
|
||||
1495
|
||||
1500
|
||||
1504
|
||||
1513
|
||||
1524
|
||||
1532
|
||||
1540
|
||||
1545
|
||||
1549
|
||||
1555
|
||||
1561
|
||||
1568
|
||||
1575
|
||||
1581
|
||||
1585
|
||||
1590
|
||||
1594
|
||||
1600
|
||||
1605
|
||||
1608
|
||||
1612
|
||||
1619
|
||||
1626
|
||||
1632
|
||||
1639
|
||||
1645
|
||||
1650
|
||||
1655
|
||||
1661
|
||||
1666
|
||||
1672
|
||||
1678
|
||||
1682
|
||||
1686
|
||||
1694
|
||||
1700
|
||||
1705
|
||||
1711
|
||||
1716
|
||||
1721
|
||||
1726
|
||||
1732
|
||||
1736
|
||||
1741
|
||||
1746
|
||||
1750
|
||||
1753
|
||||
1759
|
||||
1766
|
||||
1770
|
||||
1778
|
||||
1783
|
||||
1789
|
||||
1795
|
||||
1800
|
||||
1805
|
||||
1809
|
||||
1816
|
||||
1823
|
||||
1827
|
||||
1835
|
||||
1841
|
||||
1847
|
||||
1853
|
||||
1858
|
||||
1862
|
||||
1867
|
||||
1873
|
||||
1878
|
||||
1883
|
||||
1891
|
||||
1897
|
||||
1901
|
||||
1909
|
||||
1916
|
||||
1923
|
||||
1928
|
||||
1933
|
||||
1938
|
||||
1944
|
||||
1949
|
||||
1956
|
||||
1960
|
||||
1969
|
||||
1976
|
||||
1985
|
||||
1990
|
||||
1997
|
||||
2002
|
||||
2007
|
||||
2013
|
||||
2018
|
||||
2025
|
||||
2030
|
||||
2037
|
||||
2042
|
||||
2047
|
||||
2054
|
||||
2060
|
||||
2064
|
||||
2071
|
||||
2076
|
||||
2081
|
||||
2086
|
||||
2091
|
||||
2094
|
||||
2099
|
||||
2103
|
||||
2112
|
||||
2116
|
||||
2122
|
||||
2126
|
||||
2131
|
||||
2138
|
||||
2144
|
||||
2151
|
||||
2155
|
||||
2163
|
||||
2166
|
||||
2172
|
||||
2178
|
||||
2185
|
||||
2190
|
||||
2197
|
||||
2202
|
||||
2208
|
||||
2214
|
||||
2221
|
||||
2225
|
||||
2229
|
||||
2236
|
||||
32
cnt/Happy 90th birthday Noam Chomsky! NbjETlxFysE.en.cnt
Normal file
32
cnt/Happy 90th birthday Noam Chomsky! NbjETlxFysE.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
|||
[Music] you snono ali hassoun for cult
|
||||
value sound tim cook art we will have to do our best wishes for her
|
||||
ninetieth birthday because it allows us to thank you for marking the
|
||||
our experience as a linguist
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
schools
|
||||
[Music] graphic than ever by china limited and ipod
|
||||
touch my generation bislacchi and many many generations from tears and of
|
||||
therefore an opportunity for sky with no doubt language
|
||||
main stage
|
||||
the mechanical food designs are fake and dario indie scene did baby jane
|
||||
holl student at france tournaments and modern manas science owes them in one
|
||||
Intellectual connection you will learn Professor Jones' happiness
|
||||
john stephens
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
[Music]
|
||||
5
|
||||
26
|
||||
32
|
||||
36
|
||||
51
|
||||
63
|
||||
72
|
||||
85
|
||||
93
|
||||
98
|
||||
105
|
||||
113
|
||||
140
|
||||
145
|
||||
185
|
||||
194
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
|||
I put a question to most famous linguist in World, on the planet Earth.
|
||||
I asked the professor for his most valuable professional "linquistic" help.
|
||||
It's interesting how other point of view, simply other angle of camera here, can change and changes the whole tone of the event.
|
||||
Similar happens in theatre drama "13 Angry" (see on www.earthrecovery.eu) from the cosmic point of view for the whole space shuttle crew.
|
||||
Could it be misused as an effective tool of propaganda as well?
|
||||
I asked Mr. Chomsky for 'Mr. Chomsky's best linquistic unpolitical help:
|
||||
What language will be most suitable for the planet Earth to recover it, if this happend?
|
||||
Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician, political commentator and activist.
|
||||
Sometimes described as the "father of modern linguistics".
|
||||
Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy.
|
||||
He has spent most of his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is currently Professor Emeritus, and has authored over 100 books.
|
||||
He has been described as a prominent cultural figure, and was voted the "world's top public intellectual" in a 2005 poll.
|
||||
MAKRO film video management 2014
|
||||
Thakns a lot to Richard Cotes from Czech capitol Prague!
|
||||
Thank U Mister Chomsky!
|
||||
0
|
||||
9
|
||||
14
|
||||
27
|
||||
37
|
||||
44
|
||||
50
|
||||
73
|
||||
85
|
||||
95
|
||||
112
|
||||
149
|
||||
167
|
||||
174
|
||||
181
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
|
|||
welcome to the broadcast in conversation with korea today we have a whole
|
||||
special guest one of the most influential thinkers of the week
|
||||
great scientist and professor i speak of noam chomsky his contribution
|
||||
linguistics has the approach to research in this
|
||||
science area that is known worldwide for
|
||||
his political commitment and his search for justice that he and the
|
||||
extremely unfair international politics of the united states always amine
|
||||
condemned for conflict and war and violence
|
||||
imperialism on the whole planet welcomes criticized professor
|
||||
our broadcast in conversation with korea thank you our invitation
|
||||
if they like it here how he is doing very well they live now
|
||||
here in arizona yes i live here in arizona i got some years ago
|
||||
married we are very happy wonderful i congratulate let us
|
||||
Talking about imperialism would help us a lot if you
|
||||
please define the term short six years an entire
|
||||
the term broadly speaking means the term in one or the other
|
||||
others form the ability to control and dominate what
|
||||
others can sometimes do so through extreme violence, such as that
|
||||
invasion of iraq sometimes through financial manipulation like that
|
||||
favoring the migration of capital or the imposition of
|
||||
adjustment programs are carried out in some cases, even the
|
||||
kidnapping a president as happened a few years ago
|
||||
Many different shapes are essentially what the term means
|
||||
ability to exercise control and get away with it in the least
|
||||
to be punished to say it critically
|
||||
I am thinking of the free trade agreements or the adjustment agreements etc
|
||||
there are the deals and also what my friend edward hermann deserves
|
||||
and unworthy victims make a distinction between the invalid victims and theirs
|
||||
fulfill obligations with the agreements
|
||||
the finished do what you want mr professor the world politics of
|
||||
the twenty-first century will consistently rise again from russia
|
||||
and china shaped as new economic powers, especially the usa will become china
|
||||
continue to be the hegemon of international order if you take the time
|
||||
after the second world war, the highlight was the united market
|
||||
states in 1945 at the time the united states owned
|
||||
probably the world's prosperity you had the certainty of control
|
||||
the two oceans and their coasts across the entire western hemisphere
|
||||
they also had an unprecedentedly strong military with nuclear weapons
|
||||
this is a degree of dominance for which there was previously no historical president
|
||||
gave as if crumbling started quite quickly in 1949 something happened
|
||||
what is interestingly in the united states under the term
|
||||
loss inas is known that is a very interesting
|
||||
formulation because I can lose my computer, for example, but not in
|
||||
yours but the prerequisite is only that we occupy the world and if someone has it
|
||||
then we lose independently and the loss of china had one
|
||||
the so-called magical repression had an enormous impact on the domestic market
|
||||
he is considering an enormous effect on foreign policy, such as kennedy
|
||||
whether he attacked us against south vietnam where it was all in china
|
||||
One of his concerns was that the loss of inter china
|
||||
accused it is not ours if we do not
|
||||
check strictly if you look at the
|
||||
period of 1945 you should see that it does
|
||||
the united states has steadily decreased there is one more factor
|
||||
who is usually not measured by economists and political scientists
|
||||
usa live international system in the form of us company
|
||||
meanwhile, the world has changed as a result of neoliberal globalization
|
||||
and if you now look at the property in the world
|
||||
us groups and international companies in the united
|
||||
states are home to around 40 percent of the global economy
|
||||
us groups are leaders in almost all categories of production
|
||||
finance trade in pretty much everything so the national power has in
|
||||
from a certain measure, but from a different point of view it is
|
||||
economic and political power in the united states is still changing
|
||||
and there is still the military area in which nobody is approaching the usa
|
||||
come they spend almost as much on armor as the rest of the world
|
||||
together they are technologically advanced
|
||||
advanced they may have around 800 to
|
||||
900 military bases worldwide but not in manta i will be yours
|
||||
wonderful comment in this regard will never be forgotten
|
||||
i repeat it again and again offer ecuador but has no base either
|
||||
in miami no other country is far from him
|
||||
team set up like the united states
|
||||
i think china certainly has a dynamically developing economy
|
||||
which enables him to have a say in world divorce
|
||||
but it is still a very poor country if you look at the
|
||||
United Nations Human Development Index View Who You Are
|
||||
china finishes at number 90 it has enormous internal problems
|
||||
this includes ecological and demographic problems as well as political ones
|
||||
repression then a lot of inner problems so the developed ones
|
||||
industrialized countries have not professor you mentioned that
|
||||
United States military power in the world exercise
|
||||
according to donald trump, this makes even bigger and better under his government
|
||||
become stronger what is the military strategy of the usa
|
||||
under the government of donald trump the opposite is actually the case
|
||||
in case of trump it becomes weaker less
|
||||
effective it disintegrates internally and loses its international authority
|
||||
and to see that you sat once the trump government moves
|
||||
Towards the destruction of the world by far the most important policy
|
||||
government is the approach to a driver's existential crisis
|
||||
climate change here the united states
|
||||
detached from the whole world every other country feels like it is something
|
||||
be clearing with regard to this actually growing and upcoming
|
||||
crisis the united states are under
|
||||
not only give up your efforts in this area but abandoned
|
||||
Aggressively increase the risk of escalation by becoming even more concerned
|
||||
concentrate the production of fossil fuels
|
||||
the united states are saudi arabia as the largest
|
||||
oust producers of fossil fuels
|
||||
this is devastating i understand it but how do you want the united states
|
||||
get, for example, to sign the environmental contracts if you have one
|
||||
have such strong military power
|
||||
of course, the united states have no capacity to destroy everything
|
||||
question any other nuclear power can do that but we also have to understand
|
||||
that we have reached one point is one of my argument
|
||||
between the leading nuclear powers atomic life for him on the whole
|
||||
extinguish planet worth the first blow he will also have that nuclear power
|
||||
meet him personally chosen because of the consequences of a very
|
||||
probable atomic winter including one out of sheer volume
|
||||
decades or even centuries we have reached an annihilation stand
|
||||
that is already beyond human imaginations
|
||||
based on many years and now it will always be dangerous to see them
|
||||
nuclear war clock in the report sheet the atomic scientists at the 1947
|
||||
was founded every year by a scientist
|
||||
political analyst tries to assess the threat to the world and the
|
||||
minute hand set at midnight
|
||||
midnight means the end of our style and, like many other styles, the watch
|
||||
was set up in 1907 and is set to seven minutes to twelve after that
|
||||
the pointer is moving and it reached two minutes before midnight
|
||||
That was in 1953 when the United States played and only these offer theirs
|
||||
atomic bombs have tested hydrogen bombs that were all capable of it
|
||||
quickly destroyed then the watch has been swinging back and forth for several weeks
|
||||
she is back at the next two minutes before midnight
|
||||
distance since the establishment of the eu very interesting professor that
|
||||
it was the twentieth century and the bloodiest in world history
|
||||
Have you claimed that the world is at even greater risk than the world?
|
||||
the countries' nuclear arsenal faces the war rhetoric
|
||||
between the united states around north korea concrete and predictable
|
||||
take shape
|
||||
it can be done very easily as in this case there is a very doable
|
||||
approach to coping with the crisis this is well known it is a
|
||||
proposal from china has been on the table for years and yes from russia and
|
||||
most countries will support North Korea as well
|
||||
potential support and that makes a lot of sense
|
||||
the approach has freezed david friesen in north korea
|
||||
weapons development and its nuclear weapons development
|
||||
in return you will be frozen hear the united states with theirs
|
||||
threatening military maneuvers on the border with north korea on the usa
|
||||
the most advanced aircraft of the type he once used as 52 can one
|
||||
atomic bomb is constantly transporting and flying over the north korean border
|
||||
that is a serious danger now back to the losers
|
||||
there is the un charter that prohibits a threat or the use of violence
|
||||
threats or violent use are a serious violation of the un
|
||||
charter they are a crime that happens all the time when you see them
|
||||
looking at the history of the united states and north korea is one thing
|
||||
meaningful threat the united states have the country
|
||||
practically flattened in the 15 years so the united states would have to
|
||||
stop these threats and north greens that its weapons development
|
||||
from freezing that could be a basis for negotiation
|
||||
create them in a reasonable and constructive way with the conflicts
|
||||
and the crisis bypasses whatever you can about the north korean government
|
||||
some may think they are the worst government in history
|
||||
It is known that the government is trying to move towards the
|
||||
to move economic development and she told some successes in
|
||||
this fight, however, the weapons programs and the constant confrontation risk
|
||||
if you are an enormous burden you have every reason to be one
|
||||
type of agreement to relax the tensions and a
|
||||
economic development and possibly an agreement too
|
||||
enable if you look at the history of the
|
||||
Negotiations looks really show a lot of propaganda on them
|
||||
That there are many possibilities, the professor considers the main subject of this
|
||||
talk is imperialism let's talk about the internal
|
||||
talking about american problems the same problems as for the
|
||||
rest of mankind violence for example violence is one of the biggest problems
|
||||
of american society how do we solve this problem why do
|
||||
we are not the obvious weapon control that is internal
|
||||
problem in the united states it's a real cultural and social
|
||||
illness the deaths from the north are about 25 in the united states
|
||||
times as high as in comparable countries in all countries that do not like
|
||||
Syria war is 25 times higher and there is one
|
||||
widespread i cant even believe it then a widespread kind
|
||||
passion in the usa that says that God has the right here
|
||||
To carry an assault rifle in a cafe if you want to drink coffee without
|
||||
curve youth but where does it come from that there will be a lot about the saint
|
||||
missed the commitments of the second additional article
|
||||
do you know when it started in 2008 it's not american
|
||||
history and now additional articles had existed
|
||||
but in 2008 it became a judgment 2a and gods do it
|
||||
judgment in the washington dc trial against helga was not only very interesting
|
||||
interesting what is but also the way it is handled
|
||||
the decision was very tight that is when you look at the second addition rtl
|
||||
it is said to maintain a well-organized civil service
|
||||
people have the right to carry weapons and the debate was about it
|
||||
whether it means that wearing the right weapons is a requirement for the
|
||||
founding the citizen via is or whether it is an individual right is independent
|
||||
from the civil defense that is the debate and the decision
|
||||
from richter scale to a highly respected lawyer is a so-called original
|
||||
says that we are on the intentions of those people who are the law
|
||||
have decided that it is a
|
||||
individual rights and is not dependent on animals, then there is
|
||||
the debate among lawyers whether it is a form of civil defense as a tea or not
|
||||
all of this is totally irrelevant if you are a real original
|
||||
goals of the founding fathers looking back why did people want back then
|
||||
examining weapons it's very easy to kill Indians
|
||||
and to control slaves why do you need a civil defense because
|
||||
The British came first of all, regardless of what history
|
||||
means that is somehow used today no
|
||||
the second additional article has no applicability these discussions are
|
||||
completely irrelevant for the facts if you asked why this
|
||||
Weapons needed so they had these larvae and I did
|
||||
cruelest belief system in human history under control
|
||||
keep going on the continent
|
||||
Spread honors to advise the population that is why they have weapons
|
||||
this is an interesting story in connection with the
|
||||
second additional article if you pay attention but what is discussed
|
||||
almost completely irrelevant and that is the reason why the decision from the
|
||||
year 2008 which has unexplained 100 years of traditional opinion
|
||||
which said that it is not an individual right but that it is only with one
|
||||
civil defense connected
|
||||
let's talk about the relationship between the usa and latin america
|
||||
speak professor as you know i come from
|
||||
Latin America will see the increase in right nationally oriented
|
||||
governments in latin america negatively affect relations with the usa from the
|
||||
achievements of the so-called pink tat have not yet been destroyed
|
||||
for example, there are no us military bases
|
||||
there is a certain degree of military interference but no direct one
|
||||
military bases not in ecuador is even more interesting that the iwf the
|
||||
actually part of the United States Treasury Department was exiled from there
|
||||
but they can still come back they try to come back just like
|
||||
the military tries to come back but it differentiates states and
|
||||
what was once the time when the united states was one
|
||||
overthrown government is over politician see eg the military
|
||||
delete and support that but you cannot do that by inserting a
|
||||
military dictatorship in brazil compare to the largest country in the south
|
||||
hemisphere you can in case of electoral fraud
|
||||
help but that can not be compared with the state he
|
||||
only recently the terror in central america dominated the sea cloud
|
||||
eighties hosted this horror as the usa date in every country
|
||||
and support every region and if they don't the army
|
||||
Then the guerrilla forces that attacked the country were able to control
|
||||
you can no longer do that so yes there were thunderstorms also social internal
|
||||
winner there is a regression a lot of problems
|
||||
but i believe that there were many achievements i have to give them
|
||||
contradict professor people have changed but
|
||||
you can still overthrow governments in latin america you used to
|
||||
example the mass media to destabilize governments governments
|
||||
by stabilizing but this is very different from the military coup
|
||||
ruin like it used to go unpunished for years
|
||||
without wanting to fall back on history for a long time
|
||||
or let's take, for example, the military
|
||||
optimal wave of repression since I was early
|
||||
60s riva latin america is in business and likes to be in the news
|
||||
arrived in guatemala something like that is no longer in the night of the united
|
||||
states
|
||||
how do you rate the politics of the usa in relation to venezuela
|
||||
in venezuela there are many international players from russia and
|
||||
china who have important interests there and the neighboring country is colombia
|
||||
an important military ally of the usa, you can stand up for venezuela
|
||||
similar scenario to imagine for syria i don't think so
|
||||
venezuela has very serious problems but the usa is unable to meet one
|
||||
to initiate military policy there or to attack the country
|
||||
i think this is highly unlikely the usa has this
|
||||
just doesn't do anymore you enjoy the support this
|
||||
The United Kingdom was afraid of another subject, Professor
|
||||
Julian Assange is not allowed to be the Ecuadorian embassy in London
|
||||
leave it to believe that with the demands
|
||||
the usa after its delivery, the usa has no connection
|
||||
explicitly asked for the design of the delivery but I think
|
||||
it is generally believed that he will end up panama someday if he does
|
||||
I'm pretty sure I'm leaving the embassy now
|
||||
professor let's continue talking about latin america
|
||||
that is the unbalanced government of the world there alongside both extremely rich
|
||||
as well as extremely poor people this is of course a distribution problem
|
||||
there is no shortage of resources we have many resources that are bad
|
||||
and technically we have solutions for it and
|
||||
more progressive tax system e.g.
|
||||
or at least tax recovery or tax recovery funding from
|
||||
starts initiatives to create equal opportunities for everyone
|
||||
state schools for everyone, for example a state health system and such
|
||||
further control of market power observance of freedom rights
|
||||
better distribution of national resources
|
||||
the problem is not technical but politics, that would be the elite
|
||||
damage that has always ruled us these elites own like factories and
|
||||
The mass media sees every government will try to solve this problem
|
||||
attacked
|
||||
but these attacks can be returned
|
||||
and there have actually been advances in preserving educational opportunities
|
||||
eg that has changed so much in brazil for example where my wife
|
||||
coming from under lula, large population groups had access to education
|
||||
and where is lula now that is his fight you know what is happening there for
|
||||
changes are not easy this is an ongoing struggle it is
|
||||
striking that he is by far the most popular politician in the country
|
||||
tried not to admit him to the elections but 30 years ago they had
|
||||
usa simply introduced a military dictatorship, so a lot has happened
|
||||
changed
|
||||
we come to my last question professor how would you solve this problem
|
||||
approach if you were an honest latin american president like that
|
||||
like you did in ecuador mother like julia in brazil or
|
||||
morales in bolivia there were many defects everything far from
|
||||
perfection for what a lot was wrong let us take that alone brazil
|
||||
most important country lula never succeeded
|
||||
basic economic countries who hasn't really tried it
|
||||
raw material export internal development which is very different from the east asian
|
||||
makes a difference but they did the opposite
|
||||
corruption was enormously widespread and that can be overcome and that
|
||||
is also the task thanks a lot professor it was a pleasure for me
|
||||
thank you for accepting our invitation
|
||||
I hope to see you again soon
|
||||
many thanks many thanks to all viewers that you
|
||||
have watched the show in conversation with korea until next time
|
||||
Goodbye
|
||||
0
|
||||
5
|
||||
10
|
||||
16
|
||||
20
|
||||
24
|
||||
29
|
||||
33
|
||||
38
|
||||
44
|
||||
47
|
||||
54
|
||||
58
|
||||
63
|
||||
67
|
||||
75
|
||||
80
|
||||
85
|
||||
90
|
||||
95
|
||||
100
|
||||
104
|
||||
109
|
||||
113
|
||||
118
|
||||
122
|
||||
132
|
||||
137
|
||||
142
|
||||
144
|
||||
153
|
||||
157
|
||||
164
|
||||
172
|
||||
177
|
||||
185
|
||||
190
|
||||
196
|
||||
202
|
||||
207
|
||||
214
|
||||
219
|
||||
222
|
||||
229
|
||||
235
|
||||
241
|
||||
247
|
||||
255
|
||||
260
|
||||
267
|
||||
271
|
||||
275
|
||||
282
|
||||
287
|
||||
293
|
||||
298
|
||||
304
|
||||
309
|
||||
314
|
||||
319
|
||||
325
|
||||
331
|
||||
335
|
||||
341
|
||||
347
|
||||
354
|
||||
357
|
||||
363
|
||||
370
|
||||
374
|
||||
379
|
||||
382
|
||||
385
|
||||
390
|
||||
394
|
||||
400
|
||||
405
|
||||
411
|
||||
416
|
||||
421
|
||||
427
|
||||
431
|
||||
436
|
||||
441
|
||||
448
|
||||
452
|
||||
458
|
||||
464
|
||||
470
|
||||
475
|
||||
479
|
||||
485
|
||||
490
|
||||
493
|
||||
498
|
||||
503
|
||||
507
|
||||
512
|
||||
516
|
||||
524
|
||||
530
|
||||
537
|
||||
543
|
||||
549
|
||||
554
|
||||
560
|
||||
565
|
||||
569
|
||||
574
|
||||
579
|
||||
583
|
||||
591
|
||||
597
|
||||
601
|
||||
607
|
||||
613
|
||||
620
|
||||
628
|
||||
632
|
||||
640
|
||||
645
|
||||
650
|
||||
654
|
||||
662
|
||||
667
|
||||
672
|
||||
677
|
||||
682
|
||||
685
|
||||
691
|
||||
697
|
||||
704
|
||||
709
|
||||
713
|
||||
718
|
||||
723
|
||||
729
|
||||
738
|
||||
745
|
||||
751
|
||||
757
|
||||
763
|
||||
769
|
||||
775
|
||||
781
|
||||
786
|
||||
791
|
||||
796
|
||||
800
|
||||
804
|
||||
809
|
||||
813
|
||||
817
|
||||
821
|
||||
827
|
||||
833
|
||||
837
|
||||
842
|
||||
845
|
||||
850
|
||||
858
|
||||
862
|
||||
868
|
||||
873
|
||||
878
|
||||
884
|
||||
890
|
||||
897
|
||||
902
|
||||
907
|
||||
913
|
||||
919
|
||||
924
|
||||
928
|
||||
933
|
||||
939
|
||||
943
|
||||
950
|
||||
957
|
||||
963
|
||||
969
|
||||
974
|
||||
980
|
||||
986
|
||||
992
|
||||
996
|
||||
1002
|
||||
1010
|
||||
1013
|
||||
1018
|
||||
1022
|
||||
1027
|
||||
1032
|
||||
1036
|
||||
1040
|
||||
1045
|
||||
1049
|
||||
1056
|
||||
1061
|
||||
1065
|
||||
1069
|
||||
1072
|
||||
1076
|
||||
1080
|
||||
1085
|
||||
1089
|
||||
1094
|
||||
1099
|
||||
1103
|
||||
1106
|
||||
1109
|
||||
1113
|
||||
1120
|
||||
1125
|
||||
1129
|
||||
1134
|
||||
1142
|
||||
1150
|
||||
1156
|
||||
1161
|
||||
1167
|
||||
1172
|
||||
1178
|
||||
1183
|
||||
1185
|
||||
1191
|
||||
1196
|
||||
1202
|
||||
1206
|
||||
1210
|
||||
1215
|
||||
1219
|
||||
1223
|
||||
1228
|
||||
1234
|
||||
1240
|
||||
1245
|
||||
1249
|
||||
1253
|
||||
1258
|
||||
1262
|
||||
1267
|
||||
1273
|
||||
1275
|
||||
1280
|
||||
1284
|
||||
1289
|
||||
1294
|
||||
1302
|
||||
1307
|
||||
1311
|
||||
1316
|
||||
1319
|
||||
1328
|
||||
1333
|
||||
1337
|
||||
1345
|
||||
1350
|
||||
1355
|
||||
1360
|
||||
1365
|
||||
1371
|
||||
1376
|
||||
1382
|
||||
1386
|
||||
1391
|
||||
1400
|
||||
1405
|
||||
1411
|
||||
1416
|
||||
1419
|
||||
1426
|
||||
1433
|
||||
1442
|
||||
1444
|
||||
1448
|
||||
1453
|
||||
1459
|
||||
1467
|
||||
1474
|
||||
1478
|
||||
1482
|
||||
1486
|
||||
1490
|
||||
1493
|
||||
1498
|
||||
1503
|
||||
1509
|
||||
1515
|
||||
1521
|
||||
1525
|
||||
1530
|
||||
1535
|
||||
1539
|
||||
1545
|
||||
1551
|
||||
1554
|
||||
1557
|
||||
1563
|
||||
1567
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
892
cnt/Module 3 Interview with prof Noam Chomsky VsyOVxEqJsI.en.cnt
Normal file
892
cnt/Module 3 Interview with prof Noam Chomsky VsyOVxEqJsI.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,892 @@
|
|||
Hello, and welcome to our expert interview for the third module.
|
||||
Today we are honored to have a linguist with us who needs no introduction,
|
||||
Professor Noam Chomsky.
|
||||
Thank you and nice that you could schedule us.
|
||||
>> I am happy to talk to you.
|
||||
>> Shall we start right away if that's okay?
|
||||
>> Sure, of course, yes.
|
||||
>> So first of all, and I am sure you have answered this question many times before,
|
||||
But I think it is something that certainly interests the participants of this course
|
||||
and that is the original reason that you have immersed yourself in linguistics.
|
||||
[LAUGH] >> The real reasons?
|
||||
>> Well.
|
||||
[LAUGH] >> I was 16 years old
|
||||
and student at the University of Pennsylvania, and
|
||||
I had gone to college with great expectations.
|
||||
The study offer seemed very exciting.
|
||||
>> [LAUGH] >> The high school was very boring,
|
||||
and this seemed like a way out, but pretty much every college I attended offered
|
||||
just more boring high school material and I lost interest.
|
||||
There was one college I was very interested in, Arabic.
|
||||
With a good professor.
|
||||
A learned scholar, an Italian anti-Fascist immigrant, it was 1945.
|
||||
Giorgio Levi Della Vida
|
||||
I was about to quit my studies, it was so boring.
|
||||
When I happened to meet Zellig Harris through separate relationships.
|
||||
Political, common political interest.
|
||||
And he was a very impressive person, and
|
||||
I always enjoyed talking to him.
|
||||
And he asked me a book from his hand that
|
||||
would appear soon to correct.
|
||||
It later appeared as 'Methods in structural linguistics'.
|
||||
It was my introduction to the field.
|
||||
Then he suggested that I attend his lectures, which I did, and
|
||||
then he suggested other lectures to other members of the faculty.
|
||||
Philosophy, mathematics, and I started this.
|
||||
I ended up with a very strange university education,
|
||||
which consisted of a mixed bag of lectures.
|
||||
[LAUGH] Without professional certificates, but
|
||||
I became more and more interested in the field.
|
||||
I had some background, my father was a Hebrew scholar.
|
||||
>> Yes. His dissertation covered
|
||||
Kimhi and Medieval Hebrew Grammar
|
||||
And when I was maybe 12 or 13, I read being
|
||||
dissertation and some works on the history of Semitic.
|
||||
I was interested in this and all this was taken into this common interest.
|
||||
>> Yes.
|
||||
So it all came together at some point?
|
||||
>> Yes. >> It felt-
|
||||
>> Real certificates and linguistics or
|
||||
anything like that would never be allowed into a respectable department.
|
||||
>> [LAUGH].
|
||||
>> [LAUGH] Okay, so
|
||||
I think you have studied linguistics all your life and
|
||||
What is the language like
|
||||
fascinating that you continued to study it?
|
||||
>> Well, language has been recognized for centuries by philosophers,
|
||||
by scientists: Descartes, Darwin the whole list,
|
||||
>> Yes. >> as the essential human gift,
|
||||
the impressive ability that distinguishes people from other organisms.
|
||||
That is the traditional view, and I think there is extensive evidence for it.
|
||||
And it is an essential characteristic of man.
|
||||
It is the source of creativity or
|
||||
originality or mind and what not,
|
||||
the ability to plan something in a way that is unique in the animal world.
|
||||
And when we do, it also has some very strange features when you get there
|
||||
looks at it carefully.
|
||||
So language is one, what is considered a digital infinite system.
|
||||
It is infinite.
|
||||
There is no limit to the amount of expressions you can produce and
|
||||
mountain pipes.
|
||||
Which is always interesting because how do you obtain infinite capacity
|
||||
from a finite amount of data?
|
||||
>> Yep.
|
||||
>> And it is also digital, it is not continuous,
|
||||
as for example the communication system of bees is a continuous system.
|
||||
>> yes. >> Language is a digital system;
|
||||
sentences with five words, sentences with six words, but not sentences with five and a half words.
|
||||
And digital infinity is an interesting feature.
|
||||
This was fairly well established in the mid-20th century.
|
||||
The theory of computation, the mathematical theory of computation and so on.
|
||||
And it became possible, then, really for the first time to try
|
||||
accurately determine the nature of this property.
|
||||
And it is, there are many interesting,
|
||||
It is quite unusual in the organic world.
|
||||
You don't find such systems.
|
||||
And according to tradition, it was very difficult
|
||||
because the concept of digital infinity, computability,
|
||||
theoretically was not really clearly understood until
|
||||
about the middle of the 20th century,
|
||||
within mathematics and beyond it was-.
|
||||
>> So-.
|
||||
>> Yes-.
|
||||
>> So would it be appropriate to summarize it as follows
|
||||
that it is both the mathematician
|
||||
elements of the system and how,
|
||||
by studying language, you can study how we are put together.
|
||||
>> Yes, the essence of human beings. >> Yes, the essence of humanity.
|
||||
>> What kind of creature we are.
|
||||
This is our kind.
|
||||
It's not the whole story, but it's a ...
|
||||
But that combination of accessibility to formal issues,
|
||||
is carefully formal questions and human significance, I think,
|
||||
an irresistible combination.
|
||||
>> Yes, yes.
|
||||
Well, of course we totally agree.
|
||||
>> Yeah. [LAUGH] >> If, you know, beginning linguists.
|
||||
Yes, another question we have is what is most surprising
|
||||
what you know now, but what you did not know when you started linguistics?
|
||||
>> Well, in the very beginning ...
|
||||
First, I have to say the following, in connection with what you said before,
|
||||
that this was not the way language was viewed at the time.
|
||||
>> Yes.
|
||||
>> In fact, the general view was that languages
|
||||
may vary arbitrarily, and that each language was different from all others.
|
||||
You should not approach a specific copy with any presuppositions and that
|
||||
language simply ... A good example of how language was understood was actually
|
||||
Harris' book 'Methods in structural linguistics'.
|
||||
It was a collection of procedures,
|
||||
that a linguist can use in the field
|
||||
to organize the materials he collects from an informant.
|
||||
That's what linguistics was about.
|
||||
There was theoretically not much to say,
|
||||
and maybe some things about, you know, the structure of phonology,
|
||||
what characteristics there are.
|
||||
But beyond that, not very much.
|
||||
And that was because it was not possible at the time,
|
||||
it is not intended as a criticism to establish what a generative procedure is.
|
||||
What is an infinite generative procedure?
|
||||
>> Mm-hm.
|
||||
>> But most of all, it was pretty clear in the beginning,
|
||||
say around 1950, anything, any language
|
||||
had some sort of basic property that she should share with all languages.
|
||||
That is a generative procedure that
|
||||
produces an infinite collection of hierarchically structured expressions.
|
||||
>> Mm-hm.
|
||||
>> Each of them has a fixed interpretation of two,
|
||||
on the interface of two other biological systems.
|
||||
The sensory motor system for externalization and the internal,
|
||||
conceptual, planning thinking system that sometimes leads to a conceptual,
|
||||
intentional system.
|
||||
So there are two external conditions to which the generative
|
||||
procedure must comply.
|
||||
And this system had to evolve somehow.
|
||||
There was a time when it wasn't there.
|
||||
Now it is here.
|
||||
it is apparently uniform among men.
|
||||
There are no known differences in linguistic capacity within the human species.
|
||||
So for example if you take someone from an Amazon-
|
||||
tribe that has not had contact with other people
|
||||
in the last 20,000 years and you bring him to say, Boston.
|
||||
Then he will be like my grandchildren.
|
||||
Conversely, there is no known linguistic or other coginitive difference.
|
||||
>> Yes. >> So somehow something came up,
|
||||
that is certain.
|
||||
And it seems quite recent, but we didn't know it at the time.
|
||||
But now it is quite clear, fairly clear, that it is not
|
||||
has evolved in the last 50 or 60,000 years since man left Africa.
|
||||
And if you go back further, not long before in evolutionary time,
|
||||
there is no evidence that this existed, that would be anachronistic.
|
||||
What I say is now reasonably known, when it was not known.
|
||||
What was known was that it somehow evolved and
|
||||
that it seems the same to all people.
|
||||
Now that raises a very serious question.
|
||||
It suggests that when you try a linguistic, a grammar,
|
||||
to write a grammar of a certain language, it seems extremely difficult.
|
||||
>> [LAUGH] >> Each seems very different
|
||||
than the last one you tried.
|
||||
And that's why the mechanisms that you have to put forward are for
|
||||
this principle is extremely complicated.
|
||||
If you look at early generative grammars from the 1950s, 1960s,
|
||||
then the theoretical frame of reference
|
||||
very complex actions, mutual guidelines of actions.
|
||||
And that seemed necessary to be adequate at least in the description.
|
||||
to try to capture the data.
|
||||
But it was obvious that this could not be correct.
|
||||
For example, there is no way they could be taught.
|
||||
And for another reason, they couldn't ...
|
||||
it could not have evolved, the system, this complex.
|
||||
So the correct answer must somehow be that,
|
||||
there is an extremely simple system that somehow generates this diversity and
|
||||
this complexity, only for the interaction of extremely simple principles and
|
||||
general laws of nature, which are probably laws of computation.
|
||||
But that seemed like an idle dream at the time.
|
||||
>> [LAUGH] >> The most interesting discovery is that
|
||||
it doesn't seem like a vain dream.
|
||||
>> Hm. >> There is reason today, I think,
|
||||
to take seriously a thesis that can demonstrate,
|
||||
but I think we are close, that language is an almost perfect system.
|
||||
This means a perfect system would be a system that conforms to universal and
|
||||
linguistic conditions of arithmetic effectiveness.
|
||||
>> Hm.
|
||||
>> These are essentially natural laws that use the simplest possible
|
||||
generative action, combinatorial action.
|
||||
We know what it is.
|
||||
And then, by the way it works, it produces the visible diversity
|
||||
a complexity of languages due to minor adjustments here and there.
|
||||
>> Hm. >> That sometimes leads to a strong,
|
||||
minimalistic assumption.
|
||||
And it would have seemed crazy 20 years ago, hopelessly
|
||||
impossible 50 years ago, but now more or less plausible.
|
||||
>> So, what you are saying is that it is actually all surprisingly simple.
|
||||
Or is it surprisingly orderly, perhaps?
|
||||
>> It's almost, it's a possible assumption, that maybe
|
||||
your generation proves that language approaches a perfect system.
|
||||
>> [LAUGH] >> It's close, at the core,
|
||||
it approaches the optimal way to meet the conditions of the interface.
|
||||
And there is more. At this time,
|
||||
I think this is, I'm not talking about consensus in the field at all.
|
||||
This is my personal opinion, and from a few other people.
|
||||
I think at this time, there is growing evidence that the relationship to the interfaces
|
||||
is asymmetrical.
|
||||
That is that in particular the relationship of the sensory motor system, the
|
||||
externalization, is secondary.
|
||||
It is a secondary property.
|
||||
The core system of the teaching of synthetic language and
|
||||
semantics and so on,
|
||||
is independent of the properties of externalization.
|
||||
So in particular, for example, it is independent of a linear word order.
|
||||
We need to speak.
|
||||
The words should come out in a linear order.
|
||||
>> Yes.
|
||||
>> But I think this is only a property of the articular system.
|
||||
But it is not a language, it is a filter through which language must pass.
|
||||
And if you look at other systems of externalization, like gestures,
|
||||
we now know, 40 to 50 years ago this was still unknown, but
|
||||
now it is known that gestures are essentially the same as spoken language.
|
||||
>> Right.
|
||||
>> Right.
|
||||
>> It has remarkable similar properties, however
|
||||
externalization differs because it is a different modality.
|
||||
So you can use simultaneity in gestures or
|
||||
spatial orientation, for example anaphors for a reference
|
||||
and so on, in ways you cannot use in spoken language.
|
||||
And if you have other modalities, different circumstances,
|
||||
but if this is correct, and I think there is a good reason to believe it is,
|
||||
then almost all current linguistic work is a peripheral system.
|
||||
>> It works on a system of externalization.
|
||||
And that makes sense in a practical sense.
|
||||
So for example if you want to, say, learn Dutch,
|
||||
they don't have to, they can't learn the fundamental principles.
|
||||
Nobody knows these so they cannot be taught.
|
||||
What you learn is the pronunciation, vocabulary, word order facts or
|
||||
such things that seem particularly superficial.
|
||||
>> Yes. >> Very complicated, but
|
||||
extremely superficial.
|
||||
And apparently
|
||||
this has no consequences for the core of syntax and semantics,
|
||||
which is independent of this.
|
||||
And so for example, the relationship between a verb and a direct object,
|
||||
a transitive verb and a direct object are semantically the same
|
||||
whether the verb precedes or follows the direct object, it doesn't matter, you know.
|
||||
And that seems to apply in general
|
||||
for some interesting properties of language.
|
||||
>> So if that's right,
|
||||
as I suspect, then the core principle,
|
||||
the basic principle that I mentioned at the beginning,
|
||||
an infinite collection of hierarchical structures continues
|
||||
the link to the interfaces should actually be link to one interface - the idea
|
||||
>> Yes, conceptual >> interface.
|
||||
Furthermore, there is another system that has to do with externalization,
|
||||
reveal what is going on internally in your mind.
|
||||
Which probably takes place mainly unconsciously.
|
||||
Well there is another option, I think,
|
||||
which seems to me increasingly plausible that many of the
|
||||
mental processes that work when you interpret something,
|
||||
understands, creates, expresses, not only unconsciously,
|
||||
but beyond the level of consciousness.
|
||||
>> Yes. Actually we had,
|
||||
this has something to do with another question we had.
|
||||
because you are currently also involved in bio-linguistics.
|
||||
And what is the focus of that field, we would like to know.
|
||||
And can you perhaps explain something about this topic?
|
||||
About bio-linguistics?
|
||||
>> Well, this also brings us back about 65 years.
|
||||
Around 1950 when this kind of work started,
|
||||
there was some sort of what you can call party policy.
|
||||
A widely supported >> [LAUGH]
|
||||
>> consensus in the field, it was,
|
||||
it was essentially behavioral science.
|
||||
you studied behavior, organized behavior.
|
||||
Within linguistics you study the organization and organization,
|
||||
and the patterns of data you collect ...
|
||||
and things, language learned through training,
|
||||
by habit, this development may not have been
|
||||
natural selection or something, but ...
|
||||
Only a few people and I had a different vision,
|
||||
actually three students.
|
||||
One of them is in the office next to me, Morris Halle,
|
||||
the other is Eric Lenneberg, the founder of the biology of language.
|
||||
The three of us were students at Harvard in the late 1950s.
|
||||
And we strongly disagreed with the prevailing view.
|
||||
Part of the disagreement was the acknowledgment of what
|
||||
a truth to me seems like a cow, but what is widely contested.
|
||||
And that is that language, your language is an internal property of you,
|
||||
that is within you,
|
||||
it is not in the world.
|
||||
It's in your brain, somehow rendered.
|
||||
nowadays sometimes described as "I-language" and internal language.
|
||||
>> Yes. >> As an internal language
|
||||
property of a person.
|
||||
Then it is a biological system.
|
||||
And you wonder what kind of biological system it is.
|
||||
It is bio-linguistics, and there was not much to say about it at the time.
|
||||
But over the years it has become a bigger topic.
|
||||
Eric Lenneberg's book
|
||||
Foundations of biology of language, or something like that.
|
||||
Released in 1967, and is still best in many ways.
|
||||
I think he offers the best treatise on the evolution of language,
|
||||
one of the best...
|
||||
out there, but on all these topics
|
||||
thought about it, but there was not much to say about it.
|
||||
So let's say the evolution of language,
|
||||
these were subjects that were simply discussed.
|
||||
It had to be recognized that the system evolved in some way, and
|
||||
that it had to be simple enough to evolve.
|
||||
It is a condition, sort of an overarching condition
|
||||
in the construction of linguistic theories.
|
||||
And it showed that they must all be incorrect.
|
||||
Because they are far too complex to possibly have evolved.
|
||||
That's actually the motivation to look for something,
|
||||
like what I call the Minimalist Program.
|
||||
>> Yes.
|
||||
>> It could have evolved, the question is whether it is possible.
|
||||
But there was not much literature about it.
|
||||
There were many meetings, conferences, symposia ...
|
||||
For many years I gave a lecture together with a
|
||||
laureate in Biology at MIT, however
|
||||
very little came out because there was not much to say about it.
|
||||
Linguistic theories were too complex
|
||||
to approach wisely, both in the area of acquisition and
|
||||
evolvability. In the 1980s,
|
||||
1990 started to change that, there were things to say about it.
|
||||
A significant change came about 1980 when the so-called
|
||||
principles and parameters approach crystallized.
|
||||
That was an opening to many possibilities.
|
||||
The earlier approach to linguistic theory within this general
|
||||
The framework was that linguistic theory provided a kind of format for grammar.
|
||||
Every grammar of every special language had to fit in that format.
|
||||
And you chose that grammar based on an evaluation of measured data.
|
||||
The idea is that a child has data, there is a fixed format in his head,
|
||||
that is genetically determined.
|
||||
And then it picks the simplest grammar in terms of
|
||||
the technique of measuring, given the data.
|
||||
That basically produces an answer on how to acquire a language,
|
||||
but it doesn't work because it requires astronomical calculations.
|
||||
So it is totally impracticable.
|
||||
As it is understood, it is basically
|
||||
possible, but it may not be correct.
|
||||
The principles and parameters approach that
|
||||
crystallized in the early 1980s offered a different view.
|
||||
The principles are fixed, they are part of the genetic legacy,
|
||||
and we hope to make them simple enough.
|
||||
So that they can have evolved, that's what we have come to call the Minimalist Program,
|
||||
it's just the continuation of the effort since the early 1950s,
|
||||
which hopefully leads to the Minimalist Program or
|
||||
something like that as a possible answer.
|
||||
The parameters are the options available for the tests to determine the data given and
|
||||
there is quite interesting work in the field of parameter setting and
|
||||
the choices and arrangement of parameters and so on.
|
||||
Another interesting evolutionary problem has been added.
|
||||
Where did the parameters come from?
|
||||
And there are a few interesting ideas about this.
|
||||
One possibility that is being investigated is that there are actually no parameters.
|
||||
It is just that the principles
|
||||
are under-specified
|
||||
in some ways.
|
||||
>> And that specification of what
|
||||
underspecified gives the various options.
|
||||
If that turns out to be true,
|
||||
then that solves the evolvability problem.
|
||||
But it is very hard work.
|
||||
To show in detail that the hits,
|
||||
the superficial diversity and complexity you see are actually misleading.
|
||||
And that they can be reduced to a few basic, simple principles.
|
||||
And this is fairly well known in science.
|
||||
And I think in every science you look at, the data seems hopelessly complex.
|
||||
This was the case in physics when Galileo and
|
||||
his associates tried to find the basics of movement,
|
||||
they were mainly ridiculed
|
||||
because it is clear that it is hopelessly complex.
|
||||
Just look at the leaves blowing in the wind and so on.
|
||||
>> Yes. >> And it took a long time before
|
||||
they understood you
|
||||
can explain various and complex phenomena in terms of simple principles
|
||||
if you can find out what they are and how they function.
|
||||
>> The same goes for biology.
|
||||
In fact, at the time, when it was widely adopted in linguistics that
|
||||
languages are arbitrarily different from each other and there is no limit to diversity,
|
||||
about the same was assumed for biological organisms.
|
||||
That the diversity and complexity of organisms is so
|
||||
great was that each had to be studied separately.
|
||||
It has been discovered over the years that this is not true.
|
||||
That there are striking similarities, preservation of fundamental forms,
|
||||
limited possibilities for organisms etc.
|
||||
In fact there is
|
||||
even a premise that is taken seriously, although not accepted,
|
||||
that there is a universal genome, a genome for everything.
|
||||
With only a few variations.
|
||||
It is no longer a strange assumption,
|
||||
it is like the Minimalist Program.
|
||||
>> Yes.
|
||||
So, I'm afraid we'll run out of time.
|
||||
And I am sure you have many other obligations today.
|
||||
So, [LAUGH] to wrap up the conversation, of course,
|
||||
there are people watching this video who are already interested in linguistics,
|
||||
they participate in this online introductory lecture.
|
||||
So, they will know a little bit more about linguistics after this course.
|
||||
What would you recommend to them?
|
||||
Do they have to read your work?
|
||||
>> [LAUGH].
|
||||
>> Or is that still a bridge too far at the moment?
|
||||
>> They should do that, all I have said is the position of a minority.
|
||||
I do not represent a consensus in it
|
||||
the field and that should be understood.
|
||||
>> Yes.
|
||||
>> All my life, I've actually been part of a small minority of linguists who
|
||||
go against the flow.
|
||||
So that must be taken into account.
|
||||
>> Yes. >> It's the way I view it,
|
||||
it is not the way the field views it.
|
||||
But it is up to you, students, to find out for yourself.
|
||||
>> Yes. >> [LAUGH].
|
||||
>> There are many different opinions about the right ways about this
|
||||
to think things through
|
||||
>> But that is -.
|
||||
>> But that's >> That's good, I guess.
|
||||
Okay? >> Sorry to interrupt you.
|
||||
That's good, I mean-.
|
||||
Disagreements lead to interesting new ones.
|
||||
>> Indeed, that makes the field exciting.
|
||||
>> Yes.
|
||||
>> And, which is very exciting, both because of the meaning of
|
||||
the study of language, as we said, at the core of human nature.
|
||||
>> Yes.
|
||||
>> The apparent contradiction and
|
||||
I think it is clear, between the diversity and complexity of the data ...
|
||||
and the recognition that for this
|
||||
should be a basic simple explanation.
|
||||
>> Because of
|
||||
the conditions of learnability-
|
||||
>> vulnerability, and so on.
|
||||
And that kind of superficial contradiction,
|
||||
makes it an extremely interesting field.
|
||||
>> Yes.
|
||||
>> Good.
|
||||
Yes. Thank you very much.
|
||||
6
|
||||
12
|
||||
17
|
||||
20
|
||||
21
|
||||
24
|
||||
26
|
||||
28
|
||||
32
|
||||
37
|
||||
41
|
||||
46
|
||||
47
|
||||
52
|
||||
56
|
||||
59
|
||||
61
|
||||
64
|
||||
70
|
||||
76
|
||||
81
|
||||
84
|
||||
91
|
||||
94
|
||||
99
|
||||
104
|
||||
107
|
||||
111
|
||||
115
|
||||
120
|
||||
122
|
||||
126
|
||||
128
|
||||
134
|
||||
141
|
||||
144
|
||||
148
|
||||
151
|
||||
155
|
||||
159
|
||||
163
|
||||
169
|
||||
171
|
||||
176
|
||||
181
|
||||
187
|
||||
188
|
||||
190
|
||||
192
|
||||
195
|
||||
200
|
||||
201
|
||||
202
|
||||
206
|
||||
209
|
||||
214
|
||||
220
|
||||
225
|
||||
229
|
||||
238
|
||||
242
|
||||
246
|
||||
252
|
||||
257
|
||||
263
|
||||
267
|
||||
269
|
||||
274
|
||||
276
|
||||
281
|
||||
282
|
||||
287
|
||||
288
|
||||
289
|
||||
294
|
||||
298
|
||||
301
|
||||
307
|
||||
310
|
||||
316
|
||||
321
|
||||
326
|
||||
332
|
||||
335
|
||||
337
|
||||
340
|
||||
345
|
||||
351
|
||||
356
|
||||
360
|
||||
363
|
||||
363
|
||||
364
|
||||
367
|
||||
370
|
||||
376
|
||||
379
|
||||
382
|
||||
383
|
||||
385
|
||||
389
|
||||
394
|
||||
399
|
||||
402
|
||||
403
|
||||
406
|
||||
409
|
||||
414
|
||||
420
|
||||
421
|
||||
425
|
||||
428
|
||||
430
|
||||
435
|
||||
441
|
||||
447
|
||||
454
|
||||
457
|
||||
460
|
||||
465
|
||||
470
|
||||
472
|
||||
475
|
||||
478
|
||||
480
|
||||
483
|
||||
488
|
||||
495
|
||||
497
|
||||
498
|
||||
504
|
||||
509
|
||||
517
|
||||
522
|
||||
527
|
||||
528
|
||||
534
|
||||
538
|
||||
543
|
||||
548
|
||||
550
|
||||
555
|
||||
557
|
||||
564
|
||||
567
|
||||
568
|
||||
571
|
||||
578
|
||||
582
|
||||
587
|
||||
591
|
||||
593
|
||||
599
|
||||
601
|
||||
603
|
||||
608
|
||||
614
|
||||
621
|
||||
624
|
||||
629
|
||||
635
|
||||
638
|
||||
641
|
||||
646
|
||||
649
|
||||
652
|
||||
655
|
||||
660
|
||||
665
|
||||
669
|
||||
674
|
||||
679
|
||||
684
|
||||
689
|
||||
690
|
||||
694
|
||||
697
|
||||
699
|
||||
703
|
||||
707
|
||||
712
|
||||
718
|
||||
724
|
||||
727
|
||||
731
|
||||
733
|
||||
735
|
||||
740
|
||||
747
|
||||
752
|
||||
756
|
||||
757
|
||||
763
|
||||
766
|
||||
769
|
||||
775
|
||||
781
|
||||
782
|
||||
783
|
||||
788
|
||||
793
|
||||
797
|
||||
799
|
||||
807
|
||||
812
|
||||
815
|
||||
821
|
||||
822
|
||||
827
|
||||
830
|
||||
836
|
||||
838
|
||||
843
|
||||
845
|
||||
849
|
||||
851
|
||||
854
|
||||
859
|
||||
863
|
||||
865
|
||||
867
|
||||
868
|
||||
873
|
||||
877
|
||||
880
|
||||
885
|
||||
890
|
||||
891
|
||||
892
|
||||
894
|
||||
898
|
||||
901
|
||||
907
|
||||
912
|
||||
917
|
||||
924
|
||||
931
|
||||
934
|
||||
936
|
||||
940
|
||||
944
|
||||
948
|
||||
953
|
||||
956
|
||||
958
|
||||
960
|
||||
964
|
||||
968
|
||||
970
|
||||
973
|
||||
980
|
||||
983
|
||||
986
|
||||
989
|
||||
990
|
||||
993
|
||||
1000
|
||||
1004
|
||||
1007
|
||||
1012
|
||||
1018
|
||||
1022
|
||||
1025
|
||||
1030
|
||||
1035
|
||||
1039
|
||||
1044
|
||||
1046
|
||||
1047
|
||||
1050
|
||||
1055
|
||||
1058
|
||||
1061
|
||||
1063
|
||||
1067
|
||||
1070
|
||||
1077
|
||||
1081
|
||||
1083
|
||||
1085
|
||||
1087
|
||||
1091
|
||||
1094
|
||||
1100
|
||||
1105
|
||||
1110
|
||||
1112
|
||||
1115
|
||||
1119
|
||||
1124
|
||||
1128
|
||||
1137
|
||||
1143
|
||||
1146
|
||||
1153
|
||||
1154
|
||||
1156
|
||||
1158
|
||||
1164
|
||||
1167
|
||||
1169
|
||||
1172
|
||||
1175
|
||||
1182
|
||||
1186
|
||||
1189
|
||||
1194
|
||||
1199
|
||||
1203
|
||||
1204
|
||||
1210
|
||||
1213
|
||||
1215
|
||||
1218
|
||||
1222
|
||||
1224
|
||||
1231
|
||||
1233
|
||||
1236
|
||||
1239
|
||||
1243
|
||||
1246
|
||||
1247
|
||||
1251
|
||||
1256
|
||||
1260
|
||||
1263
|
||||
1265
|
||||
1271
|
||||
1275
|
||||
1280
|
||||
1284
|
||||
1290
|
||||
1295
|
||||
1300
|
||||
1304
|
||||
1311
|
||||
1318
|
||||
1323
|
||||
1330
|
||||
1335
|
||||
1338
|
||||
1342
|
||||
1345
|
||||
1351
|
||||
1356
|
||||
1358
|
||||
1361
|
||||
1364
|
||||
1368
|
||||
1373
|
||||
1378
|
||||
1382
|
||||
1388
|
||||
1393
|
||||
1397
|
||||
1401
|
||||
1406
|
||||
1411
|
||||
1415
|
||||
1420
|
||||
1422
|
||||
1425
|
||||
1430
|
||||
1433
|
||||
1434
|
||||
1436
|
||||
1438
|
||||
1441
|
||||
1444
|
||||
1446
|
||||
1448
|
||||
1452
|
||||
1459
|
||||
1464
|
||||
1466
|
||||
1471
|
||||
1476
|
||||
1481
|
||||
1484
|
||||
1487
|
||||
1490
|
||||
1493
|
||||
1497
|
||||
1503
|
||||
1507
|
||||
1509
|
||||
1515
|
||||
1520
|
||||
1525
|
||||
1529
|
||||
1533
|
||||
1536
|
||||
1544
|
||||
1549
|
||||
1551
|
||||
1556
|
||||
1560
|
||||
1563
|
||||
1566
|
||||
1569
|
||||
1570
|
||||
1577
|
||||
1580
|
||||
1585
|
||||
1591
|
||||
1594
|
||||
1599
|
||||
1600
|
||||
1603
|
||||
1603
|
||||
1606
|
||||
1612
|
||||
1614
|
||||
1616
|
||||
1617
|
||||
1623
|
||||
1626
|
||||
1628
|
||||
1630
|
||||
1631
|
||||
1636
|
||||
1638
|
||||
1642
|
||||
1643
|
||||
1643
|
||||
1645
|
||||
1648
|
||||
1650
|
||||
1652
|
||||
1655
|
||||
1656
|
||||
1661
|
||||
1666
|
||||
1666
|
||||
1669
|
||||
1675
|
||||
1679
|
||||
1684
|
||||
1685
|
||||
1687
|
||||
1689
|
||||
1693
|
||||
1695
|
||||
1696
|
||||
1697
|
||||
42
cnt/Motmakt - Noam Chomsky in Oslo 2011 kVNq8knHGew.en.cnt
Normal file
42
cnt/Motmakt - Noam Chomsky in Oslo 2011 kVNq8knHGew.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
|||
Hello and welcome to Motmakt's event here at Litteraturhuset:
|
||||
Noam Chomsky - Beyond State Socialism.
|
||||
We are fortunate to have Professor Noam Chomsky with us for a session -
|
||||
- with the theme of libertarian socialism and libertarian organization.
|
||||
Many of you who are familiar with Noam Chomsky are aware that he in addition to being -
|
||||
- a professor of linguistics also is a libertarian socialist; just like us in Motmakt.
|
||||
We are therefore naturally delighted and proud to have him here tonight.
|
||||
Tonight Chomsky will participate in a conversation with Adrien Wilkins from Motmakt.
|
||||
They will have a conversation for about an hour and a half -
|
||||
- and we will have time for three questions from the audience.
|
||||
Everyone here have been offered to put questions to Chomsky -
|
||||
- and we have picked three people who get to do that when the conversation is over.
|
||||
We have a very strict schedule and delays so there will not be time for any more questions.
|
||||
And finally: After the event you should go check out our book stand -
|
||||
- where we sell a lot of exciting Chomsky titles and other cool books.
|
||||
Now it only remains for me to wish a warm welcome to Professor Noam Chomsky!
|
||||
As I said, there are three people here tonight who have been selected to ask questions to Chomsky.
|
||||
We start with a question from Johannes Bennetzen.
|
||||
Next question is from Sveinung Legard. It is you.
|
||||
I am coming back there so you get the microphone.
|
||||
Say your name.
|
||||
8
|
||||
11
|
||||
15
|
||||
22
|
||||
26
|
||||
31
|
||||
39
|
||||
44
|
||||
54
|
||||
58
|
||||
62
|
||||
66
|
||||
71
|
||||
76
|
||||
81
|
||||
86
|
||||
3859
|
||||
3873
|
||||
4062
|
||||
4387
|
||||
4396
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
|||
Nazarov, if I teach this to someone once all how you can achieve
|
||||
I know whose term we are from the virus and making aleppo and canvas
|
||||
poster of ukraine on the situation in the very center is easy
|
||||
comments 2 sighting talking about of course super on
|
||||
it is too
|
||||
edge of a kind must be saved already there is something new
|
||||
state drive before dawn facts of sport in squirrels states started by felix
|
||||
you will find out
|
||||
bill what were good
|
||||
0
|
||||
28
|
||||
34
|
||||
40
|
||||
47
|
||||
57
|
||||
63
|
||||
71
|
||||
74
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
|
|||
the u.s. supports democracy if and only
|
||||
the u.s. supports democracy if and only
|
||||
the u.s. supports democracy if and only if it accords with strategic and
|
||||
if it accords with strategic and
|
||||
if it accords with strategic and economic objective
|
||||
0
|
||||
4
|
||||
4
|
||||
6
|
||||
6
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
|||
the feeling is declared i'm afraid here it is for you she does not
|
||||
one of which are you looking against the background of Mikhail weighs
|
||||
and you want to challenge the hit recipes
|
||||
what data types are the fastest
|
||||
furniture for the bar so it is necessary here gary7 trains from the lobby i
|
||||
ask and life carousel
|
||||
an exercise
|
||||
offers worth that these are the best
|
||||
these products for come on at least until the flagship site is still what to do
|
||||
what can I say postcard ate 12 units are going and the quality was relay you
|
||||
larin stage infections. She's blonde
|
||||
him with ragnarok fantasies he expresses and take I see nothing until
|
||||
get now and Sarah, take the building outfit from your target
|
||||
from that it was from a person so I go there micro advertising on the table and videos
|
||||
please lola the sum of a series of sand and it was for the fact that the pilot
|
||||
it is easier for us than lines so we will not repent in the clare club search speed say minus
|
||||
Belarus size what
|
||||
I want it with amnesics and say the product how are you today
|
||||
2
|
||||
9
|
||||
31
|
||||
36
|
||||
40
|
||||
48
|
||||
52
|
||||
56
|
||||
60
|
||||
68
|
||||
77
|
||||
83
|
||||
94
|
||||
98
|
||||
105
|
||||
110
|
||||
116
|
||||
120
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,896 @@
|
|||
Hi everybody, this is DAI Heidelberg online channel daiHOME, free of charge.
|
||||
Donations are welcome. We are very happy today to have a special guest, the famous
|
||||
linguist laureate professor who taught at MIT half a century and is now
|
||||
teaching at Arizona the renowned political dissident Noam Chomsky who
|
||||
joins us for a conversation from his home in Tucson Arizona, where he is
|
||||
sheltering with his wife Valeria. Hi Noam!" "Hi. How are you?" "Fine. Today the United
|
||||
Nations celebrate the humanity of the human rights day while we face the
|
||||
erosion and the Doomsday Clock shows about a hundreds seconds before 12, so
|
||||
all data seem to say "rebellion or apocalypse".. What is your advice for us?"
|
||||
"We're in a very unusual moment, a unique moment in human history. The Doomsday
|
||||
Clock, which you mentioned, illustrates it. I'm sure you all know every January The
|
||||
Bulletin of Atomic Scientists brings together distinguished scientists and
|
||||
political analysts try to give an assessment of the security situation in
|
||||
the world. They've been doing it since 1947. It's encapsulated in the Doomsday
|
||||
Clock, certain number of certain the minute hand is a certain distance from
|
||||
midnight. Ever since Trump was elected the minute
|
||||
hand has been moving closer to midnight. Two years ago it reached the closest
|
||||
point it had ever been since 1947, when it was initiated. This last January they
|
||||
abandoned minutes and moved to seconds. As you say it's now a hundred seconds to
|
||||
midnight. Midnight means terminal disaster. Since January Trump has been
|
||||
acting in ways which moved the second hand even closer to midnight. Recall that
|
||||
there are three issues that the analysts focused on: One is the increasing threat
|
||||
of nuclear war. Trump has since escalated the threat, he had already
|
||||
abandoned the INF treaty, has now abandoned the Open Skies treaty, which
|
||||
goes back to Eisenhower. The last treaty is the New START treaty. The Trump
|
||||
administration has imposed frivolous conditions on any negotiation to ensure
|
||||
that it will not be settled. I mean they're
|
||||
developing new nuclear weapons. The Trump administration is calling for new
|
||||
nuclear tests for the first time in 28 years violating the treaty. Second issue
|
||||
is the enormous risk of growing environmental catastrophe that Trump has
|
||||
been escalating that, they're perfectly openly incidentally in his February 2020
|
||||
budget proposal for the next year he called for - this is while the pandemic is
|
||||
raging - he called for continuing to
|
||||
reduce funding, as he's been doing for the last four years to continue to
|
||||
reduce funding for the Center for Disease Control and all health related
|
||||
elements of the government. And to increase subsidies for the fossil fuel
|
||||
industries and of course for the military.
|
||||
Meanwhile his administration is making use of the pandemic cover to eliminate
|
||||
regulations, which somehow mitigate somewhat mitigate the effects
|
||||
of global warming and protect Americans from the lethal effects of pollution. So
|
||||
that's increasing. The third issue that they raised was the deterioration of
|
||||
democracy. At first that sounds as if it doesn't belong with the two existential
|
||||
threats but it in fact does, because they vibrant functioning participatory
|
||||
democracy is the only possible hope for escaping from the two major threatening
|
||||
disasters. Well what's Trump been doing on that tearing to shreds the remnants
|
||||
of American functioning democracy. He has already eliminated from the
|
||||
executive branch, any independent voice all that is left is cowardly psycho fans
|
||||
there are inspectors general established by Congress to monitor executive branch
|
||||
the corruption and malfeasance. They were beginning to look into the swamp that
|
||||
Trump has created in Washington. He fired them or eliminated them, they're purged.
|
||||
Today's news, look at the newspaper ,he wants to purge the Pentagon of anyone
|
||||
who is not sufficiently loyal to him. This goes step by step trying to
|
||||
eliminate the formal aspects of functioning democracy. That democracy
|
||||
doesn't rely on laws. British democracy is 350 years old.The
|
||||
Constitution is maybe a dozen words. It relies on trust and good faith. If you don't
|
||||
have those, you can have beautiful Constitution the way Stalin did it,
|
||||
doesn't make any difference. This is dismantling every component of
|
||||
functioning democracy to try to turn the country not towards fascism. Fascism is
|
||||
well above Trump's comprehension level. That was an
|
||||
ideology couldn't understand that . This is turning the country into a small
|
||||
tin-pot dictatorship of the kind you find in the neo-colonial societies where
|
||||
there's a coup of a couple of years, and it's run by a megalomaniac whose only
|
||||
interest is himself. Now that's the objective and it's being carried forward,
|
||||
so if the Doomsday Clock were set now, second hand would move closer to
|
||||
midnight. What can we do about it? Almost everything. Europe does not
|
||||
have to capitulate to this. Europe has so far been so cowardly that it capitulates
|
||||
to every move made by the Trump administration: the tortoise shreds, the
|
||||
Iran nuclear deal, which was working very well,
|
||||
raising growing threat of war in the Middle East, the severe threat.
|
||||
Europe doesn't like it, but they go along, they don't do anything to objective it
|
||||
and this is the case. The same is true of everything else." "Noam, it it's so
|
||||
shocking in a way. You mention nuclear power, but in fact in none of the
|
||||
newspapers we read, we ever see that kind of headline. We see another
|
||||
headline, that's racism at the moment. We see black lives matter, we see
|
||||
the argument of full prisons, we see many other signs of riots, we see police force
|
||||
questioned. Why is the nuclear threat so invisible?" "It's invisible here, too - I mean you
|
||||
can find discussion of it and the arms control journals. Occasionally you see a
|
||||
report but basically nothing. In fact it's rather striking that in the
|
||||
campaign that is underway in the United States which of course has
|
||||
enormous publicity, there is almost no mention of any of the
|
||||
three things that the Doomsday Clock registered. Most no talk
|
||||
about the growing threat of nuclear war. Even very little commentary on the
|
||||
growing environmental catastrophe that which is quite serious. On the racism
|
||||
issue: it's not a small point and what is happening is very significant. The
|
||||
demonstrations around the country, overwhelmingly peaceful demonstrations with
|
||||
enormous public support are completely unprecedented. There's been nothing like
|
||||
them: scale solidarity, black solidarity popular support. And it's a very belated
|
||||
beginning of a recognition of 400 years of vicious repression, which
|
||||
has left a very bitter legacy, not just police violence. So I mentioned that
|
||||
Trump is eliminating regulations on emissions like carbon dioxide and other
|
||||
emissions. Well they happen to poison the atmosphere.
|
||||
We're in the middle of a respiratory lung pandemic. Pollution in the
|
||||
atmosphere increases that significantly. So the regulation says not only "Let's
|
||||
destroy the environment." but "Let's poison Americans in the middle of it by making
|
||||
the respiratory disease worse." Who suffers from this?The people who live
|
||||
near the polluting plants. Of course they can't afford to live anywhere else. Who
|
||||
are they? Mostly black, because of the legacy of racism. So this everywhere you
|
||||
look, you find this. Again, this aspect of it is not being discussed but
|
||||
should be. But as for why the European press is not focusing on the main issues,
|
||||
you'll have to tell me. They're very serious. I mean the pandemic is
|
||||
a very serious affair. We should be asking why it came at all. If we don't
|
||||
get to the roots of the reason why it's here, it will recur in a harsher form.
|
||||
Scientists are telling us right now exactly what they did in 2003, after the
|
||||
SARS epidemic. That another pandemic is coming probably a corona virus, could be
|
||||
worse than this one, exacerbated by global warming. And they are telling us
|
||||
exactly what we have to do about it. We didn't do it in 2003, we have to do it
|
||||
now. And that is barely being discussed. Meanwhile of the Arctic ice sheets are
|
||||
melting, that's inexorable. There's undermining of
|
||||
the huge glaciers in the West Antarctic. We're on a course, which within a
|
||||
generation will make most of the habitable world
|
||||
almost unlivable: large parts of South Asia, the Middle East, Africa. All of
|
||||
this is taking place. That means, well most countries are
|
||||
doing at least something about it, not enough.
|
||||
That's something the Trump administration alone among the developed
|
||||
societies is racing toward the abyss as rapidly and enthusiastically as we can:
|
||||
more use of fossil fuels including the most polluting of them, eliminating
|
||||
regulations on automotive emissions. Some of what's going on is almost
|
||||
indescribable. I give you one example: one of the Trump administration
|
||||
bureaucracies, national transformation transportation administration, years ago
|
||||
published a detailed environmental assessment. A couple hundred pages
|
||||
detailed analysis of what's happening to the environment.They predicted, that if
|
||||
we continue on our current course, by the end of the century the global
|
||||
temperatures will have risen four degrees centigrade over pre-industrial
|
||||
levels. That's Cataclysm and they make a
|
||||
recommendation that we eliminate emissions controls on automobiles.
|
||||
Understand? We're heading for total catastrophe so
|
||||
therefore let's eliminate the controls that are mitigating it to some extent. If
|
||||
there's a document like this in human history,
|
||||
I'd like to see it. The only thing that comes to mind to me is the Wahnsee
|
||||
declaration, but that doesn't compare in evil to this. Hitler was saying "Let's
|
||||
kill all the Jews, the 30 million Slavs, Roma and others." He didn't say "Let's
|
||||
destroy organized human society." But that's what they're saying. Do you have a
|
||||
headline about that?" "So 2020 that is a probably the most crucial election
|
||||
in human history. Do you think we can actually make a change, will that be a
|
||||
change?" "It's very incertain. If you look at
|
||||
polls, it seems that the Trump is far behind. But that's quite misleading. First of
|
||||
all, polls are not voter. Voters are skewed segments of the polls. We don't
|
||||
know what they'll do. Also we have to remember the electoral college in
|
||||
the United States. In 2016 Trump lost the popular vote by about 3
|
||||
million, but won the electoral college. All that's necessary is a few selected
|
||||
counties and a few states might swing the electoral college. There's also a
|
||||
serious question being raised at the highest level, that's weather if
|
||||
Trump loses the electoral college he will leave office.
|
||||
That's a question not out of the fringe, it's being raised right at the
|
||||
highest level. This is a not a normal person. This is not a person of the kind
|
||||
who has ever been seen in Western parliamentary systems,
|
||||
maybe Hitler was one. If he loses the electoral college is perfectly capable
|
||||
of saying, that the vote was faked, that there were illegal immigrants voting, we're
|
||||
going to stay here, I'm calling out my armed militias to protect the White
|
||||
House. Then what happens depends on the military and that's why what happened
|
||||
this morning is not insignificant. He's purging the military, trying to at
|
||||
least of all but Trmup loyalists. I think there's a reason for that, they're
|
||||
thinking of these possibilities. This may sound exotic, unfortunately it's not. Even
|
||||
the Democratic presidential candidate said "If we have to take him
|
||||
out of the White House we'll do it by force." We're not talking about something
|
||||
out of the fringe." "Do you think that the Bernie Sanders movement will
|
||||
probably influence this? It's a broad, a youthful movement in a way. Will they
|
||||
be capable of making a contribution to the outcome of this election?" "That's
|
||||
happening. Sanders and his associates have begun to engage in the Democratic
|
||||
National Committee program and they have shifted the program quite far to the
|
||||
left. In fact, if you take a look at Biden's program it's the most
|
||||
progressive of any Democratic candidate probably since FDR. So they're
|
||||
influencing the program. The activists are making a difference. If they continue,
|
||||
that's crucial - they don't go home, if they continue that
|
||||
can have an effec. The public opinion can't be disregarded even in a
|
||||
dictatorship and we're very far from the dictators. So yes, they are having an
|
||||
effect and can have a greater effect. But we're coming to a very severe problem. I
|
||||
should say in the background is something different. If none
|
||||
of this was happening, if there was no Trump if the country was continuing on
|
||||
the normal parliamentary course it would still be facing a serious constitutional
|
||||
crisis a very serious one. The US Constitution in the 18th century was a
|
||||
progressive document even the phrase "We the people"
|
||||
was a very impressive move. The continuous what was called a
|
||||
revolution terrified European statesman. King George, the third of England said
|
||||
he heard the whole British Empire bizarre and marinate warned about the
|
||||
rise of this threat of republicanism, which will destroy all civilized society.
|
||||
Well that was the 18th century to adhere to an 18th century constitution today
|
||||
it's very regressive. If the United States were to try to enter the European
|
||||
Union with its current constitutional structure, it would be turned down by the
|
||||
European Court of Justice almost certainly. The Senate which is the
|
||||
most powerful part of the formerly is radically undemocratic.
|
||||
The state of Wyoming with 500,000 people has two senators. California with
|
||||
40 million people has two senators. This affects the electoral colleges, will
|
||||
excuse the electoral college towards the smaller states. Beyond that there are
|
||||
demographic changes so eternity the votes there's an increasing urbanization
|
||||
but that's not affected by the voting. It means that rural air enough
|
||||
plenty of gerrymandering in the most the Republican parties working overtime to
|
||||
try to prevent voting. They're very much afraid of voting because what they're
|
||||
hoping for and what the constitutional crisis is leading to is that a small
|
||||
part of the population maybe 15 or 20 percent that's mostly rural, conservative,
|
||||
the Christian, white supremacist, elderly, now that sector
|
||||
could actually govern the country, the way the constitutional system is set up.
|
||||
And there's nothing that can be done about it. The only way to change it would be
|
||||
by constitutional amendments and the smaller states will never have enough
|
||||
votes to prevent that. So there's quite a serious constitutional crisis coming."
|
||||
"What about the GOP, the grand old party, the republicans.
|
||||
They're considered dead, you considered them the most dangerous organization of
|
||||
the world." "The Republican Party ceased to be a normal parliamentary party quite
|
||||
a few years ago, not my opinion two of some of the leading political analysts
|
||||
from the conservative American Enterprise instead
|
||||
Norman Ornstein and Thomas Mann wrote years ago that the Republican Party has
|
||||
become in their words "A radical insurgency, which does not observe
|
||||
parliamentary programs" we saw that very clearly when Obama was elected. The
|
||||
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell not at the moment,
|
||||
two years late, Mitch McConnell the Senate the Republican majority leader of
|
||||
the Senate announced openly that the sole goal of the Senate will be to
|
||||
prevent Obama from doing anything. That's the end of the kind of trust and
|
||||
good faith on which democracy rests. The Republicans have profits through
|
||||
probably 30 or so efforts to try to overthrow the Affordable Care Act. Right
|
||||
now, in the midst of a pandemic, they are supporting a suit in the courts to
|
||||
eliminate the health system. I mean this is not a normal political party. This is
|
||||
a group of extreme reactionaries who know that there are minority but are
|
||||
doing everything they can to hold on to power. You take a look at the Senate
|
||||
under McConnell the last couple of years. It blocks all legislative
|
||||
proposals that come from the house. The way the system works legislative
|
||||
proposals come from themselves in house considered by the Senate and joint
|
||||
meetings. They all block. What the Senate is doing is two things:
|
||||
passing legislation to enrich the very rich and the corporate sector like
|
||||
the tax bill and the new bills that are passing right now. And stuffing the
|
||||
judiciary from top to bottom with young ultra-right
|
||||
lawyers who will be able to block any legislation for a generation that
|
||||
departs from their ultra reactionary position. They are trying to destroy the
|
||||
functioning democratic system, because if they try to survive within it,
|
||||
they will never win another election.
|
||||
Radames note said openly, if we allow a voting, Republicans will
|
||||
never be elected, because too many people who vote." What about the role of
|
||||
the media? You once said Trump and Murdock cooperate in this destruction of
|
||||
the United States as well as the world." "The Murdock system includes primarily
|
||||
for Fox News major television channel now plus lots of others so the talk
|
||||
radio the radio that people listen to when they're at home or driving has
|
||||
been totally taken over by extreme far right groups which are even righter than
|
||||
Fox News. There's a major temp but Fox News itself has a very interesting
|
||||
relationship with President Trump. Fox is the new source the main news source, almost
|
||||
the only news source for most Republicans, there are studies on this. Fox News is an
|
||||
echo chamber for the White House. If Trump says of the coronaviruses is just
|
||||
a flu, Fox News announces "corona virus is just a flu, don't worry about it." If
|
||||
Trump was to announced tomorrow that the world is flat, they will say
|
||||
"greatest discovery in human history". But that's only half of it.
|
||||
Trump doesn't pay attention to the news. He doesn't pay attention to intelligence
|
||||
reports. In the morning he turnes on Fox News and that tells him what to
|
||||
say. What's on Fox News. So there's a dyad, a kind of a mutual echo chamber
|
||||
which is what the Republican constituency watches and that's why you
|
||||
have the results that you have. Say global warming is the most serious
|
||||
challenge that humans have ever faced, except for a nuclear war. 22% of
|
||||
Republicans think that humans have some role in global warming, 22%.
|
||||
The same percentage think that's a problem that is important to deal with.
|
||||
What's happening in the most important
|
||||
country in the world is shocking and Europe is just as bad. They're doing
|
||||
nothing about it just cowtowering to the power in Washington. I mentioned one
|
||||
thing that's true and everything else. They don't have too. Europe could be
|
||||
a force in world affairs." "So in this terrible arena,
|
||||
what actually gives you hope? Is that there is an attempt for Green Deal, new
|
||||
deal, there are youngsters on the move, they are even gangsters in Brazil
|
||||
who do what the president is obviously not capable for doing for his
|
||||
citizens. Cuban doctors go to Italy. So there are obviously signs of
|
||||
encouraging aspects. What do you see as a hope in in a kind of sustainable sense
|
||||
of the word?" "Exactly that and it's very substantial. The black
|
||||
lives movement protests in the United States, they can reach very far
|
||||
to the social groups of racism, the institutional structures, that lie behind
|
||||
the racism. The D crisis over the last several hundred years and they're very
|
||||
broad. They affect the whole community the whole society. I'll take the green
|
||||
new deal which you mentioned. A couple of years ago nobody was discussing. A group
|
||||
of young activists sunries movement were pressing very hard for it
|
||||
they finally occupied congressional offices, they got some support from the
|
||||
new young Congress women who came in on the Trump wave also from a Democratic
|
||||
senator in Massachusetts Ed Markey. Now it's in the center of the legislative
|
||||
program. Some form of green New Deal, well another form is essential for survival.
|
||||
Now that shows what can be done. As I mentioned the Sanders movement
|
||||
has been oppressing and succeeding and moving the Democratic Party programs, the
|
||||
will, towards the Social Democratic side. We should recognize, that what's called
|
||||
the Sanders revolution in Europe would be considered mild social democracy.
|
||||
Let's take a look at Sanders as two major programs which are considered
|
||||
revolutionary in the United States. The radical programs universal health care
|
||||
You heard of a country that hasn't? You heard of a country that doesn't have it? A free
|
||||
higher education. Ever hear of a country that hasn't? Now those are considered so
|
||||
radical, that we don't know if the American people can tolerate.
|
||||
Sanders is moving with a lot of the population behind him, he is probably the
|
||||
most popular political figure in the country, towards a kind of social justice,
|
||||
social democracy, extension of the New Deal, the programs that Eisenhower
|
||||
wouldn't have been surprised by. It's a sign of the sharp shift to the right of
|
||||
the political issue on not the public during the neoliberal period and now
|
||||
that's being reversed. That's a sign of real hope. Similar things are
|
||||
happening in Europe. Well the Progressive International which was just announced a
|
||||
couple of weeks ago at its first major meeting in September in Iceland with
|
||||
the prime ministers. Remeber, this is initiated by the Sanders campaign in the
|
||||
United States by Yanis Varoufakis and the diem25 movement in Europe,
|
||||
transnational movement, bringing in voices from the global South. If that can
|
||||
get off the ground could be a major counter force to the developments that
|
||||
are taking place, to the efforts by those who created the system to try to
|
||||
perpetuate it. Now that's a conflict which is very significant at the moment.
|
||||
How it turns it's kind of almost you could almost call it a class conflict on
|
||||
the international scale. How that turns out will determine whether organized
|
||||
human society can survive." "Now the virus was considered the great or is sometimes
|
||||
presented as the great equalizer between rich and poor. In fact the poor pay a
|
||||
terrible price in it. Now we see the governments around the world trying to
|
||||
have programs in trillions of dollars. What will that make in this process,
|
||||
that is ahead of us?" "First of all it may be called a great equalizer but it is
|
||||
the opposite. If you take a look at the impact on I don't know the European
|
||||
figures. But in the United States take a look at the figures on inequality,
|
||||
they've risen. The people who are gaining from the crisis are billionaires, private
|
||||
equity firms, hedge funds, Amazon.They are gaining tens of billions of dollars.
|
||||
In fact there was just a study, during the pandemic some tax revisions were
|
||||
taking place, that presumably have to deal with the pandemic. It turns out that 80% of
|
||||
the gains from the tax changes go to people who make a salary an income of
|
||||
more than a million dollars a year. That's the great equalizer. Meanwhile as
|
||||
I mentioned pollution controls are being eliminated which will rate increase the
|
||||
pandemic, the respiratory crisis, among people living near polluting plants,
|
||||
black and poor. That's the great equalizer. People in power know what
|
||||
they're doing. They're not in favor of providing the poor and vulnerable people
|
||||
with gifts. They're in favor of providing gifts for themselves. Well if they can
|
||||
get away with it gonna be a great equalizer. So the question is: how the
|
||||
public will respond to these developments? And we're back to where we
|
||||
were. But there are steps towards it, but it's gonna be." "Noam, now just two
|
||||
final little questions. A crucial point will be or is considered here
|
||||
the choice of the running mate for Biden, whom do you have in mind?
|
||||
There are several black women that are suggested. Do you have one guess
|
||||
for us?" "My guess doesn't mean much but off the cuff I would yes it's very likely he
|
||||
will pick Kamala Harris, my guess doesn't mean anything so don't pay attention to it." "May I add a very
|
||||
personal question: four years ago we sat together and against the two of us
|
||||
Valeria, your wife predicted the success of Donald Trump in this presidential. Does
|
||||
Valeria have an idea for the outcome this year?" "Valeria is the the only
|
||||
person I know who predicted the Trump victory in 2016. She's not here but I have to call to her,
|
||||
current prediction is that Trump will lose the election. So since
|
||||
she has a perfect record so far, maybe she's right.
|
||||
However bear in mind what I said before and what people in high places up to the
|
||||
Democratic Party candidate are saying. If he loses the election that's not
|
||||
necessarily the end." "Now we had a few questions of people coming in
|
||||
let me just take one talk about globalization. Do you think the
|
||||
rapid spread of the corona virus will be regarded as a downside of globalization
|
||||
and therefore lead to a global counter movement with more nationalized
|
||||
industrial production what consequences would stem from this?" "First of all
|
||||
globalization is a fine thing. But the fact that you and I could be
|
||||
together four years ago that's globalization. The question is what form
|
||||
of globalization. Now a particular form of globalization has been developed
|
||||
under the neoliberal model which basically holds that decisions have to
|
||||
be in the hands of private unaccountable power. That's the major principle of
|
||||
neoliberalism. Can be dressed up in other terms but that's what it comes down to.
|
||||
When Ronald Reagan says "government is the problem not the solution" that means
|
||||
hand decisions, take decisions away from government which has the flaw that it
|
||||
can be influenced by people, turn it over into the hands of unaccountable private
|
||||
tyrannies corporations in which people have no influence.
|
||||
That's how globalization was formed what are called free trade agreements or in
|
||||
fact investor rights agreements. They have almost nothing to do with free
|
||||
trade. The form of globalization that was established was to try to maximize
|
||||
profit and you maximize profit if you have no spare capacity. If you're running
|
||||
an automobile plant and you want to maximize profit you make sure that you
|
||||
have no waste capacity meaning no security. If anything goes wrong well you
|
||||
can fix up the assembly line. When you run a world like that it's a disaster.
|
||||
The globalized system that was set up is extremely fragile. If anything goes wrong
|
||||
it collapses. In fact we even see that in the health system not compared Germany
|
||||
in the United States. Germany delayed on dealing with pandemic but it finally did
|
||||
it. Germany had spare capacity diagnostic
|
||||
capacities, spirit health capacities. Another health
|
||||
system was able to reduce the number of deaths. The United States had the same
|
||||
basically the same number of cases, still does, because the health system is run on
|
||||
a business model, a strict neoliberal business model: no spare beds no spare
|
||||
capacity, almost totally privatized health system, huge salaries.
|
||||
You're after profit. Same with the
|
||||
globalized system. One thing that is very likely to happen is that there will be a
|
||||
shift towards less fragility and more security. I felt if the corporate
|
||||
managers who run the world under the neoliberal system, if they
|
||||
prevail, nothing much different is going to change.
|
||||
Just less fragility more more security." "There's a special attention given to
|
||||
a very American issue that's weapon lobbyists. Can you imagine how these
|
||||
militant and violent actions enter the campaign of the election?"
|
||||
"It's already entering. I don't know how much the news reaches you but was the
|
||||
report of what happened in Bethel, small village in Ohio about two
|
||||
weeks ago. Well I tell you in case it wasn't. It's now happening all over the
|
||||
Midwes. This is a small village, couple thousand people, six
|
||||
policemen nothing ever happens. A few people decided to have a small peaceful
|
||||
march to support the protest the nationwide protests on racism. The
|
||||
village was assaulted by about seven or eight hundred militia troops armed
|
||||
militias, smashing the place up overwhelming the police force, driving
|
||||
people back to their homes, calling for denouncing the protest and so on. Now
|
||||
this is happening all over the country. In the state of Wisconsin are these
|
||||
armed militia. Demonstrators actually took over this the legislature. It's a
|
||||
serious phenomena and Trump is supporting them all the way. I
|
||||
should mention some statistics who were recently released. Take a look at
|
||||
terrorism in the United States and threats of terrorism. There is
|
||||
a huge amount but it's substantial. In 2016, 20 percent of the
|
||||
terrorism and terrorism threats was connected to white supremacy and 2018
|
||||
it's 98 percent and it increased in 2019. Now it's almost all.
|
||||
That's related to the tweets that you see coming out of the White House, which
|
||||
stimulate this. When the legislature was occupied in Wisconsin, Trump tweeted
|
||||
"These are good people very good people." You know about Charlotteswill, it's always
|
||||
there and you notice, what he's doing. That's part of his constituency and he's
|
||||
got a voting constituency. His actual constituency is the super-rich and the
|
||||
corporate sector. All the legislation goes to serve them, but you have to have
|
||||
a voting constituency. You can't go to ask people to vote for you by telling
|
||||
them I'm tryna undermine you and support the very rich. No I don't vote for you
|
||||
that way. So you have to appeal on what are called cultural issues,
|
||||
religious extremism, 25 percent of the country's evangelical vote for them.
|
||||
White racism, white supremacy. The second amendment, which is a force. I could go into
|
||||
that but no it's holding rid. You have to have your assault rifle with you, when
|
||||
you go into a coffee shop. So will appeal to them on tha,t and this is part
|
||||
of the support of the militia. And it's a serious phenomenal." "Yeah, we have seen them in Tulsa
|
||||
at his campaign, that people were standing there with guns at the
|
||||
entrance to this place and they can actually openly wear." "The law says
|
||||
you can carry guns openl. I teach at the University of Arizona, when you come to
|
||||
the gate of the University there's a sign saying no weapons allowe. Now
|
||||
that's a constant battle between the University and the state legislation,
|
||||
which wants to open the university too to open carry of guns. In the state of Texas
|
||||
that's already permitted. I have a friend, a hundred years old,
|
||||
assisted living place way out in the suburbs. You go to visit him, nice house
|
||||
with elderly people - there's a sign on the door saying "no weapons allowed." I mean, there's not much time but
|
||||
I'll be brief - the whole history is a con job. In the late 19th century the gun
|
||||
manufacturers realized that they don't have a market for their fancy weapons. The
|
||||
Civil War was a great market. European Wars were a great market. There was
|
||||
declining. Nobody wanted the fancy weapons they produced. But it was an
|
||||
agricultural society every farmer had a weapon. But it was like a shovel.
|
||||
You wanted the old rifle the scary coyotes away. They wouldn't buy the fancy
|
||||
weapons, so they started the first huge public relations effort in history.
|
||||
A huge campaign to try to concoct fables about the Wild West which never existed.
|
||||
You know nowadays everybody sees them on cowboy movies nor existed the sheriff
|
||||
who's fast on the draw. I mean I
|
||||
believed, when I was a kid, we used to play this game it was all invented and the
|
||||
subtext was "You have to buy your son a Winchester rifle or else he's not a real
|
||||
man." So they started buying this. That was bad enough. Then came 2008 the most
|
||||
reactionary Supreme Court in his modern history.
|
||||
She changed the meaning of the Second Amendment. She read the Second Amendment
|
||||
it says "In order to establish a well or militia the right to hold guns shall not
|
||||
be infringed." That was the 18th century
|
||||
and they had reasons for it. One is they were afraid the British were coming for
|
||||
good reasons. They were the big power and there was almost no standing army so you
|
||||
needed minutemen and the other was they were invading the Indian country, that was
|
||||
part of the reasons for the Revolutionary War. To be able to invade
|
||||
the West, you needed guns. Thirdly it was slavery. There were slave revolutions, you
|
||||
needed guns. Those are the reasons why the founders wanted guns and a militia.
|
||||
And that's for a hundred years the court decision was having guns
|
||||
was connected to a militia right. That was reversed in 2008, the Scalia decision
|
||||
said it's an individual right, nothing to do with militias. That turned the
|
||||
Second Amendment in the Holy Writ and now it's to ask most people what's in
|
||||
the Constitution the only thing they'll know is the second aendment, which is that
|
||||
right to carry an assault rifl, when we go into a coffee shop. The judgment is
|
||||
astonishing. It mentions none of the reasons why the founders established the
|
||||
Second Amendment. These are supposed to be originalists, you know people who
|
||||
observe the original text and meaning of the terms for the founders, not in this
|
||||
case. Jjust let's make individual rights to guns the Holy Writ
|
||||
and you'll notice that every time Trump issues a tweet supporting some
|
||||
action, he says "you have to defend your second Amendment rights" even if it has
|
||||
absolutely nothing to do with it. Why? Because that's the rallying cry. That's
|
||||
the way you get your voters together to vote for you, even when you're
|
||||
stabbing them in the back. It's a very effective trick. And
|
||||
I'm afraid I have to leave." "Yes thank you very much, and thanks also to Valeria for
|
||||
keeping a strict regime on your health. We are all very grateful for you sort of
|
||||
participating in this and thank you very much for your generous time." "Good to see
|
||||
you, we might make it anytime in person on these." "Yes, hopefully"
|
||||
"Thank you."
|
||||
6
|
||||
13
|
||||
23
|
||||
31
|
||||
38
|
||||
46
|
||||
56
|
||||
63
|
||||
72
|
||||
82
|
||||
92
|
||||
101
|
||||
107
|
||||
113
|
||||
119
|
||||
124
|
||||
130
|
||||
136
|
||||
145
|
||||
152
|
||||
159
|
||||
165
|
||||
174
|
||||
181
|
||||
187
|
||||
194
|
||||
201
|
||||
206
|
||||
213
|
||||
220
|
||||
228
|
||||
236
|
||||
242
|
||||
247
|
||||
253
|
||||
258
|
||||
264
|
||||
268
|
||||
276
|
||||
283
|
||||
290
|
||||
296
|
||||
303
|
||||
309
|
||||
318
|
||||
326
|
||||
333
|
||||
342
|
||||
350
|
||||
357
|
||||
364
|
||||
372
|
||||
379
|
||||
387
|
||||
394
|
||||
402
|
||||
407
|
||||
413
|
||||
420
|
||||
426
|
||||
432
|
||||
439
|
||||
444
|
||||
449
|
||||
455
|
||||
462
|
||||
470
|
||||
476
|
||||
480
|
||||
489
|
||||
495
|
||||
502
|
||||
509
|
||||
516
|
||||
523
|
||||
535
|
||||
548
|
||||
554
|
||||
560
|
||||
565
|
||||
570
|
||||
577
|
||||
583
|
||||
589
|
||||
596
|
||||
602
|
||||
608
|
||||
618
|
||||
627
|
||||
634
|
||||
642
|
||||
646
|
||||
653
|
||||
660
|
||||
667
|
||||
672
|
||||
678
|
||||
685
|
||||
692
|
||||
698
|
||||
705
|
||||
713
|
||||
720
|
||||
726
|
||||
733
|
||||
739
|
||||
745
|
||||
753
|
||||
758
|
||||
767
|
||||
772
|
||||
779
|
||||
784
|
||||
787
|
||||
792
|
||||
799
|
||||
806
|
||||
818
|
||||
826
|
||||
833
|
||||
838
|
||||
846
|
||||
851
|
||||
857
|
||||
861
|
||||
870
|
||||
875
|
||||
882
|
||||
885
|
||||
892
|
||||
900
|
||||
907
|
||||
913
|
||||
923
|
||||
933
|
||||
939
|
||||
947
|
||||
954
|
||||
961
|
||||
970
|
||||
977
|
||||
983
|
||||
990
|
||||
995
|
||||
1002
|
||||
1008
|
||||
1013
|
||||
1024
|
||||
1031
|
||||
1036
|
||||
1042
|
||||
1048
|
||||
1055
|
||||
1063
|
||||
1068
|
||||
1072
|
||||
1082
|
||||
1093
|
||||
1106
|
||||
1117
|
||||
1125
|
||||
1130
|
||||
1137
|
||||
1144
|
||||
1148
|
||||
1154
|
||||
1159
|
||||
1166
|
||||
1172
|
||||
1178
|
||||
1184
|
||||
1194
|
||||
1199
|
||||
1207
|
||||
1214
|
||||
1220
|
||||
1227
|
||||
1233
|
||||
1239
|
||||
1245
|
||||
1251
|
||||
1256
|
||||
1266
|
||||
1272
|
||||
1279
|
||||
1286
|
||||
1293
|
||||
1298
|
||||
1303
|
||||
1309
|
||||
1317
|
||||
1323
|
||||
1328
|
||||
1335
|
||||
1340
|
||||
1346
|
||||
1354
|
||||
1359
|
||||
1368
|
||||
1374
|
||||
1379
|
||||
1385
|
||||
1392
|
||||
1401
|
||||
1407
|
||||
1412
|
||||
1419
|
||||
1427
|
||||
1433
|
||||
1446
|
||||
1454
|
||||
1462
|
||||
1469
|
||||
1474
|
||||
1482
|
||||
1488
|
||||
1493
|
||||
1501
|
||||
1509
|
||||
1516
|
||||
1522
|
||||
1530
|
||||
1537
|
||||
1543
|
||||
1548
|
||||
1555
|
||||
1560
|
||||
1570
|
||||
1579
|
||||
1588
|
||||
1593
|
||||
1600
|
||||
1607
|
||||
1614
|
||||
1622
|
||||
1628
|
||||
1636
|
||||
1641
|
||||
1646
|
||||
1652
|
||||
1657
|
||||
1665
|
||||
1672
|
||||
1677
|
||||
1683
|
||||
1693
|
||||
1699
|
||||
1707
|
||||
1714
|
||||
1721
|
||||
1727
|
||||
1736
|
||||
1745
|
||||
1756
|
||||
1763
|
||||
1773
|
||||
1783
|
||||
1791
|
||||
1799
|
||||
1809
|
||||
1816
|
||||
1822
|
||||
1828
|
||||
1834
|
||||
1840
|
||||
1847
|
||||
1852
|
||||
1859
|
||||
1868
|
||||
1875
|
||||
1881
|
||||
1888
|
||||
1894
|
||||
1900
|
||||
1906
|
||||
1913
|
||||
1917
|
||||
1922
|
||||
1927
|
||||
1934
|
||||
1940
|
||||
1947
|
||||
1954
|
||||
1960
|
||||
1967
|
||||
1974
|
||||
1981
|
||||
1989
|
||||
1993
|
||||
2000
|
||||
2005
|
||||
2010
|
||||
2016
|
||||
2024
|
||||
2031
|
||||
2039
|
||||
2048
|
||||
2055
|
||||
2063
|
||||
2067
|
||||
2077
|
||||
2084
|
||||
2091
|
||||
2098
|
||||
2106
|
||||
2112
|
||||
2121
|
||||
2128
|
||||
2134
|
||||
2145
|
||||
2150
|
||||
2156
|
||||
2162
|
||||
2171
|
||||
2180
|
||||
2188
|
||||
2199
|
||||
2208
|
||||
2217
|
||||
2226
|
||||
2235
|
||||
2242
|
||||
2251
|
||||
2258
|
||||
2262
|
||||
2271
|
||||
2276
|
||||
2283
|
||||
2290
|
||||
2297
|
||||
2303
|
||||
2309
|
||||
2316
|
||||
2320
|
||||
2326
|
||||
2333
|
||||
2340
|
||||
2345
|
||||
2352
|
||||
2359
|
||||
2366
|
||||
2370
|
||||
2376
|
||||
2381
|
||||
2388
|
||||
2396
|
||||
2403
|
||||
2411
|
||||
2415
|
||||
2423
|
||||
2429
|
||||
2437
|
||||
2441
|
||||
2445
|
||||
2450
|
||||
2455
|
||||
2462
|
||||
2470
|
||||
2477
|
||||
2482
|
||||
2493
|
||||
2498
|
||||
2501
|
||||
2513
|
||||
2524
|
||||
2538
|
||||
2546
|
||||
2553
|
||||
2559
|
||||
2566
|
||||
2575
|
||||
2584
|
||||
2592
|
||||
2600
|
||||
2609
|
||||
2615
|
||||
2624
|
||||
2629
|
||||
2636
|
||||
2642
|
||||
2651
|
||||
2659
|
||||
2669
|
||||
2674
|
||||
2682
|
||||
2688
|
||||
2694
|
||||
2700
|
||||
2705
|
||||
2711
|
||||
2716
|
||||
2721
|
||||
2728
|
||||
2736
|
||||
2740
|
||||
2745
|
||||
2753
|
||||
2761
|
||||
2766
|
||||
2773
|
||||
2780
|
||||
2784
|
||||
2791
|
||||
2799
|
||||
2806
|
||||
2822
|
||||
2830
|
||||
2836
|
||||
2841
|
||||
2846
|
||||
2852
|
||||
2858
|
||||
2867
|
||||
2875
|
||||
2881
|
||||
2888
|
||||
2894
|
||||
2899
|
||||
2908
|
||||
2912
|
||||
2918
|
||||
2925
|
||||
2928
|
||||
2933
|
||||
2938
|
||||
2944
|
||||
2948
|
||||
2954
|
||||
2960
|
||||
2969
|
||||
2976
|
||||
2981
|
||||
2987
|
||||
2991
|
||||
2997
|
||||
3004
|
||||
3009
|
||||
3016
|
||||
3023
|
||||
3030
|
||||
3035
|
||||
3041
|
||||
3045
|
||||
3051
|
||||
3063
|
||||
3070
|
||||
3076
|
||||
3080
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
|||
(sung) Wake Up No time for sleeping
|
||||
In light of the McCutcheon Case that is being discussed right now by the Supreme Court
|
||||
(Chomsky: That's serious) Could you talk specifically about the idea of political
|
||||
spending equating to free speech
|
||||
well thats Buckley v. Valeo
|
||||
I think it's a terrible decision spending money is not speech
|
||||
I think and the ACLU disagrees
|
||||
but disagree with them on this but the
|
||||
thinking of granting
|
||||
the free spending of money
|
||||
for political campaigns
|
||||
essentially saying let's forget any pretense of being a democratic society
|
||||
if your concept the free speech says
|
||||
okay let's give up democracy and has become a plutocracy
|
||||
well okay but then say it straight out don't just stand up and say
|
||||
"I'm defending free speech" because that is the immediate consequent
|
||||
(There is) already overwhelming
|
||||
power in the hands over tiny percent and
|
||||
the population already knows it so
|
||||
roughly eighty percent of the population in the US
|
||||
says in the polls and has for thirty years
|
||||
that the government-run but a few big interests looking out for themselves
|
||||
Actually in England it's even worse
|
||||
about 90 percent think the same thing
|
||||
and with some justice if you look at the academic political science
|
||||
you know professional political science
|
||||
the gold standard the best work in the field
|
||||
concludes the the about seventy percent of the population is unrepresented
|
||||
that means that they have no influence on policy
|
||||
no matter what they think the lower seventy percent on the
|
||||
income scale as you move up the scale you get a little bit more influence
|
||||
when you get to the very top a people just get what they want
|
||||
that plutocracy and the more and the primary reason for it is a
|
||||
free spending that money to buy candidates
|
||||
to influence legislation to lobby so on
|
||||
you can't really stop all of this you can' t stop lobbying by
|
||||
constitutional amendment but the these are
|
||||
deep pathological problems in society but to
|
||||
escalate those problems by things like McCutcheon
|
||||
is shocking I think (sung) circle out X Generation
|
||||
Superficial are the means of division Deeply rooted at the source we connect
|
||||
twitter@so!idaritymedia
|
||||
0
|
||||
6
|
||||
10
|
||||
15
|
||||
19
|
||||
22
|
||||
26
|
||||
30
|
||||
33
|
||||
36
|
||||
39
|
||||
43
|
||||
48
|
||||
51
|
||||
55
|
||||
59
|
||||
62
|
||||
67
|
||||
70
|
||||
74
|
||||
78
|
||||
82
|
||||
87
|
||||
90
|
||||
93
|
||||
98
|
||||
102
|
||||
105
|
||||
110
|
||||
114
|
||||
118
|
||||
122
|
||||
126
|
||||
131
|
||||
135
|
||||
139
|
||||
143
|
||||
146
|
||||
150
|
||||
154
|
||||
162
|
||||
168
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
122
cnt/Noam Chomsky - A Perfect Storm sprot_gEYoA.en.cnt
Normal file
122
cnt/Noam Chomsky - A Perfect Storm sprot_gEYoA.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
|||
If you take a look at recent history since the Second World War,
|
||||
something really remarkable has happened.
|
||||
First: human intelligence created two huge sledgehammers
|
||||
Capable of
|
||||
terminating our existence, or at least organized existence, both from the Second World War
|
||||
One of them's familiar. In fact both are by now familiar
|
||||
Second World War ended with the use of nuclear weapons
|
||||
It was immediately obvious on August 6th 1945,
|
||||
a day that I remember very well,
|
||||
it was obvious that
|
||||
soon technology would develop to the point where it would lead to terminal disaster.
|
||||
The scientists certainly understood this
|
||||
In 1947, The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists inaugurated
|
||||
its famous Doomsday Clock, you know, how close is the minute hand to midnight.
|
||||
It started seven minutes to midnight
|
||||
By 1953 it had moved to two minutes to midnight
|
||||
and that was the year when the United States and Soviet Union exploded hydrogen bombs
|
||||
But, it turns out, we now understand, that at the end of the Second World War the world
|
||||
also entered into a new geological epoch. It's called the Anthropocene, the epoch in which
|
||||
humans have a severe or in fact maybe disastrous impact on the environment
|
||||
Moved again in 2015, again in 2016
|
||||
Immediately after the Trump election, late January this year, the clock was moved again
|
||||
to two and a half minutes to midnight - closest it's been since 53.
|
||||
So there's the two
|
||||
existential threats that we've created which might, in the case of a nuclear war, maybe wipe us out,
|
||||
the case of environmental catastrophe, severe impact
|
||||
Then a third thing happened. Beginning around the 70s,
|
||||
human intelligence dedicated itself to
|
||||
eliminating, or at least weakening, the main barrier against the threats -
|
||||
it's called neoliberalism.
|
||||
There was a transition at that period from
|
||||
the period of what some people call regimented capitalism - 50s and 60s - the great growth period
|
||||
egalitarian growth, a lot of advances in social justice and so on
|
||||
That's sometimes called the Golden Age of modern capitalism.
|
||||
That changed in the 70s and with the onset of the
|
||||
Neoliberal era that we've been living in since
|
||||
And if you ask yourself what this era is, it's crucial principle is
|
||||
undermining mechanisms of social solidarity and mutual support and
|
||||
popular engagement in determining policy.
|
||||
It's not called that - what it's called is "freedom."
|
||||
But "freedom" means subordination to the decisions of concentrated unaccountable private power.
|
||||
That's what it means -
|
||||
The institutions of governments or other kinds of association that could allow people to
|
||||
participate in decision-making, those are systematically weakened.
|
||||
Margaret Thatcher said it rather nicely in her
|
||||
aphorism about "there is no society, only individuals"
|
||||
she was actually, unconsciously no doubt, paraphrasing Marx
|
||||
who, in his condemnation of the repression in France,
|
||||
said the repression is turning society into a sack of potatoes -
|
||||
just individuals, amorphous mass, can't act together, that was a condemnation.
|
||||
For Thatcher, it's an ideal. And that's neoliberalism.
|
||||
Well, what does that do?
|
||||
The one barrier to the threat of destruction is an informed, engaged public
|
||||
acting together to develop means to confront the threat and respond to it, and that's systematically weakened
|
||||
Consciously. Back to the 1970s - we've probably talked about this -
|
||||
there was a lot of elite discussion across the spectrum
|
||||
about the danger of too much democracy and the need to
|
||||
have what was called more moderation in democracy
|
||||
for people to become more passive and apathetic
|
||||
and not to disturb things too much, and that's what the neoliberal programs do.
|
||||
So put it all together, and what do you have? A perfect storm.
|
||||
0
|
||||
4
|
||||
8
|
||||
17
|
||||
18
|
||||
25
|
||||
29
|
||||
33
|
||||
39
|
||||
42
|
||||
44
|
||||
50
|
||||
54
|
||||
58
|
||||
64
|
||||
68
|
||||
72
|
||||
79
|
||||
86
|
||||
93
|
||||
100
|
||||
104
|
||||
110
|
||||
116
|
||||
118
|
||||
126
|
||||
130
|
||||
135
|
||||
139
|
||||
145
|
||||
147
|
||||
150
|
||||
158
|
||||
164
|
||||
167
|
||||
173
|
||||
176
|
||||
181
|
||||
189
|
||||
193
|
||||
196
|
||||
205
|
||||
207
|
||||
213
|
||||
217
|
||||
222
|
||||
226
|
||||
231
|
||||
236
|
||||
242
|
||||
247
|
||||
252
|
||||
254
|
||||
261
|
||||
271
|
||||
275
|
||||
279
|
||||
283
|
||||
286
|
||||
291
|
||||
295
|
||||
1562
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Apathy and Anarchy 2_9_93 V-gXJqZI1Eo.en.cnt
Normal file
1562
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Apathy and Anarchy 2_9_93 V-gXJqZI1Eo.en.cnt
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
|||
Islamic ideas...?
|
||||
|
||||
Question about the Islamic ideals in practice?
|
||||
|
||||
I mean Islam is like
|
||||
Christianity, Judaism,
|
||||
Buddhism
|
||||
There's no such thing as Islamic ideals
|
||||
There are lots of different Islamic ideals
|
||||
Now, just like..the real question
|
||||
we should be asking, particularly here,
|
||||
is what about Christianity?
|
||||
That's something we could do about
|
||||
so that's the highest priority. So what are
|
||||
Christian ideals? Well,
|
||||
They're very all over the place,
|
||||
people in high places now
|
||||
claim to be devout Christians,
|
||||
and on the basis of Christian ideals, they're
|
||||
saying "let's proceed to destroy the world",
|
||||
and I don't know anybody in the Islamic world who is doing that.
|
||||
Now, that's, of course, not all Christian ideals--
|
||||
there are others too. Martin Luther King
|
||||
expressed different Christian ideals, and it's the same
|
||||
with the Islamic world--you can find lots of things,
|
||||
but the idea that there are
|
||||
fixed Islamic ideals which are
|
||||
a problem for the world, that doesn't mean anything,
|
||||
you have to look at..
|
||||
take a look at individual cases, so take, say,
|
||||
Iran in the United States. They're both
|
||||
states in which the leadership
|
||||
claims to be
|
||||
deeply religious and committed to the faith,
|
||||
and asking what the two of them are doing
|
||||
with regard to the leading
|
||||
issue that they're now in conflict over
|
||||
It turns out that the Iranian leadership
|
||||
is calling vociferously
|
||||
for establishing a nuclear-weapons-free zone
|
||||
in the region which would end any threat,
|
||||
and the Christian United States with its
|
||||
deeply Christian leadership is saying "sorry we can't
|
||||
because we have to preserve Israeli nuclear weapons
|
||||
from inspections".
|
||||
Well,
|
||||
is it a problem about the Islamic faith?
|
||||
5
|
||||
8
|
||||
11
|
||||
15
|
||||
22
|
||||
24
|
||||
27
|
||||
29
|
||||
31
|
||||
34
|
||||
37
|
||||
40
|
||||
42
|
||||
46
|
||||
48
|
||||
51
|
||||
53
|
||||
56
|
||||
59
|
||||
61
|
||||
64
|
||||
68
|
||||
70
|
||||
73
|
||||
76
|
||||
79
|
||||
83
|
||||
85
|
||||
88
|
||||
90
|
||||
93
|
||||
96
|
||||
99
|
||||
101
|
||||
104
|
||||
107
|
||||
110
|
||||
114
|
||||
118
|
||||
120
|
||||
124
|
||||
128
|
||||
130
|
||||
134
|
||||
137
|
||||
139
|
||||
140
|
||||
166
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Bailouts xiOwAyN27v0.en.cnt
Normal file
166
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Bailouts xiOwAyN27v0.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
|
|||
Suppose I...
|
||||
Suppose I lend you 100$
|
||||
and a couple of years later you pay me back 100$
|
||||
Who lost?
|
||||
OK.
|
||||
But, furthermore,
|
||||
the bailouts are a very small part of the public subsidy.
|
||||
When the business press uses IMF figures
|
||||
they estimate 83 billion dollars a year of subsidy
|
||||
they're not talking about the bailouts.
|
||||
They're talking about other things... some of which I mentioned
|
||||
like cheap credit... access to cheap credit
|
||||
higher credit ratings... inflated credit ratings, which give you all kind of options.
|
||||
Because the credit agencies understand that there's a "government insurance policy"
|
||||
These guys are going to be bailed out if they get into trouble
|
||||
so we can give them higher credit ratings.
|
||||
It also means many other things...
|
||||
If you're, say, Goldman Sachs
|
||||
you can make a risky transaction
|
||||
risky transactions tend to make high profits, but they also carry the possibility of failure
|
||||
But you have not to worry about it!
|
||||
Right?
|
||||
'Cause you guys are going to pay 'em if they get into trouble
|
||||
That's the "government insurance policy"
|
||||
If you had an insurance policy like that you could do all sorts of things
|
||||
But you do give the banks that insurance policy
|
||||
As I said, the IMF figures lead to an estimate of 83 billion dollars a year...
|
||||
you could argue the details, but something on that order.
|
||||
And they say that's essentially all the profits of the big banks.
|
||||
That has enormous consequences
|
||||
like one of the consequences is
|
||||
what's called 'systemic risk'
|
||||
There's a risk... if, say, Goldman Sachs makes a risky transaction and it happens to fail
|
||||
It might bring down the whole system
|
||||
we saw that a couple of years ago, when Lehman went... it looked like the whole thing was going to collapse
|
||||
Well, there's a protection against systemic risk. Namely, you!
|
||||
You pay for it and guarantee is not going to happen
|
||||
That just increases risky behavior and the likelihood of crashes
|
||||
like what we're now seeing
|
||||
These are all pretty serious problems
|
||||
I mean, they're not at the level of climate catastrophe and nuclear war... those are kind of colossal dangers
|
||||
But these are pretty serious dangers
|
||||
I mean, the public really suffered from the latest financial collapse... the financial housing bubble and collapse
|
||||
A lot of people are still suffering from it
|
||||
Actually there was congressional legis...
|
||||
Speaking of bailouts, the bailouts came from congressional legislation
|
||||
but that congressional legislation had two parts two it:
|
||||
one was 'bailout the criminals', the other was 'help the people who were their victims'
|
||||
protect them from foreclosures and so on.
|
||||
Which part of the bargain was kept?
|
||||
Well, it's not a secret! The Inspector General of the Justice Department, Neil Barofsky, was cribbing about it.
|
||||
He wrote a book about it... but, you know, that's really existing capitalist democracy. That's the way it works. That's its logic.
|
||||
So, yeah, they sort of paid back kind of the actual bailout... but that's a joke.
|
||||
And in fact what's happening now is just mind-boggling.
|
||||
The biggest...
|
||||
The world's biggest insurance company, AIG, was on the verge of collapse
|
||||
and the... Geithner, you know, the government essentially bought it and bailed it out.
|
||||
Now it's richer than ever.
|
||||
That wasn't just going to knock out AIG, so Goldman Sachs, for example, was heavily involved in risky loans guaranteed by AIG.
|
||||
If AIG went down, Goldman Sachs would go down, and so on across the board.
|
||||
But you guys stepped in and saved it all.
|
||||
Right after that, after it was rescued from having virtually brought down the international economy,
|
||||
AIG gave expanded bonuses to its chief executives. That caused a little bit of controversy.
|
||||
You know, how come after these guys practically destroyed the economy and we pay 'em off
|
||||
they decide to give themselves bonuses?
|
||||
Larry Summers, former Secretary of the Treasury... Obama's... you know, one of his chief advisors
|
||||
responded to that saying 'Well, we just don't have any choice. It's a contractual obligation and we believe in contractual obligations. So we're just forced to accept it.'
|
||||
At the very same time, the State of Illinois was refusing to pay pensions to public service workers 'cause they said they didn't have enough money.
|
||||
Was that a contractual obligation?
|
||||
Not only that, I mean, the workers had already paid for it!
|
||||
When you have a pension, it's because you take lower wages. It's a bargain that's made.
|
||||
But that contractual obligation which workers already paid for, that one didn't have to be honored.
|
||||
And we're back to the logic of wreck again.
|
||||
AIG executives -yeah, of course- they have to get a huge bonus after practically destroying us,
|
||||
but teachers, firemen, and so on, they don't deserve that kind of thing. That's what George Orwell once called 'unpeople', that's distinct from 'people'.
|
||||
So they... no contractual obligations. There. That's our commitment to capitalist principles.
|
||||
What's happening now is beyond grotesque.
|
||||
The former CEO of AIG, Maurice Greenberg, is now principal in a court suit,
|
||||
Starr International vs. US government, is going to the Supreme Court right now
|
||||
He's complaining that the bonuses weren't... that the payout to AIG wasn't big enough
|
||||
and he wants to be reimbursed... for causes to AIG... that's, you know, if anybody asked you for the definition of 'hutzpah', you can mention it.
|
||||
That's in the Supreme Court right now, and, you know, given the nature of the court, it's so easy to figure out how it will turn out...
|
||||
even though, I mean, this is like beyond insanity. Except under the logic of really existing capitalist democracy. That's the story of the bailouts.
|
||||
0
|
||||
1
|
||||
4
|
||||
9
|
||||
11
|
||||
11
|
||||
13
|
||||
17
|
||||
21
|
||||
25
|
||||
27
|
||||
31
|
||||
35
|
||||
41
|
||||
47
|
||||
50
|
||||
52
|
||||
54
|
||||
57
|
||||
61
|
||||
67
|
||||
69
|
||||
70
|
||||
73
|
||||
75
|
||||
80
|
||||
85
|
||||
92
|
||||
95
|
||||
100
|
||||
102
|
||||
105
|
||||
109
|
||||
117
|
||||
119
|
||||
125
|
||||
130
|
||||
133
|
||||
139
|
||||
140
|
||||
143
|
||||
151
|
||||
153
|
||||
163
|
||||
165
|
||||
168
|
||||
173
|
||||
177
|
||||
185
|
||||
188
|
||||
191
|
||||
200
|
||||
209
|
||||
216
|
||||
220
|
||||
221
|
||||
227
|
||||
233
|
||||
235
|
||||
246
|
||||
252
|
||||
255
|
||||
264
|
||||
278
|
||||
283
|
||||
286
|
||||
293
|
||||
303
|
||||
314
|
||||
317
|
||||
320
|
||||
326
|
||||
331
|
||||
334
|
||||
340
|
||||
351
|
||||
358
|
||||
361
|
||||
372
|
||||
378
|
||||
385
|
||||
395
|
||||
402
|
||||
158
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Bakunin’s Predictions 3gS6g41m_NU.en.cnt
Normal file
158
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Bakunin’s Predictions 3gS6g41m_NU.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
|
|||
I think it's a tragedy and a catastrophe that the left
|
||||
has accepted the idea of humans as
|
||||
historical products
|
||||
Simply reflections of their environment
|
||||
because what follows from that, of course, is that there's no moral barrier to molding them anyway you like
|
||||
And that humans have no inner nature.
|
||||
They don't have an inner instinct for freedom... You know... if it's not
|
||||
fundamental that their nature to have
|
||||
free, creative, productive work under their own control... if that's not part of their nature
|
||||
Then why... you know... there's no moral reason for allowing them that space
|
||||
You could just mould them into being what you think they ought to be
|
||||
and you can be the Central Committee, or you can be with the...
|
||||
you know... the managers of the corporation or the
|
||||
directors of a fascist state or whatever
|
||||
And it's quite interesting that the modern intellectuals have mostly moved in one or the other of those directions overwhelmingly
|
||||
either there... and in fact this was foretold in one of the
|
||||
maybe the only
|
||||
prediction of the social sciences that ever came so dramatically true
|
||||
was Bakunin's discussion of this in the late 19th century... he was arguing with Marx
|
||||
And it's well before Leninism, but he predicted
|
||||
very perceptively that the rising class and intellectuals were just kind of becoming identified as a class and modern
|
||||
modern industrial societies... he predicted that they were essentially going to go in one of two directions
|
||||
There would be some who would believe that
|
||||
The struggles of the working class would offer them an opportunity to rise and take state power in their own hands
|
||||
And at that point he said they would become the red bureaucracy who would create the worst tyranny that
|
||||
humanity has ever known of course all in the interests of the workers. That's one direction and he said the others
|
||||
Would recognize that you're never going to get power that way and the way to get power is to associate yourself with
|
||||
What we would nowadays call state capitalism
|
||||
And just become the servants of its ruling class
|
||||
And then you become the managers and the ideologues and so on for the state capitalist system
|
||||
And as he put it those people will beat the people with the people stick in other words
|
||||
They'll talk about democracy, but they'll really be beating people with the stick of democracy
|
||||
Which they'll turn into a mechanism of coercion. There's some who think you can get power by
|
||||
by exploiting popular struggles
|
||||
And there are others who
|
||||
see that you're going to get power by just associating yourself with the people already have economic power and that's largely dominated
|
||||
And I think there was a very accurate description of the century that followed him
|
||||
On the one his is fifty years before the Bolshevik Revolution
|
||||
But he predicted its form very precisely and also its ideological background, and he also predicted
|
||||
quite accurately what happens in the modern state capitalist industrial societies and looking at it now from the
|
||||
retrospective a hundred years
|
||||
We can see I think we can see this development very clearly and it also explains an odd fact about 20th century intellectual life
|
||||
Namely, how easy it's been for people to shift from one position to another
|
||||
so the same person who's a
|
||||
Stalinist apologist one year is a super American patriot the next year is supporting every atrocity and
|
||||
working and working in the Hoover Institute
|
||||
And you know associated with most reactionary institutions that transition, which sometimes is called the God that failed
|
||||
Change which was sort of authentic in the early years like people like Salone and others
|
||||
You know there was something authentic about it. It became a joke. I mean when people within the... in fact
|
||||
We're seeing in Russia right now
|
||||
the the worst commissars are now the ones who are most passionate about the
|
||||
You know the free market and investing and enriching yourself and so on
|
||||
They've made the transition very easily and that goes way back, and I think the reason is there's no transition.
|
||||
It's just a different estimate as to where power lies, but the same ideology.
|
||||
The ideology is you beat the people with the people stick and we're going to do it in fact if you look at modern acad...
|
||||
Democratic theory in the West it's remarkably similar to this. It's remarkably Leninist in its character
|
||||
if you think of modern Democrat the leading
|
||||
tendencies in the modern democratic theory in the West
|
||||
so in in
|
||||
academic world it would be the
|
||||
Strands of political science that developed from the thinking of people like Harold Lasswell and others one of the founders of modern
|
||||
contemporary political science and in the general sphere the Wilsonian
|
||||
Intellectuals the so-called progressive intellectuals of whom maybe Walter Lippmann was the most
|
||||
striking example in the United States
|
||||
progressive intellectual in the 1920s
|
||||
..all of these people developed theories of democracy and they're quite interesting they're very Leninist in their character
|
||||
The conception is that in a democracy there's two classes of citizens
|
||||
There's the general public who Lippmann calls
|
||||
ignorant and meddlesome outsiders and
|
||||
Lasswell says they're too stupid to... We should not be overcome by dogmatism
|
||||
About the common man, who's too stupid to be able to do anything
|
||||
That's the standard view so there's these people the ignorant and meddlesome outsiders
|
||||
Which is maybe 90% of the population and then there are the responsible men the wise men... you know... the smart people
|
||||
the
|
||||
People with integrity and honor or the intellectual aristocracy whatever you call them
|
||||
and they have to rule they're the ones who make the decisions who do the thinking and so on and the role of the
|
||||
Masses the ignorant and meddlesome
|
||||
Outsiders is just to show up every couple of years
|
||||
Decide which of the smart guys is going to be their leader and then go home
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
9
|
||||
11
|
||||
14
|
||||
19
|
||||
21
|
||||
25
|
||||
27
|
||||
33
|
||||
39
|
||||
43
|
||||
47
|
||||
51
|
||||
53
|
||||
60
|
||||
64
|
||||
65
|
||||
70
|
||||
77
|
||||
81
|
||||
90
|
||||
97
|
||||
101
|
||||
108
|
||||
116
|
||||
123
|
||||
129
|
||||
132
|
||||
136
|
||||
142
|
||||
147
|
||||
153
|
||||
157
|
||||
160
|
||||
162
|
||||
169
|
||||
174
|
||||
179
|
||||
186
|
||||
194
|
||||
196
|
||||
204
|
||||
209
|
||||
212
|
||||
220
|
||||
223
|
||||
230
|
||||
235
|
||||
242
|
||||
243
|
||||
249
|
||||
253
|
||||
260
|
||||
264
|
||||
270
|
||||
277
|
||||
280
|
||||
283
|
||||
285
|
||||
287
|
||||
294
|
||||
300
|
||||
306
|
||||
309
|
||||
311
|
||||
318
|
||||
322
|
||||
326
|
||||
329
|
||||
336
|
||||
339
|
||||
344
|
||||
351
|
||||
352
|
||||
356
|
||||
363
|
||||
366
|
||||
369
|
||||
24
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Born to be Free RPXEp81ts_0.en.cnt
Normal file
24
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Born to be Free RPXEp81ts_0.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
|||
Bill Moyers: Do you believe that by nature, human beings yearn for freedom?
|
||||
Or do we settle in the interests of safety and security and conformity?
|
||||
Do we settle for order?
|
||||
Noam Chomsky: These are really matters of faith rather than knowledge.
|
||||
On the one hand, you have the grand inquisitor who tells you what people - what humans crave - is submission.
|
||||
And, therefore, Christ is a criminal, we have to vanquish freedom.
|
||||
That's one view.
|
||||
You have the other view of, say, Rousseau and some of his moments that people are born to be free
|
||||
and that their basic instinct is the desire to free themselves from coercion, authority, and oppression.
|
||||
The answer to which you believe is more or less where you stake your hopes.
|
||||
I'd like to believe that people are born to be free.
|
||||
But if you asked for proof, I couldn't give it to you.
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
9
|
||||
11
|
||||
14
|
||||
20
|
||||
24
|
||||
25
|
||||
30
|
||||
37
|
||||
43
|
||||
47
|
||||
166
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Can Machines Think Ex9GbzX6tMo.en.cnt
Normal file
166
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Can Machines Think Ex9GbzX6tMo.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
|
|||
computers were being developed actual
|
||||
working computers and it was widely
|
||||
believed and still is that sooner or
|
||||
later they'll be massive computers with
|
||||
very rapid processing and they can deal
|
||||
with huge amounts of data carry out some
|
||||
statistical procedure on the data and
|
||||
something miraculous will come out it's
|
||||
still very widely believed that people
|
||||
are very misled by it
|
||||
in fact there's there's something called
|
||||
the
|
||||
Turing test which is probably heard
|
||||
about which, every year there's a
|
||||
competition if you win it you get a
|
||||
hundred-thousand dollars to pass something
|
||||
called the Turing test, a totally
|
||||
meaningless task it's is it supposed to
|
||||
show it can you show that machine's
|
||||
think it's all based on a paper of Alan
|
||||
Turing's it was a great position and one
|
||||
sounds of computational science and as
|
||||
an eight-page paper that he wrote in
|
||||
1950 on whether machines can think he
|
||||
starts off the paper by saying the
|
||||
question whether machines can think is
|
||||
too meaningless deserve discussion that
|
||||
sentence has somehow been ignored and
|
||||
the entire literature and there's a good
|
||||
reason for it because to ask whether
|
||||
machines think is basically asking
|
||||
what kind of metaphor you like that's
|
||||
like asking do submarine swim, well
|
||||
from a certain point you can say so
|
||||
from another point of view not but it's
|
||||
not a meaningful question he
|
||||
proposed this imitation game which is now called
|
||||
the Turing Test for a different
|
||||
reason he said it'll be interesting to,
|
||||
the idea is to see if you can construct a
|
||||
program that'll
|
||||
delude a blind observer you know and
|
||||
then see what's going on but not be
|
||||
able to distinguish the program to a
|
||||
person
|
||||
ok he says it will be useful for trying
|
||||
to as a challenge to create bigger
|
||||
machines better machines
|
||||
ok maybe so that probably was but it
|
||||
doesn't tell you anything about whether machines can
|
||||
think in fact the whole idea of machines
|
||||
thinking is posed in a way which is
|
||||
almost designed to cause confusion I
|
||||
should say that the people who are
|
||||
confused by this are some of the most of
|
||||
the leading philosophers most
|
||||
influential philosophers and scientists
|
||||
and others not a trivial thing won't
|
||||
mention names with many of you know for
|
||||
one thing machine the computer itself is
|
||||
maybe useful as a paperweight
|
||||
it doesn't do anything what is doing
|
||||
anything is the program that you put
|
||||
into it
|
||||
ok so the real quick if you want to pose
|
||||
the meaningless question it should be
|
||||
can programs think? well what's a program
|
||||
a program's just a theory written in a
|
||||
crazy notation so that a machine can,
|
||||
a computer can implement it, so the question
|
||||
really is well, can this theory think in other
|
||||
words is this a theory of thinking? Well I
|
||||
know the answer is not unless you
|
||||
understand something about thinking
|
||||
nothing the theory of X just cause it
|
||||
passes some meaningless test you know the
|
||||
theory of X if it gives you insight and
|
||||
understanding of the nature of X so the
|
||||
real question is are the theories that
|
||||
are written in these programs giving
|
||||
us some insight into the nature of thinking?
|
||||
And as soon as you pose that question you don't even
|
||||
bother with the prize, because of course they're not.
|
||||
0
|
||||
2
|
||||
4
|
||||
8
|
||||
12
|
||||
16
|
||||
20
|
||||
22
|
||||
25
|
||||
27
|
||||
30
|
||||
33
|
||||
34
|
||||
36
|
||||
38
|
||||
40
|
||||
44
|
||||
46
|
||||
52
|
||||
55
|
||||
58
|
||||
61
|
||||
64
|
||||
66
|
||||
72
|
||||
76
|
||||
78
|
||||
82
|
||||
84
|
||||
86
|
||||
91
|
||||
93
|
||||
95
|
||||
98
|
||||
100
|
||||
103
|
||||
106
|
||||
109
|
||||
111
|
||||
115
|
||||
117
|
||||
118
|
||||
122
|
||||
125
|
||||
126
|
||||
127
|
||||
130
|
||||
132
|
||||
134
|
||||
138
|
||||
139
|
||||
142
|
||||
145
|
||||
148
|
||||
150
|
||||
152
|
||||
154
|
||||
157
|
||||
160
|
||||
163
|
||||
167
|
||||
170
|
||||
173
|
||||
175
|
||||
176
|
||||
179
|
||||
181
|
||||
184
|
||||
188
|
||||
191
|
||||
194
|
||||
197
|
||||
200
|
||||
202
|
||||
204
|
||||
208
|
||||
210
|
||||
213
|
||||
216
|
||||
219
|
||||
223
|
||||
225
|
||||
228
|
||||
130
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Changes Within the System ZNG2K533_2I.en.cnt
Normal file
130
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Changes Within the System ZNG2K533_2I.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
|
|||
I think there are good grounds for changing the nature of the political system pretty radically. I mean in a system of
|
||||
organization of production let's say just keeping to that, which is geared towards
|
||||
a profit maximization, not use is
|
||||
inherently destructive.
|
||||
[a] system of
|
||||
institutional organization in which
|
||||
the basic functioning
|
||||
Institutions are totalitarian
|
||||
like a business
|
||||
Top-Down control
|
||||
Fits somewhere and it take orders from above given below at the bottom you rent yourself. That's inherently I think
|
||||
humanly and
|
||||
socially destructive
|
||||
So there's plenty of changes that could be made and we can think about them and in fact you can try to build
|
||||
within the existing
|
||||
Society
|
||||
Pieces of what might be a more
|
||||
democratic and humane future society it's even being done,
|
||||
but you can't change the political system radically unless the great mass of the population
|
||||
comes to a recognition
|
||||
That we're in a situation where the changes that have to be made
|
||||
can't be made and will be resisted within the current system. We're nowhere near that.
|
||||
So I don't think the question arises as
|
||||
a practical question. It does arise as a question to have in mind and choosing tactics and strategies.
|
||||
I think any of us could sit down at
|
||||
You know [a] coffee shop, and think of much better ways to run a world. You know, better institutions where
|
||||
[democratic] ones were just ones and so on. But thinking of that doesn't really help. You have to get
|
||||
the great mass of the population to be committed to creating and
|
||||
You can only do that incrementally. You have to work within the system that exists.
|
||||
you can do a lot of things within it. You can have
|
||||
a vision of the future which people can take us a guideline for
|
||||
further action and maybe leading
|
||||
As I mentioned before, you can construct
|
||||
institutions of a future society within this one, like cooperatives, for example, like
|
||||
workaround enterprises. If they would extend they would be they would change the society enormously. And those are things that arise
|
||||
constantly, if you're willing to grasp the opportunity. So take, let's say, the 2008 crash.
|
||||
One of the things that happened, then which was pretty interesting
|
||||
was that the government essentially nationalized the auto industry.
|
||||
Basically just bailed it out it was going to disappear.
|
||||
So the government meaning the taxpayer bought out the auto industry. And then there were a couple of choices that could have been made
|
||||
That one choice is the one that was made without discussion,
|
||||
namely turn it back to the former owners (may be new faces
|
||||
but pretty much same town same banks
|
||||
And so on). So essentially turn it back to the former owners and have it go on doing exactly what it was doing:
|
||||
producing cars.
|
||||
There was another possibility:
|
||||
Turn it over to the workforce, let them run it democratically, and have it produced with the society needs,
|
||||
which is not more cars, but rational mass transportation.
|
||||
That was another possibility.
|
||||
But in order for it to be implemented you had to have mass popular support for it. There was essentially none,
|
||||
so it didn't happen. And things like that happened even right locally in this neighborhood. So a couple of years ago, there was a
|
||||
small plant and
|
||||
Taunton, suburb of Boston, which was quite successful: a plant making
|
||||
sophisticated parts for aircraft.
|
||||
It wasn't making enough profit for the multinational who owned that could keep it going. So, they decided to put it out of business.
|
||||
the
|
||||
progressive union, offered to buy the plant, and have it run by the workforce.
|
||||
Which probably would have been profitable for the multinational, but for class reasons, they don't like that kind of thing.
|
||||
If there had been popular support,
|
||||
they could have won.
|
||||
There wasn't any so they didn't win.
|
||||
Things like that are happening all the time.
|
||||
These could lead to major changes in the society. Are they incremental? in a sense.
|
||||
but they're their long-term consequences, they could be very great. And
|
||||
that's true of all kinds of things.
|
||||
0
|
||||
9
|
||||
15
|
||||
19
|
||||
20
|
||||
23
|
||||
26
|
||||
28
|
||||
31
|
||||
33
|
||||
36
|
||||
45
|
||||
46
|
||||
47
|
||||
54
|
||||
56
|
||||
58
|
||||
61
|
||||
65
|
||||
72
|
||||
75
|
||||
81
|
||||
87
|
||||
90
|
||||
97
|
||||
100
|
||||
109
|
||||
118
|
||||
123
|
||||
129
|
||||
132
|
||||
137
|
||||
141
|
||||
146
|
||||
152
|
||||
161
|
||||
169
|
||||
173
|
||||
178
|
||||
181
|
||||
189
|
||||
194
|
||||
199
|
||||
202
|
||||
208
|
||||
210
|
||||
212
|
||||
218
|
||||
223
|
||||
225
|
||||
233
|
||||
241
|
||||
244
|
||||
251
|
||||
254
|
||||
262
|
||||
263
|
||||
270
|
||||
278
|
||||
280
|
||||
282
|
||||
285
|
||||
287
|
||||
293
|
||||
299
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
|||
Recovery of counterattack Full name What to look at Soindo 2 It's a recent job, but it's a Huh Life album.
|
||||
I like sitting in the spring, but don't put it up and look for it again
|
||||
It's okay and it will be all right. Uh 1 I like to say in the email.
|
||||
There was a time when I was able to tie the Bravo main to good, so why didn't I tell the prisoner that I should have been given a strong blow?
|
||||
nl As if not from the west, when I was in the B-L era, I wanted to be from Chukyung-an on the top of the prime lens.
|
||||
Did you sign up for anything? When the four of us didn't do anything, that's what we said.
|
||||
It's rumored that there was no Cho Eun-yu and no network delivery.
|
||||
The dermis is also a bit of a drive.
|
||||
I can't tell you what the examinees are doing.
|
||||
Once the Chuno was in Prague, it was reported that the rice wine was very good to meet in July.
|
||||
If you don't look at the baby, it's funny that you're not wearing underwear.
|
||||
After dropping in the value security at 2 pieces in Vista, come on and lend it and Le Map ate the face wash
|
||||
That's why there are uvex knife trends, so this year, Lee acts come to know the pearl eyeshadow
|
||||
Kiman Shrinking Out of Sleep How the sleep was the main of the forest The lost courtyard Sejun Jobin Mae published these editions
|
||||
1 yaen In Excel, I can be strong like this.
|
||||
Even if you feel like the church is not going to mean heavy pressure, this creative earth will give you a space to go out.
|
||||
As a monk, the nor shank sprig rack at the bottom is q8.
|
||||
Yeah xun from duo on copying 5% sct
|
||||
I can play web sound hattu for the first time.
|
||||
I put a little bit and the application has seen a strike.
|
||||
Crack distance n2 What can give you something?
|
||||
When the fire is a little bit, when the hooker d2 age comes up, the story f5 that floats is prepared and spread by countless outside prisoners
|
||||
It's inconvenient to get rid of it.
|
||||
Well nss and suspicions When counting children, Marie Black has a lot of real lover's suits, the mother is Platy Wool. 2
|
||||
I'm going to do it. I want to eve the stents line.
|
||||
And you can make a super elk in fpu horses mind de sharm
|
||||
Chloe wants to pay a price for a deca locker, then polite 3 than this scalpel
|
||||
In the future, the graph is about 20 pills of Wesley's side.
|
||||
Even if I did a drink, I came to the router for 50 nights. Shane Demi, this habit is more superberry shipment.
|
||||
Red Hill House 2
|
||||
I think it's the deer's job. Even if it's a horse, Loewe Intern Let's ask Stahl, who wrote it in July. Time Rush 2 1 3
|
||||
Other than that, it can be like a spoiled yet crooked crocodile with one drink, but I have read it.
|
||||
But this knife is hot, so I just paste 50 more on the horse. The blue one is the decal.
|
||||
Maybe it's probably 1 1 Ciao Oh so 50 to close the company to write 58
|
||||
yaen I'm famous and I want to use Nam Won-ju 8 weeks ago.
|
||||
The sensation is the fire, and we use you. We put the fetus in front of the wm cut-in.
|
||||
Kershaw 5 January Sui One time I know how to lose I would have slept a little
|
||||
2 om combination would dawn more ah
|
||||
out on sep 2 or 50 dot four seoul tower um none
|
||||
Yes, when those rs are a bit sad, when I give a temper between oo want has spoken
|
||||
Que 3 yo service that represents 8 hours co2 clot
|
||||
Others should be under the hood rd ste an open a site 3
|
||||
wicker opera Why was this erotic sex tm 2
|
||||
Oh, ah, oh why did this rule give me a little polite pop up
|
||||
Ender fleets once n 4 4 5 5 Wenser Easy Tek demand will also own cube
|
||||
Ah this source was a white candle lamp e5 trident user to Fist into Jewelry Shop or when it seems is related
|
||||
video Dwarf serve as we paste term 4 Kerom, what is it?
|
||||
9 ji do mo You didn't have it at all. I have 3 sweets all the time.
|
||||
I wanted to make the weather harder Hold this bed Oh yeah but what takes office What is 3 notes 3
|
||||
Hyundai lf love spell 4 escape into a too much to say 34km wafer rab 4 c less than 50% 4
|
||||
Give me 559 Then what then why?
|
||||
Ah the tankers are wolves themselves, even when they are given openflow m
|
||||
Ah, the main boat shoots 10 shots 40% from the inside.
|
||||
If you do, you will be treated by courier El.
|
||||
I'm sure it's gonna be ah ah a why spravel israel a lot of rides and de singer's pants have gone blessed so cow absorbed say red
|
||||
Go ahead and write it and you can make a rs flop. You can do this like this.
|
||||
But turn chef Schul late only 7 degrees technical data cell black l5 legislators can pay their salary free kml while drinking kml soup
|
||||
Don't get the bridge or Fraze Holden from the xl got string site
|
||||
After class, when I broke the brand, I used his son frn
|
||||
Wait, it's been a week since I liked one thing. I know how to get caught. It's almost anything.
|
||||
You need to know how to separate the bra by scratching
|
||||
0
|
||||
9
|
||||
14
|
||||
23
|
||||
34
|
||||
44
|
||||
53
|
||||
63
|
||||
71
|
||||
82
|
||||
94
|
||||
101
|
||||
108
|
||||
117
|
||||
125
|
||||
136
|
||||
146
|
||||
154
|
||||
162
|
||||
168
|
||||
175
|
||||
183
|
||||
192
|
||||
197
|
||||
205
|
||||
211
|
||||
219
|
||||
227
|
||||
237
|
||||
248
|
||||
252
|
||||
261
|
||||
269
|
||||
280
|
||||
289
|
||||
297
|
||||
307
|
||||
313
|
||||
320
|
||||
331
|
||||
342
|
||||
355
|
||||
364
|
||||
372
|
||||
379
|
||||
391
|
||||
406
|
||||
424
|
||||
434
|
||||
443
|
||||
456
|
||||
465
|
||||
472
|
||||
478
|
||||
485
|
||||
497
|
||||
509
|
||||
519
|
||||
528
|
||||
535
|
||||
543
|
||||
2646
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Conversations with History 8ghoXQxdk6s.en.cnt
Normal file
2646
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Conversations with History 8ghoXQxdk6s.en.cnt
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
|
|||
I think that the libertarian socialist concepts, and by that I mean a range of thinking that extends from
|
||||
Left-Wing Marxism through Anarchism; I think that these are fundamentally correct and that they are the proper and natural
|
||||
extension of classical liberalism into the era of Advanced industrial Society in
|
||||
contrast it seems to me that the ideology of state socialism, that is what has become of bolshevism and
|
||||
of state Capitalism, the Modern Welfare state.
|
||||
These of course are dominant in
|
||||
the Industrial countries and industrial societies
|
||||
but I believe that they are regressive and
|
||||
highly inadequate social theories and that a large number of our really fundamental problems stem from A
|
||||
kind of incompatibility and
|
||||
inappropriateness of these social forms to a modern industrial society
|
||||
a French writer rather sympathetic to Anarchism once wrote that Anarchism has a broad back like paper it endures anything and
|
||||
There are many shades of anarchism
|
||||
And I'm concerned here only with one namely the anarchism of Bakunin who wrote in his anarchist
|
||||
Manifesto of 1865 that to be an anarchist one must first be a socialist
|
||||
I'm concerned with the anarchism of Adolph Fischer one of the martyrs of the
|
||||
Haymarket affair in 1886 who said that every anarchist is a socialist, but not every socialist is necessarily an anarchist a
|
||||
Consistent anarchist must oppose private ownership of the means of production
|
||||
such property is indeed, as
|
||||
Proudhon, his famous remark asserted, a form of theft
|
||||
But a consistent anarchist will also oppose
|
||||
the organization of production by government
|
||||
I'm quoting, it means state socialism, the command of the state officials over production and the command of
|
||||
managers, scientists, shop officials in the shop the goal of the working class is liberation from
|
||||
Exploitation and this goal is not reached and cannot be reached by a new directing and governing class
|
||||
Substituting itself for the bourgeoisie it is only realized by the workers themselves being master over production by some form of workers councils
|
||||
These remarks, it happens, are quoted from the Left-wing Marxist Anton Pannekoek and in fact radical Marxism
|
||||
What Lenin once called infantile ultra leftism
|
||||
merges with anarchist currents
|
||||
There's an important point. I think and let me give one further illustration of this convergence between Left-wing Marxism and
|
||||
socialist anarchism
|
||||
Considering the following
|
||||
characterization of
|
||||
revolutionary Socialism
|
||||
The revolutionary socialist Denies that state ownership can end in anything other than a bureaucratic despotism
|
||||
We have seen why the state cannot democratically control industry
|
||||
Industry can only be democratically owned and controlled by the workers electing directly from Their own ranks
|
||||
Industrial administrative committees
|
||||
Socialism will be fundamentally an industrial system its constituencies will be of an industrial character
|
||||
Thus those carrying on the social activity and industries of society will be directly represented in the local and central councils of social administration
|
||||
In this way the powers of such delegates will flow upwards from those carrying on the work and conversant with the needs of the community
|
||||
When the Central administrative industrial committee meets it will represent every phase of Social activity
|
||||
Hence the capitalist political or geographical state will be replaced by the industrial administrative committee of socialism
|
||||
The transition from One social system to the other will be the social revolution
|
||||
The political state throughout history has meant the government of men by ruling classes
|
||||
The Republic of Socialism will be the government of industry
|
||||
administered on behalf of the whole community
|
||||
the former meant the economic and political
|
||||
Subjection of the many the latter will mean the economic freedom of all it will be therefore a true democracy
|
||||
These remarks are taken from a book called the state its origins and function written by William Paul in early
|
||||
1917 just prior to Lenin's State and Revolution, which is his most libertarian work
|
||||
William Paul was one founders of the British Communist party later the Editor the British Communist party journal
|
||||
And it's interesting that his critique of state socialism
|
||||
Resembles very closely I think the libertarian doctrine of the anarchists in
|
||||
particular in its principle that the state must disappear
|
||||
To be replaced by the industrial organization of society in the course of the social revolution itself
|
||||
Proudhon in 1851 wrote that what we put in place of the government is industrial
|
||||
organization and many many similar comments can be cited that in a sense is the
|
||||
fundamental idea of
|
||||
Anarchist revolutionaries
|
||||
What's more important than the fact that many such statements can be cited is that these ideas have been realized in Spontaneous revolutionary action
|
||||
several times for example in Germany and Italy after the first world war in Catalonia in 1936
|
||||
One might argue at least I would argue that
|
||||
Council Communism in this sense in the sense of the long quotation that I read is
|
||||
the natural form of Revolutionary Socialism in an industrial society
|
||||
It reflects the intuitive understanding that democracy is largely a sham when the industrial system is controlled by any form of autocratic elite
|
||||
whether of owners managers
|
||||
technocrats a vanguard party a state bureaucracy or whatever
|
||||
under these conditions of Authoritarian domination the classical liberal ideals
|
||||
Which are expressed also by Marx and Bakunin and all true revolutionaries
|
||||
Cannot be realized man will in other words not be free to inquire and create to develop his own
|
||||
potentialities to their fullest the worker will remain a fragment of a human being
|
||||
Degraded a tool in the productive process directed from above
|
||||
the ideas of Revolutionary Libertarian Socialism in this sense they've been
|
||||
submerged in the industrial societies of the past half century the
|
||||
dominant ideologies have been those of state Socialism and state capitalism
|
||||
But there's been an interesting resurgence in the last couple of years
|
||||
fact the theses that I quoted from Anton Pannekoek they were taken from a recent pamphlet of a radical French workers group and
|
||||
the quotation that I read from William Paul on revolutionary Socialism was taken from a paper by
|
||||
Walter Kendall at the National Conference on workers control in Sheffield, England Last March
|
||||
both of these groups the French and the English one represents something significant the workers control movement in England in particular
|
||||
Has developed into a I think remarkably significant force in the last few years it includes some of the largest trade unions for example
|
||||
the amalgamated engineering federation which I think is the second largest trade unit in England and
|
||||
which has taken these principles as its
|
||||
fundamental ideas
|
||||
It's had a series of successful conferences putting out an interesting Pamphlet literature and on the continent there are parallel developments May
|
||||
1968 in France of course accelerated the growing interest in
|
||||
Council Communism and similar ideas other forms of Libertarian Socialism in France and Germany as it did in England
|
||||
given the general
|
||||
Conservative cast of our highly ideological Society it not too surprising that the united states is relatively untouched by these currents
|
||||
but that too may change
|
||||
the erosion of the Cold War mythology
|
||||
At least makes it possible to discuss some of these questions
|
||||
And if the present wave of repression [can] be beaten back
|
||||
if the left can overcome its more suicidal tendencies and build on the achievements of the past decade the
|
||||
[problem] of how to organize industrial society on truly democratic lines with democratic control in the workplace as [well] as in the [community]
|
||||
this should become the dominant intellectual issue for those who are alive [for] the problems of contemporary Society and
|
||||
and as a mass movement for revolutionary Libertarian Socialism develops as I hope it will
|
||||
speculation should proceed to action
|
||||
Now [it] may seem
|
||||
quixotic to group left Marxism and Anarchism under the same rubric as I've done given the antagonism throughout the past century between
|
||||
marxists and anarchists beginning with the
|
||||
Antagonism between
|
||||
Marx and Angles on the one hand and for example Proudhon and Bakunin on the other in the 19th century at least their differences
|
||||
with regard to the question of the state was
|
||||
significant but in a sense it was tactical the
|
||||
Anarchists were convinced that capitalism and the state must be destroyed together
|
||||
Angles in a letter of 1883 Expressed his opposition to this idea as follows
|
||||
The anarchists put the thing upside down they declare that the proletarian revolution must begin by doing away with the political organization of the state
|
||||
But to destroy it at [such] a moment [would] be to destroy the only organism by means of which the victorious
|
||||
Proletariat can assert its newly conquered power
|
||||
Hold down its adversaries and carry out that economic revolution of society without which the whole victory must end in a new
|
||||
defeat and a mass slaughter of the workers similar to those after the Paris commune
|
||||
the Paris commune I think it's fair to [say] did represent the ideas [of] Libertarian socialism of anarchism if you like and
|
||||
Marx of course wrote about it with great enthusiasm
|
||||
He in fact the experience of the commune led him to modify his concept for the role of the state
|
||||
As you can see for example by looking at the introduction to the Communist Manifesto the the addition of it was published in 1872
|
||||
And to take on something like a more anarchist
|
||||
perspective of the Nature of Social revolution
|
||||
well the commune was of course drowned in blood as the anarchist communes of Spain were destroyed by Fascist and Communist armies and
|
||||
It might be argued that more dictatorial structures would have defended the revolution against such forces
|
||||
But I doubt this very much
|
||||
at least in the case of Spain
|
||||
Seems to me that a more consistent libertarian policy might have provided the [only] possible defense of the revolution
|
||||
Of course this can be contested, and it's a long story which I don't [wanna] go into here, but [at] the very least
|
||||
It's clear [that] one would have to be rather naive after the events of the past half century
|
||||
To fail to see the truth in Bakunin's repeated warnings that the red bureaucracy would prove the most vile and terrible lie of the century
|
||||
He once said take the most radical revolutionary and place him on the throne of all the Russia's, to all Russia,
|
||||
He said in 1870 or give him a dictatorial power and before a year has passed he will become worse than the Tsar himself
|
||||
I'm afraid in this respect [Bakunin] was all too perceptive and this kind of warning was repeatedly voiced from the from the left
|
||||
For example the anarcho-syndicalist Fernand Pelloutier asked
|
||||
1890s must even the transitory state to which we have to submit
|
||||
Necessarily and fatally be the collectivist
|
||||
Jail? Can't it assist in a free organization limited exclusively by the needs of production and consumption all political institutions having disappeared?
|
||||
I don't pretend to know the answer to that question
|
||||
But I think it's tolerably clear that unless the answer is positive
|
||||
The chances for a truly democratic revolution that will achieve the humanistic ideals of the left are perhaps rather slight
|
||||
I think Martin Buber put problem quite succinctly when he said
|
||||
One cannot in the nature of things expect a little tree that has been turned into a club to put forth leaves
|
||||
for just this reason
|
||||
It's essential that a powerful revolutionary movement exists in the united states if there are to be any reasonable
|
||||
possibilities for democratic social change of a radical Sort any within a capitalist world and
|
||||
Comparable remarks, I think undoubtedly hold for the Russian Empire
|
||||
Lenin till the end of his life stressed the idea
|
||||
I quote that it is an elementary truth of Marxism
|
||||
that the victory of Socialism requires the joint effort of workers in a number of Advanced countries at
|
||||
the very least it requires that the great centers of world imperialism be impeded by
|
||||
Domestic pressures from Counter Revolutionary intervention only such possibilities will permit any revolution to overthrow
|
||||
its own
|
||||
Coercive state institutions as it tries to bring the economy under direct democratic control
|
||||
I've mentioned so far two reference points for a discussion of the state classical liberalism and libertarian socialism
|
||||
They're in agreement that the functions of the state are repressive and that state action must be limited
|
||||
The Libertarian socialist goes on to insist that the state power must be eliminated in favor of the democratic organization of industrial society
|
||||
With direct popular control over all institutions by those who
|
||||
Participate in as well as those who are directly affected by the workings of these institutions
|
||||
So one might imagine then a system of workers' councils, consumers' Councils, Commune assemblies, regional Federation's, and so on
|
||||
With the kind of representation that's direct and revocable in the sense that
|
||||
Representatives are directly answerable to and returned directly to the well-defined and integrated social group
|
||||
for which they speak in some higher-order
|
||||
organization something obviously very different than our system of representation
|
||||
Now it might very well be asked whether such a social structure is feasible in a complex highly technological society
|
||||
There are counter arguments
|
||||
and I think they fall into two [main] categories first category is that such an organization is contrary to human Nature and
|
||||
The second category says roughly that it's incompatible with the demands of efficiency, and I'd like to briefly consider each of these
|
||||
Consider the first that a free society is contrary to human nature
|
||||
It's often ask do men really want freedom? Do they want the responsibility [that] goes with it?
|
||||
Or would they prefer to be ruled by a benevolent master?
|
||||
Consistently apologists for the existing [distribution] of power have held to one or another version of the idea of the happy slave
|
||||
200 Years ago Rousseau denounced the sophistic politicians and intellectuals
|
||||
Who searched for ways to obscure the fact, so he maintained, that the essential and defining property of man is freedom
|
||||
They attribute to man a natural inclination to servitude without thinking that it is the same for freedom as for innocence and virtue
|
||||
Their value is felt only as long as one enjoys them oneself and the taste for them is lost
|
||||
As soon as one has lost them
|
||||
As proof of this doctrine he refers to the marvels done by all free peoples to guard themselves from oppression
|
||||
True, he says, those who have abandoned the life of a free man
|
||||
Do nothing but boast incessantly of the peace and repose they enjoy in their chains
|
||||
But when I see the other sacrifice pleasures repose wealth power and life itself for the preservation of this soul good
|
||||
Which is so disdained by those who have lost it when I see multitudes of entirely naked Savages scorn European voluptuousness
|
||||
and endure hunger fire the sword and death to preserve only their independence
|
||||
[I] feel it does not behoove slaves to reason about freedom a
|
||||
comment which
|
||||
To which we can perhaps give a contemporary interpretation
|
||||
Rather similar thoughts were expressed by [Immanuel] Kant 40 years later
|
||||
He cannot he says accept the proposition that
|
||||
certain people are not right [for] freedom for example the serfs of some landlord if
|
||||
one accepts this assumption he writes freedom will never be achieved
|
||||
For one cannot arrive at the maturity for freedom without having already acquired it
|
||||
One must be free to learn how to make use of one's powers freely and usefully
|
||||
The first attempts will surely be brutal and will lead to a state of affairs more painful and dangerous than the former condition
|
||||
under the dominance
|
||||
but also the protection of an external authority
|
||||
However one can achieve reason only through one's own experiences and one must be free to be able to undertake them
|
||||
To accept the principle that freedom is worthless for those under one's control and that one has the right to refuse it to them forever
|
||||
Is an infringement on the right of God himself who has created man to be free
|
||||
this particular remark is
|
||||
Interesting because of its context as well. Kant, in this occasion, was defending French revolution during terror
|
||||
against those who claimed that it showed the masses to be unready for the privilege of freedom and
|
||||
His remarks to I think have obvious contemporary Relevance
|
||||
No rational person will approve of violence and terror and in particular the terror of the post-revolutionary state
|
||||
Which is fallen into the hands of a grim autocracy has more than once reached indescribable levels of savagery
|
||||
at the same time no person of
|
||||
Understanding or humanity will too quickly condemn the violence that often occurs when long subdued masses
|
||||
Rise against their oppressors or take their first steps towards liberty and social reconstruction
|
||||
Humboldt just a Few years before Kant had expressed the view very similar to that he also said that freedom and variety are the
|
||||
preconditions for human self-realization
|
||||
Nothing promotes this ripeness for freedom so much as freedom itself
|
||||
This truth perhaps may not be acknowledged by those who have so often used this unripeness as an excuse for continuing repression
|
||||
But it seems to me to follow unquestionably from the very nature of man
|
||||
The incapacity for freedom can only arise from a want of Moral and intellectual power
|
||||
to heighten this power is the only way to supply the want but to do so
|
||||
presupposes the freedom which awakens spontaneous activity and those who do not comprehend this he says may justly be suspected of
|
||||
Misunderstanding Human Nature and wishing to make men into machines
|
||||
Rosa Luxemburg's
|
||||
fraternal sympathetic Critique of Bolshevik ideology and practice was given in very similar terms
|
||||
Only the active participation of the masses [in] self-government [and] social reconstruction
|
||||
Could bring about what she described as the complete spiritual transformation
|
||||
in the masses degraded by centuries of bourgeois class rule
|
||||
just as only their creative experience and spontaneous action can Solve the myriad problems of creating a
|
||||
Libertarian Socialist Society
|
||||
she went on to
|
||||
Say that historically the [errors] committed by a truly revolutionary movement are infinitely more fruitful than the infallibility of the Cleverest central
|
||||
committee and
|
||||
[I] think that these remarks
|
||||
Can be translated immediately for the somewhat parallel ideology of the soulful corporation
|
||||
Which is now fairly popular among American academics for example Carl Kaysen who writes
|
||||
No longer the agent of proprietorship seeking to maximize return on investment
|
||||
Management sees itself as responsible to stockholders, employees, customers, the general public, and perhaps most important, the firm itself as an institution
|
||||
There is no display of Greed or grasping this
|
||||
There's no attempt to push off on the workers of the community at least part of the social costs of the enterprise
|
||||
The Modern Corporation is a Soulful corporation
|
||||
Similarly the [vanguard] party is a soulful party and in both cases those who urge [that] men submit to the rule of these benevolent
|
||||
Autocracies may I think justly be accused of wishing to make men into machines
|
||||
Now the correctness of the view which is expressed by rousseau and Kant and Humboldt and luxembourg and innumerable others
|
||||
I don't think that the correctness of this is at the moment
|
||||
Susceptible to scientific proof -- one can only evaluate it in terms of experience and intuition
|
||||
But one can also point out the social consequences of adopting the view that men are born to be free
|
||||
Or that they are born to be ruled by Benevolent Autocrats
|
||||
[what] of the second question the question of efficiency is democratic control of the industrial system down to its smallest functional units
|
||||
Incompatible with efficiency? This is very frequently argued on several grounds some say for example that centralized management is a technological
|
||||
imperative
|
||||
But I think the argument is exceedingly weak when one looks into it
|
||||
The very same technology that brings relevant information to the board of managers
|
||||
Can bring it at the time that it is needed to everyone in the Workforce
|
||||
The technology that's now capable of eliminating the stupefying labor that turns men into specialized tools of production
|
||||
this technology permits in Principle leisure and the educational opportunities that make them able to use this information in a rational way and
|
||||
Furthermore even an
|
||||
Economic elite which is dripping with soulfulness to use Ralph Miliband's phrase
|
||||
Is constrained by the system in which it functions to organize production for certain ends: power, growth, profit
|
||||
But not in the nature of the case human needs, needs that to an evermore critical degree can be expressed only in collective terms
|
||||
It's surely conceivable and perhaps It's even likely that
|
||||
Decisions made by the collective itself will reflect these needs and interests as well as those made [by] various Soulful elites in
|
||||
Any event it's a bit difficult to take seriously
|
||||
Arguments about efficiency in a society that devotes such enormous resources to waste and destruction
|
||||
As everyone knows the very concept of efficiency is dripping with ideology
|
||||
Maximum maximization of commodities is hardly the only measure of a decent existence the point is familiar and no elaboration is necessary
|
||||
0
|
||||
6
|
||||
14
|
||||
19
|
||||
25
|
||||
29
|
||||
31
|
||||
34
|
||||
37
|
||||
43
|
||||
45
|
||||
50
|
||||
58
|
||||
60
|
||||
66
|
||||
71
|
||||
75
|
||||
83
|
||||
87
|
||||
89
|
||||
93
|
||||
96
|
||||
99
|
||||
105
|
||||
110
|
||||
116
|
||||
125
|
||||
131
|
||||
135
|
||||
139
|
||||
146
|
||||
148
|
||||
149
|
||||
151
|
||||
153
|
||||
159
|
||||
163
|
||||
169
|
||||
171
|
||||
177
|
||||
185
|
||||
193
|
||||
198
|
||||
205
|
||||
209
|
||||
214
|
||||
218
|
||||
220
|
||||
222
|
||||
229
|
||||
237
|
||||
243
|
||||
247
|
||||
251
|
||||
255
|
||||
258
|
||||
263
|
||||
268
|
||||
273
|
||||
275
|
||||
278
|
||||
286
|
||||
293
|
||||
296
|
||||
300
|
||||
304
|
||||
312
|
||||
314
|
||||
318
|
||||
324
|
||||
328
|
||||
334
|
||||
338
|
||||
343
|
||||
348
|
||||
353
|
||||
357
|
||||
360
|
||||
367
|
||||
373
|
||||
379
|
||||
386
|
||||
395
|
||||
400
|
||||
403
|
||||
405
|
||||
412
|
||||
416
|
||||
423
|
||||
426
|
||||
434
|
||||
436
|
||||
439
|
||||
442
|
||||
446
|
||||
452
|
||||
460
|
||||
466
|
||||
472
|
||||
475
|
||||
477
|
||||
484
|
||||
487
|
||||
488
|
||||
495
|
||||
498
|
||||
501
|
||||
506
|
||||
511
|
||||
518
|
||||
523
|
||||
526
|
||||
532
|
||||
538
|
||||
544
|
||||
547
|
||||
553
|
||||
560
|
||||
564
|
||||
567
|
||||
574
|
||||
579
|
||||
582
|
||||
584
|
||||
590
|
||||
594
|
||||
599
|
||||
607
|
||||
614
|
||||
622
|
||||
631
|
||||
635
|
||||
640
|
||||
642
|
||||
651
|
||||
653
|
||||
657
|
||||
665
|
||||
668
|
||||
676
|
||||
677
|
||||
683
|
||||
689
|
||||
694
|
||||
697
|
||||
699
|
||||
705
|
||||
710
|
||||
717
|
||||
718
|
||||
726
|
||||
733
|
||||
738
|
||||
746
|
||||
750
|
||||
755
|
||||
763
|
||||
767
|
||||
774
|
||||
776
|
||||
782
|
||||
789
|
||||
790
|
||||
798
|
||||
806
|
||||
810
|
||||
814
|
||||
819
|
||||
826
|
||||
830
|
||||
837
|
||||
844
|
||||
849
|
||||
853
|
||||
860
|
||||
863
|
||||
868
|
||||
875
|
||||
883
|
||||
887
|
||||
892
|
||||
893
|
||||
898
|
||||
902
|
||||
906
|
||||
911
|
||||
914
|
||||
919
|
||||
924
|
||||
929
|
||||
930
|
||||
933
|
||||
939
|
||||
946
|
||||
951
|
||||
954
|
||||
961
|
||||
966
|
||||
969
|
||||
976
|
||||
982
|
||||
985
|
||||
991
|
||||
999
|
||||
1005
|
||||
1007
|
||||
1011
|
||||
1018
|
||||
1021
|
||||
1026
|
||||
1031
|
||||
1038
|
||||
1043
|
||||
1044
|
||||
1049
|
||||
1055
|
||||
1059
|
||||
1063
|
||||
1070
|
||||
1072
|
||||
1073
|
||||
1081
|
||||
1082
|
||||
1084
|
||||
1090
|
||||
1096
|
||||
1101
|
||||
1109
|
||||
1111
|
||||
1117
|
||||
1121
|
||||
1129
|
||||
1134
|
||||
1140
|
||||
1142
|
||||
1147
|
||||
1152
|
||||
1157
|
||||
1164
|
||||
1172
|
||||
1173
|
||||
1176
|
||||
1180
|
||||
1184
|
||||
1191
|
||||
1199
|
||||
1200
|
||||
1205
|
||||
1212
|
||||
1220
|
||||
1224
|
||||
1231
|
||||
1234
|
||||
1240
|
||||
1245
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
|||
|
||||
The term intellectual as used in the West is a very curious one; it actually comes,
|
||||
mostly it begins around the time of the Dreyfus trial, before that you just don't find the
|
||||
word in "dissent". And, if you take a look at the Dreyfus trial, there were a group of critics,
|
||||
Emile Zola and others, we could call them dissident intellectuals, and there were the respected
|
||||
admired intellectuals, the immortals of the French Academy and so on, and they fulfilled
|
||||
their typical role. The critics were denounced and condemned as Zola himself found out -he
|
||||
had to flee the country- the immortals the grand-intellectuals that condemned them for
|
||||
daring to, "what is this writer who knows nothing, how is he daring to condemn the majesty
|
||||
of the French State and the French military" and so on. That's the typical division. The
|
||||
term came to be used at the time but the creation goes way back. So you can carry it back to
|
||||
Classical Greece for example; who was condemned to drink the hemlock? The guy who was corrupting
|
||||
the youth of Athens by asking too many questions. Take the biblical stories, folk-tales, but
|
||||
roughly the same period. And they were people who were critical of power who were doing
|
||||
geopolitical analysis condemning the crimes of the kings and calling for mercy to widows
|
||||
and orphans and so on. They didn't have the term intellectuals, they called them with
|
||||
an obscure Hebrew term which is translated as "prophets" and what happened to them? They
|
||||
were imprisoned, driven to the desert, denounced. At the same time there were the flatterers
|
||||
of the Court, later called "false prophets", who were the respected ones -centuries later
|
||||
that changed, but not at the time- and that distinction goes right to the present. In
|
||||
the West there is a very intriguing tradition. So in the West there is the word "dissident"
|
||||
but it's only used for critics in enemy countries. So Sakharov, Havel, Ai WeiWei, Shirin Ebadi,
|
||||
they are dissidents. But people like the ones I'm looking up on that photograph [San Salvador
|
||||
Bishop Oscar Romero] they are leading Latin American intellectual Jesuit priests who had
|
||||
their brains blown out by security forces who had been trained by the United States,
|
||||
they are not dissidents; in fact they are unknown. But the fact is that the term should
|
||||
be generalised and the pattern remains. If you take a look at the people called intellectuals,
|
||||
typically in almost every society, there is, the large majority of them are supportive
|
||||
of power and admired and respected and well treated. But typically there is a small margin
|
||||
who are critical, often take courageous acts to confront power, often, sometimes write
|
||||
and speak, and one or another way they are marginalised, condemned, just how, it depends
|
||||
on the nature of the society. So if it's an American-run colony like El
|
||||
Salvador as in the painting I'm looking at, they get their brains blown out. If it's
|
||||
Eastern Europe maybe they are jailed. If it's Western Europe or the United States maybe
|
||||
they are just marginalised and condemned; but it's a pretty typical pattern.
|
||||
0
|
||||
1
|
||||
7
|
||||
12
|
||||
21
|
||||
33
|
||||
40
|
||||
48
|
||||
54
|
||||
62
|
||||
68
|
||||
77
|
||||
84
|
||||
92
|
||||
99
|
||||
107
|
||||
111
|
||||
118
|
||||
125
|
||||
131
|
||||
136
|
||||
144
|
||||
153
|
||||
159
|
||||
163
|
||||
169
|
||||
176
|
||||
183
|
||||
188
|
||||
196
|
||||
204
|
||||
212
|
||||
217
|
||||
224
|
||||
230
|
||||
1472
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Erfolgreich Politik verändern XXM4Py1UA3g.en.cnt
Normal file
1472
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Erfolgreich Politik verändern XXM4Py1UA3g.en.cnt
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
124
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Free Will I J3fhKRJNNTA.en.cnt
Normal file
124
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Free Will I J3fhKRJNNTA.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
|
|||
Okay, your political ideas,
|
||||
they have a foundation on ethics, yeah?..ethics, morality and then I want to ask you:
|
||||
How is morality compatible with..
|
||||
limited mind, determined human as you put it, if I understood you well
|
||||
because in
|
||||
limited mind and determined human, I don't see a place for the free will, which is the base of
|
||||
morality in the human world, so what you think about it? About free will?
|
||||
And morality, which is of course the base of politics and social ideas
|
||||
Yeah, human moral principles we can study,
|
||||
like the kind of work that I mentioned, John Mikhail and others
|
||||
are carrying out the beginnings of experimental work which sheds light on, and may ultimately shed a lot of light on
|
||||
what our innate moral principles are, what Hume was looking for, for example,
|
||||
and Adam Smith and others. That could shed some light on it
|
||||
I don't think it's going to tell you much about freedom of the will
|
||||
Freedom of the will I think we're stuck pretty much where Descartes was
|
||||
We just can't
|
||||
abandon believing it, it's our most immediate
|
||||
phenomenologically obvious impression,
|
||||
but we can't explain it, and as he said, if there's something which we just know to be true, and we don't have any
|
||||
explanation for it, well too bad for our explanatory
|
||||
possibilities, but I don't see any way of getting around that
|
||||
There's a lot of arguments that we don't have freedom of the will, and those arguments are..there's a ton of literature on that, and
|
||||
the literature is kind of interesting, actually for reasons that William James discussed
|
||||
He said: if you believe that there's no freedom of the will,
|
||||
why bother presenting an argument?
|
||||
You're just
|
||||
You're forced to do it, the person you're talking to can't be convinced, because there's no such thing as reasons
|
||||
So why not watch a baseball game - that wasn't his example.
|
||||
But you know, anybody who denies freedom the will actually believes that it's there, otherwise they wouldn't bother presenting reasons
|
||||
I mean unless they say "look, I'm just forced to present the..I can't do anything else but to present these reasons."
|
||||
Yeah, they're very very odd these discussions many of them. Actually you may have seen some experimental work
|
||||
which caused the big flurry a couple of years ago.
|
||||
Some neurophysiologists discovered that
|
||||
if a person's going to carry an act of willed action, let's say, you know, pick this up, say
|
||||
you can find
|
||||
activity in the motor centers of the brain
|
||||
before there's a decision to pick it up,
|
||||
and that was held to show, okay
|
||||
we've undermined freedom of the will. It didn't say anything. All it
|
||||
says is what we ought to know anyway, decisions are mostly made unconsciously
|
||||
By the time they reach the level of consciousness, they've probably already been made. But that doesn't tell anything about how decisions are made
|
||||
My question relates to the previous question actually um,
|
||||
free well, I'd like to ask you as a philosopher, I'd like to ask you this question
|
||||
You know studies have shown that
|
||||
decisions made in the brain actually appear some moments before an individual
|
||||
makes them
|
||||
well, how can you then say that
|
||||
there is such a thing as free will, I mean
|
||||
Thus
|
||||
wiring determinism, you know, it proves that free will basically doesn't exist
|
||||
Those are the experiments I was just referring to
|
||||
There are some experiments which show that in a willed action, simple willed motor action, you know picking something up,
|
||||
there is
|
||||
activity and the Relevant parts of the Motor Cortex
|
||||
Before the decision to pick it up is conscious
|
||||
Okay, that tells us absolutely nothing about freedom of the will
|
||||
accept that
|
||||
choices are probably unconscious, but I think we know that without the experiments
|
||||
What?
|
||||
It's complicated
|
||||
Complicated? Oh yeah, anything in this area is very..when we understand nothing everything's complicated. Yeah,
|
||||
that's another truism.
|
||||
1
|
||||
6
|
||||
15
|
||||
22
|
||||
29
|
||||
31
|
||||
39
|
||||
46
|
||||
50
|
||||
55
|
||||
59
|
||||
67
|
||||
72
|
||||
76
|
||||
79
|
||||
84
|
||||
85
|
||||
89
|
||||
91
|
||||
97
|
||||
102
|
||||
106
|
||||
114
|
||||
118
|
||||
123
|
||||
127
|
||||
128
|
||||
134
|
||||
138
|
||||
145
|
||||
151
|
||||
159
|
||||
164
|
||||
167
|
||||
174
|
||||
177
|
||||
180
|
||||
184
|
||||
187
|
||||
191
|
||||
196
|
||||
205
|
||||
209
|
||||
217
|
||||
220
|
||||
225
|
||||
227
|
||||
229
|
||||
232
|
||||
233
|
||||
238
|
||||
241
|
||||
249
|
||||
250
|
||||
255
|
||||
259
|
||||
263
|
||||
265
|
||||
272
|
||||
273
|
||||
276
|
||||
283
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
|||
it's interesting to see what is happening in France and these days elsewhere
|
||||
except that a bicross grid there is a lot of all celebration and
|
||||
satisfaction because the charlie weekly newspaper published caricatures
|
||||
racist Muslims made Nazi caricatures of Jews so they
|
||||
published it makes me benge because if he had done that he would be imprisoned
|
||||
what makes us rub is really a fraudulent debate
|
||||
2
|
||||
6
|
||||
12
|
||||
15
|
||||
25
|
||||
29
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
|
|||
- [Interviewer] You've said that evil in society
|
||||
arises from institutions, not inherently from our nature.
|
||||
Do you think most human beings are good,
|
||||
they have good intent, or do most have the capacity
|
||||
for intentional evil that depends on their upbringing,
|
||||
depends on their environment, on context?
|
||||
- [Noam Chomsky] I wouldn't say
|
||||
that they don't arise from our nature.
|
||||
Anything we do arises from our nature,
|
||||
and the fact that we have certain institutions
|
||||
and not others is one mode in which
|
||||
human nature has expressed itself,
|
||||
but as far as we know, human nature could yield
|
||||
many different kinds of institutions.
|
||||
The particular ones that have developed
|
||||
have to do with historical contingency,
|
||||
who conquered whom and that sort of thing.
|
||||
They're not rooted in our nature in the sense
|
||||
that they're essential to our nature,
|
||||
so it's commonly argued these days
|
||||
that something like market systems
|
||||
is just part of our nature, but we know
|
||||
from a huge amount of evidence that that's not true.
|
||||
There's all kinds of other structures.
|
||||
It's a particular fact about a moment of modern history.
|
||||
Others have argued that the roots of classical liberalism,
|
||||
actually argue that what's called sometimes
|
||||
an instinct for freedom, the instinct to be free
|
||||
of domination by illegitimate authorities
|
||||
is the core of our nature.
|
||||
That would be the opposite of this, and we don't know.
|
||||
We just know that human nature can accommodate both kinds.
|
||||
1
|
||||
5
|
||||
9
|
||||
11
|
||||
14
|
||||
18
|
||||
20
|
||||
21
|
||||
24
|
||||
27
|
||||
30
|
||||
34
|
||||
37
|
||||
40
|
||||
43
|
||||
46
|
||||
50
|
||||
53
|
||||
57
|
||||
60
|
||||
63
|
||||
66
|
||||
69
|
||||
73
|
||||
75
|
||||
79
|
||||
84
|
||||
88
|
||||
91
|
||||
95
|
||||
97
|
||||
101
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
|
|||
I think it's extremely dangerous in many
|
||||
ways like the ones I mentioned and
|
||||
others that you're quite familiar with
|
||||
on the other hand there's plenty of
|
||||
opportunities that we should bear in mind
|
||||
that the country has become much more
|
||||
civilized in the past 50 or 60 years
|
||||
a meeting like this could not have been
|
||||
conceivable in 1969-70 the kinds of
|
||||
commitment and engagement that you and
|
||||
many others like you are apart committed
|
||||
to is something quite new and there have
|
||||
been many advances and achievement
|
||||
women's rights civil rights generally
|
||||
rights of gays opposition to aggressions
|
||||
wave of environmental concerns that even
|
||||
exist at that time there's been
|
||||
tremendous progress that means that
|
||||
struggles today start from a much
|
||||
higher plane than they did not many years
|
||||
ago at the time when Harry was marching
|
||||
in Selma it was a much harsher world than it
|
||||
is today
|
||||
the reason is that plenty of people did
|
||||
commit themselves to constant
|
||||
dedicated struggle and there were plenty
|
||||
of achievements and that goes back in
|
||||
American history
|
||||
no need to review it but the earlier
|
||||
period is one of total horror after all the
|
||||
country was founded on two incredible
|
||||
crimes
|
||||
unbelievable crimes that one ex..
|
||||
virtual extermination of the indigenous
|
||||
population, its kind of migrant crisis in
|
||||
the kind we don't think about today and
|
||||
form of slavery which is the most
|
||||
vicious in history and is in fact the
|
||||
basis for a large part of the wealth
|
||||
and economic development of the
|
||||
United States, England, France and others
|
||||
that's history when Donald Trump talks
|
||||
about making the country great again for
|
||||
many people it wasn't that great
|
||||
quite the opposite [Applause]
|
||||
But the point is there has been plenty of
|
||||
progress because people facing
|
||||
much harsher conditions than we do
|
||||
didn't give up
|
||||
that's an important lesson. Furthermore
|
||||
even the election itself suggests major
|
||||
opportunities. For one thing as you know
|
||||
the Democrats actually had a
|
||||
considerable majority of the vote and if you
|
||||
look at the younger voters, the people
|
||||
who will shape the future they were
|
||||
overwhelmingly anti Trump and even more
|
||||
overwhelmingly pro Sanders [applause]
|
||||
you should also bear in mind
|
||||
what a remarkable phenomenon the Sanders
|
||||
campaign [applause] there's somebody unknown came from
|
||||
nowhere practically no one in the country
|
||||
knew who he was, he was using words like
|
||||
socialism which used to be a real curse word
|
||||
No corporate support, no media support,
|
||||
no support from the wealthy
|
||||
everything that has always been crucial
|
||||
to winning elections,
|
||||
mostly we have bought elections, had none of it
|
||||
and practically took over one of
|
||||
the two major parties, that could have taken it over
|
||||
if it hadn't been for shenanigans [applause]
|
||||
It was primarily driven by young people all
|
||||
of these are very hopeful signs, means there are plenty of
|
||||
things that can be done there are
|
||||
opportunities that can be grasped and no
|
||||
time to run through them but there are
|
||||
plenty of them and its really very much
|
||||
in our hands and among the younger of
|
||||
you in your hands to carry us forward in
|
||||
this long long arduous path towards
|
||||
trying to create a civilized society and a decent world.
|
||||
A lot of dicussion in recent weeks about
|
||||
the role of workers, of the
|
||||
working class in this election of
|
||||
Trump's supposed appeal to white workers
|
||||
and, Harry you know that the civil rights
|
||||
movement, as it was growing
|
||||
and developing needed and was fueled
|
||||
as well by progressive unions like 11 99
|
||||
and the auto workers and others that
|
||||
give it strength and organization and
|
||||
resources I'm wondering how you're looking at
|
||||
this issue, cause Noam as you mentioned all
|
||||
the young people the problem is that the
|
||||
young people of the so-called creative
|
||||
classes are increasingly concentrating
|
||||
in the big cities they're in Seattle and
|
||||
they're in Chicago and New York and
|
||||
and the issue then is what happens
|
||||
in the rest of the country. You know back in the
|
||||
sixties and seventies we used to say you
|
||||
gotta go back out and organize
|
||||
organize in the communities from which
|
||||
you came from
|
||||
How do you see this whole analysis of
|
||||
quote: "loss of the working class", to sort of
|
||||
progressive politics that we're
|
||||
hearing in the commercial when the
|
||||
corporate breast.. Well take a look again
|
||||
at the last few elections. In.. Many
|
||||
of the Trump voters
|
||||
among the white working class voted for
|
||||
Obama. They were deluded by the slogans
|
||||
of the campaign, you may recall that the 2008
|
||||
campaign was based on the slogan hope
|
||||
and change
|
||||
well many people voted rightly for hope
|
||||
and change. The working class has
|
||||
suffered not disastrously but severely
|
||||
from the neoliberal policies of the past
|
||||
generation pretty much from 1979
|
||||
so if you look, say, just take the 2007 the
|
||||
peak of what economists were calling the
|
||||
economic miracle right before the crash
|
||||
2007 American workers had real wages
|
||||
lower considerably lower than in 1979
|
||||
before these policies were instituted
|
||||
they lost it
|
||||
listen to Alan Greenspan who during the
|
||||
height of the euphoria over the economy
|
||||
he was called St Alan, the greatest
|
||||
economist of all time he testified to
|
||||
Congress explaining the basis for the
|
||||
success of the economy that he was
|
||||
running. He said it was based on growing
|
||||
worker insecurity, growing worker
|
||||
insecurity, meaning if workers are
|
||||
beaten down enough and intimidated
|
||||
enough and if their organizations
|
||||
their unions are sufficiently destroyed
|
||||
that they can't ask for higher wages and
|
||||
for decent benefits
|
||||
then it's good for the economy, creates a
|
||||
healthy economy by some measures we know
|
||||
the measure well all of this has
|
||||
happened and the working class has
|
||||
suffered from it they had a real need
|
||||
for hope and change
|
||||
well they didn't get hope they didn't
|
||||
get change.
|
||||
I don't usually agree with sarah palin
|
||||
but I think she she nailed it when she
|
||||
asked at one point that where's all this
|
||||
hopey changey business number wasn't it
|
||||
so no hope no change already it shows
|
||||
very quickly in mid term future elections
|
||||
this election a comment came along and
|
||||
offering hope and change and they're
|
||||
going for it
|
||||
suppose that people like you
|
||||
the people who formed the Sanders
|
||||
movement would present an authentic
|
||||
constructive program for real
|
||||
hope and change it would win these
|
||||
people back
|
||||
I think many of the Trump voters
|
||||
many of the trump voters could have voted for
|
||||
Sanders if there had been the right
|
||||
kind of activism organization and
|
||||
those are possibilities
|
||||
it's been done in the past under much
|
||||
harsher circumstances organizing white
|
||||
working people in Indiana is a lot
|
||||
easier than what the Freedom Riders
|
||||
tried to do in the South six years ago
|
||||
much is it takes work that can be done
|
||||
my feeling is that a core part of the
|
||||
progressive program is to rebuild the
|
||||
organized structure of the labor
|
||||
movement which all throughout modern
|
||||
history has been in the forefront of
|
||||
progressive change and that's not
|
||||
possible either been beaten down pretty
|
||||
severely in the first generation has
|
||||
been worse before they go back to the
|
||||
nineteen-twenties a period which is not
|
||||
unlike today in many ways the the guild
|
||||
today's you know the the labor movement
|
||||
was virtually destroyed Wilson Woodrow
|
||||
Wilson's Red Scare practically wiped it
|
||||
out there had been a militant activist
|
||||
labor movement there's nothing left of
|
||||
it in nineteen twenties by the
|
||||
nineteen-thirties it provides the
|
||||
militant labor action organization of
|
||||
the CIO overcame racist conflict laid
|
||||
the basis for the New Deal
|
||||
programs which were highly beneficial to
|
||||
the extent that they remain they remain
|
||||
beneficial that can happen again
|
||||
no reason why it can't
|
||||
0
|
||||
2
|
||||
4
|
||||
6
|
||||
10
|
||||
13
|
||||
17
|
||||
22
|
||||
24
|
||||
30
|
||||
33
|
||||
38
|
||||
41
|
||||
43
|
||||
47
|
||||
52
|
||||
55
|
||||
58
|
||||
63
|
||||
65
|
||||
68
|
||||
71
|
||||
75
|
||||
76
|
||||
79
|
||||
83
|
||||
85
|
||||
88
|
||||
89
|
||||
92
|
||||
96
|
||||
100
|
||||
101
|
||||
108
|
||||
110
|
||||
114
|
||||
117
|
||||
120
|
||||
123
|
||||
127
|
||||
130
|
||||
133
|
||||
137
|
||||
141
|
||||
144
|
||||
153
|
||||
156
|
||||
160
|
||||
163
|
||||
164
|
||||
167
|
||||
172
|
||||
175
|
||||
179
|
||||
182
|
||||
185
|
||||
188
|
||||
192
|
||||
207
|
||||
210
|
||||
213
|
||||
222
|
||||
224
|
||||
226
|
||||
230
|
||||
234
|
||||
237
|
||||
241
|
||||
243
|
||||
246
|
||||
249
|
||||
251
|
||||
262
|
||||
267
|
||||
270
|
||||
272
|
||||
277
|
||||
279
|
||||
281
|
||||
284
|
||||
288
|
||||
292
|
||||
296
|
||||
301
|
||||
306
|
||||
308
|
||||
312
|
||||
314
|
||||
317
|
||||
321
|
||||
324
|
||||
326
|
||||
328
|
||||
330
|
||||
333
|
||||
335
|
||||
338
|
||||
341
|
||||
344
|
||||
346
|
||||
349
|
||||
350
|
||||
352
|
||||
353
|
||||
356
|
||||
358
|
||||
361
|
||||
363
|
||||
366
|
||||
367
|
||||
370
|
||||
374
|
||||
376
|
||||
379
|
||||
385
|
||||
390
|
||||
394
|
||||
395
|
||||
401
|
||||
405
|
||||
410
|
||||
413
|
||||
418
|
||||
422
|
||||
425
|
||||
428
|
||||
434
|
||||
439
|
||||
441
|
||||
444
|
||||
448
|
||||
452
|
||||
455
|
||||
458
|
||||
462
|
||||
464
|
||||
467
|
||||
471
|
||||
474
|
||||
477
|
||||
480
|
||||
483
|
||||
486
|
||||
488
|
||||
490
|
||||
494
|
||||
496
|
||||
501
|
||||
504
|
||||
507
|
||||
509
|
||||
511
|
||||
514
|
||||
518
|
||||
520
|
||||
524
|
||||
529
|
||||
532
|
||||
536
|
||||
539
|
||||
540
|
||||
543
|
||||
546
|
||||
549
|
||||
555
|
||||
558
|
||||
559
|
||||
563
|
||||
570
|
||||
576
|
||||
580
|
||||
582
|
||||
585
|
||||
590
|
||||
592
|
||||
596
|
||||
600
|
||||
604
|
||||
609
|
||||
613
|
||||
615
|
||||
618
|
||||
620
|
||||
623
|
||||
626
|
||||
629
|
||||
631
|
||||
634
|
||||
638
|
||||
641
|
||||
644
|
||||
646
|
||||
649
|
||||
651
|
||||
654
|
||||
656
|
||||
659
|
||||
664
|
||||
667
|
||||
671
|
||||
674
|
||||
676
|
||||
128
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Inductive Generalizations -xerglwYdkE.en.cnt
Normal file
128
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Inductive Generalizations -xerglwYdkE.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
|||
This contrast between
|
||||
inductivism and
|
||||
deductivism seems to me strongly influenced by
|
||||
Karl Popper, right. So my question is..
|
||||
Yes, the philosopher Karl Popper, and so my question is
|
||||
this: Has there been any influence by Popper on your work?
|
||||
Popper was just describing. What's
|
||||
common-sense science since the 17th century
|
||||
In fact I would question your first statement
|
||||
It's true that I've been involved in a methodological critique since the late 40s, but it's a methodological pratik of non science
|
||||
non science this starts with just
|
||||
Collecting data and trying to make inductive generalizations from it and it gets absolutely nowhere
|
||||
No, you just can't do it. It's been understood, in fact one of the parts of the
|
||||
Modern scientific revolution, you know so-called Galilean revolution is you don't even try that
|
||||
You search
|
||||
That's why scientists do experiments
|
||||
In fact in Galileo's case kind of thought
|
||||
Experiments like he didn't drop two balls off the top of the Tower of Pisa that would never have worked
|
||||
He just had a very elegant
|
||||
argument thought argument that explained why
|
||||
rate of fall wasn't going to
|
||||
Be affected by mass
|
||||
Sometimes he may have done experiments a lot of who didn't but the point is ever since the 17th century in fact even before
|
||||
The scientists inquire of the world they don't just observe it the inquire of the world
|
||||
|
||||
That's called experiments they concoct
|
||||
situations that might give you some insight and
|
||||
From them. They make some guesses about what the theories might be and then they try other experiments to test the theories and
|
||||
Ultimately they get sort of back to phenomena
|
||||
But they really don't care very much if they get back to this phenomenon because in fact the phenomena themselves are so
|
||||
Complex, and so involve so many variables that you just don't try to approximate them
|
||||
Take the examples that I mentioned that be scientists. Don't try to approximate
|
||||
Bees swarming. It's just too complicated the wind's blowing you know one of them changed his mind
|
||||
whatever and
|
||||
physicists certainly don't
|
||||
You know take a look at what's going on outside the window and try to draw inductive generalizations from it
|
||||
I mean you go back far enough
|
||||
maybe and you know
|
||||
free
|
||||
Classical Greece, maybe science looked like that, but this is just mythology that doesn't happen, and it couldn't happen
|
||||
scientists are inquiring
|
||||
they're
|
||||
Inquiring about nature and the same is true in linguistics if you're a field worker, so you're working you know some
|
||||
Unstudied language in the Amazon. I mean if all you can do is take recordings okay you take recordings
|
||||
But you're not going to find much if you're really doing serious field work
|
||||
That you use the techniques that you learned in your field methods course in college
|
||||
And then will you try to figure out the kinds of questions that will elicit data that might be significant and relevant
|
||||
You just take a look at masses of data. You basically get nothing there
|
||||
Just the noise you know so I know it's true that it's a methodological critique
|
||||
But it's a methodological critique of something that dominates in the human sciences, but has absolutely nothing to do with science
|
||||
That's true of the whole behaviorist tradition. I mean the the idea of what was called behavioral science that
|
||||
1950s all the human sciences were called behavioral science and that makes about as much sense as calling
|
||||
Physics meter reading science I mean it's true that you know take Eddington and others you can
|
||||
Regard the physics is in principle
|
||||
Just the study of meter readings
|
||||
But it's not meter reading science you're using the meter reading grease try and discover something about the world well behavior is data
|
||||
Not all the data incidentally just some of the data
|
||||
And selected parts of that data
|
||||
if you aren't smart enough to figure out, which ones it may tell you something about the human capacities and
|
||||
The nature of the mind, but just to collect data, and you know
|
||||
Organize it somehow is
|
||||
Gonna get you nowhere
|
||||
if you can't think of anything else to do you have no ideas, and then maybe you do that but
|
||||
It's not the way science is done
|
||||
0
|
||||
1
|
||||
2
|
||||
6
|
||||
13
|
||||
22
|
||||
38
|
||||
41
|
||||
44
|
||||
48
|
||||
56
|
||||
60
|
||||
66
|
||||
72
|
||||
78
|
||||
80
|
||||
83
|
||||
86
|
||||
92
|
||||
95
|
||||
99
|
||||
101
|
||||
103
|
||||
110
|
||||
116
|
||||
117
|
||||
120
|
||||
124
|
||||
132
|
||||
135
|
||||
141
|
||||
148
|
||||
154
|
||||
161
|
||||
163
|
||||
165
|
||||
170
|
||||
173
|
||||
175
|
||||
177
|
||||
185
|
||||
187
|
||||
188
|
||||
195
|
||||
202
|
||||
206
|
||||
212
|
||||
219
|
||||
223
|
||||
227
|
||||
235
|
||||
245
|
||||
251
|
||||
258
|
||||
259
|
||||
261
|
||||
270
|
||||
273
|
||||
275
|
||||
283
|
||||
290
|
||||
292
|
||||
293
|
||||
299
|
||||
176
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Is Iran a Threat jdxxVxtHK2M.en.cnt
Normal file
176
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Is Iran a Threat jdxxVxtHK2M.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
|
|||
Hello, first of all, thank you very much for your presence. I learned a lot by listening to what you said to us.
|
||||
My question is precisely about Iran and nuclear weapons
|
||||
And the discussion I raised about Iran and the international community
|
||||
I certainly understand the idea of a state
|
||||
Possessing or developing a nuclear weapon to protect itself
|
||||
Or to be on an equal footing with other countries as is the case with the great powers
|
||||
Or at the same level as the super powers because they are countries that possess nuclear weapons in any case
|
||||
However, what do you do when a country tries to develop or acquire a Moai weapon?
|
||||
Quite frankly, it threatens to destroy another country and remove it from existence
|
||||
I mean, the two situations we're dealing with are completely different
|
||||
I am interested in what you put forward, but I do not think you touched on this topic
|
||||
This is true, but what do we do if a country has already developed a nuclear weapon?
|
||||
Outside the NPT?
|
||||
On a daily basis, it burns the resolutions of the UN Security Council and the IAEA
|
||||
This is a more serious problem
|
||||
This is another issue, because these countries do not publicly threaten to destroy another country
|
||||
Neither does Iran
|
||||
Let's take a look at the statements, those that I do not think belonged - as it is said - to Khomeini
|
||||
In the period of the alliance between the United States and Iran, I mean between Israel and Iran. And Israel did not give it any attention (Khomeini's remarks)
|
||||
(These statements) are still being repeated. These statements - as you know - mean that Israel will, with the passage of time, disappear
|
||||
Well, I really agree with that, too
|
||||
In fact, many in Israel also believe this, and believe that one democratic country must be established
|
||||
This is not an announcement to destroy anyone
|
||||
In fact, Iran supports international efforts to solve the two states (Palestine and Israel).
|
||||
In fact, there are two countries that not only declare that another country should be destroyed, but in reality they do so
|
||||
They are Israel and the United States
|
||||
This is their position regarding the Palestinians. They are not satisfied with saying that
|
||||
clap
|
||||
I confirm, they not only say it, but they practice it on a daily basis
|
||||
This is what Israeli policies in the West Bank and Gaza Strip mean before our eyes
|
||||
This is what we support and pay for
|
||||
Of course, you should not call for the destruction of another country
|
||||
You should not do that either
|
||||
It is the official position of Israel, and is backed by the United States
|
||||
They modified it a little, but considering the official position declared twenty years ago
|
||||
And issued by the coalition that arose between the Conservative (Likud) and Labor parties. And here I quote "There is no room" "I quote" "
|
||||
An additional Palestinian state between Israel and Jordan
|
||||
In other words, they are declaring, with the support of the United States, that there is an existing Palestinian state, Jordan
|
||||
And the Palestinians object, you know
|
||||
They say "Wait, no, this is not our country," but those who worry about them
|
||||
We (Israel and America) say it is your country, and there will be no other country
|
||||
Well, we have gone further than destroying another country
|
||||
I mean, this is just like a person would come
|
||||
Suppose Ahmadinejad (former President of Iran) said that the Jews do not need the State of Israel, because they have a state in New York
|
||||
Well, I mean, you know, we'll say he's a Nazi. But this is the official position
|
||||
The official position of Israel and the United States. So there is a lot about Iran's positions
|
||||
Of course, no one wants Iran to have a nuclear weapon, and of course any other country
|
||||
It is (the Iranian regime) undoubtedly a lost regime. In any case, there are worse regimes, but they are our allies
|
||||
I am not talking about Israel, but rather about other Arab countries
|
||||
For example, Iran is a paradise of rights compared to Saudi Arabia
|
||||
But of course, there is no doubt that it (the Iranian regime) is terrible
|
||||
There is a way to deal with it. For example, creating a nuclear-weapon-free zone
|
||||
But the strategists, among them Israelis
|
||||
They do not disagree about Iran's attempt to acquire the ability to acquire nuclear weapons
|
||||
Which is completely different from acquiring a nuclear weapon
|
||||
It is the situation that makes you able to possess a nuclear weapon (without obtaining it), as in the case of most developed countries
|
||||
Like Japan, Italy and others
|
||||
It is very simple. In fact it is described
|
||||
An Israeli military expert
|
||||
Martin Van Krefeld several years ago, after the invasion of Iraq
|
||||
He wrote an article in which he said he did not know if Iran was developing a nuclear weapon and he hoped it would not
|
||||
But he said that if they do not develop one, they are free
|
||||
This is what he said if they do not develop, then they are free. The United States has just announced
|
||||
I will attack whoever you like, and we will attack you if we can and with us immunity
|
||||
So it is better to develop a deterrent
|
||||
OK
|
||||
Maybe they develop a deterrent
|
||||
No serious expert expects (Iran) to use nuclear weapons
|
||||
Even if Iran possesses nuclear weapons, which no one wants
|
||||
I mean even if they possess and release nuclear weapons, their country will evaporate
|
||||
A moment and without a doubt
|
||||
The clerics in Iran as you know are terrible, but they do not appear
|
||||
Desire for devastating suicide, for everything they own and appreciate
|
||||
This applies to their diversion of nuclear weapons
|
||||
If there are real suspicions that Iran is doing so, with the safety of Iran
|
||||
The probability that he will use it, is equal to the probability that he will hit the Earth meteorite or something similar
|
||||
It is a serious problem, in fact, the Israeli writers are clear about that
|
||||
Iranian nuclear weapons are a threat to Zionism, not to Israel
|
||||
This is what they fear, if the area becomes very dangerous
|
||||
The residents of Israel will leave
|
||||
People who have money, education, etc. will leave
|
||||
Because they do not want to live in a place under threat
|
||||
In fact, migration is a serious problem
|
||||
Immigration of learners and trainers
|
||||
They will leave because they do not want to face danger
|
||||
But I don't think there is a strategist, at least I haven't seen one
|
||||
It is believed that Iran will use a nuclear weapon
|
||||
If they do, it is a complete regression
|
||||
3
|
||||
8
|
||||
9
|
||||
14
|
||||
18
|
||||
23
|
||||
28
|
||||
31
|
||||
36
|
||||
43
|
||||
47
|
||||
49
|
||||
54
|
||||
57
|
||||
63
|
||||
66
|
||||
72
|
||||
73
|
||||
81
|
||||
88
|
||||
97
|
||||
100
|
||||
104
|
||||
107
|
||||
114
|
||||
122
|
||||
124
|
||||
129
|
||||
138
|
||||
142
|
||||
149
|
||||
152
|
||||
155
|
||||
158
|
||||
162
|
||||
168
|
||||
174
|
||||
179
|
||||
186
|
||||
188
|
||||
191
|
||||
196
|
||||
199
|
||||
204
|
||||
210
|
||||
217
|
||||
222
|
||||
228
|
||||
234
|
||||
239
|
||||
245
|
||||
248
|
||||
253
|
||||
261
|
||||
268
|
||||
271
|
||||
279
|
||||
284
|
||||
287
|
||||
292
|
||||
297
|
||||
303
|
||||
308
|
||||
313
|
||||
317
|
||||
320
|
||||
322
|
||||
324
|
||||
328
|
||||
333
|
||||
339
|
||||
342
|
||||
347
|
||||
354
|
||||
359
|
||||
365
|
||||
372
|
||||
379
|
||||
388
|
||||
395
|
||||
398
|
||||
402
|
||||
406
|
||||
409
|
||||
415
|
||||
419
|
||||
425
|
||||
430
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
|
|||
just rodrigo to google the mother of genius today to breads and will i am
|
||||
sure that we are filling the tank and the intricacies and today in note
|
||||
1
|
||||
133
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
310
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Manufacturing Consent tTBWfkE7BXU.en.cnt
Normal file
310
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Manufacturing Consent tTBWfkE7BXU.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
|
|||
You write in Manufacturing Consent
|
||||
that is the primary function
|
||||
of the mass media in the US
|
||||
to mobilize public support for the special interests
|
||||
that dominate the government
|
||||
and the private sector
|
||||
what are those interests?
|
||||
Well, if you want to understand the way any
|
||||
society works, ours or any other
|
||||
the first place to look is
|
||||
who's in a position to make the decissions
|
||||
that determine the way the society functions?
|
||||
societies differ but in ours
|
||||
the major decisions over what happens in this society
|
||||
the decisions over investment, and production
|
||||
and distribution and so on
|
||||
are in the hands of a relatively concentrated network
|
||||
of major corporations
|
||||
and conglomerates and investment firms
|
||||
and so on
|
||||
they are also the ones who staff
|
||||
the major executive positions
|
||||
in the government
|
||||
and they are the ones who
|
||||
own the media
|
||||
and they are the ones who have to be in a possition
|
||||
to make the decisions
|
||||
they have an overwhelming with donor role
|
||||
in the way life happens, you know
|
||||
what's done in the society
|
||||
within the economic system by law and in principle
|
||||
they dominate
|
||||
their control of the resources in the need to satisfy
|
||||
their interests
|
||||
imposes very sharp constrains on
|
||||
the political system and the ideological system
|
||||
When you talk about manufacturing of consent
|
||||
Whose consent is being manufactured?
|
||||
We can start with, there are two different groups
|
||||
we can get into more detail, but at the first level
|
||||
of approximation there's two targets for propaganda
|
||||
One is what's sometimes called the political class
|
||||
There is, maybe, 20% of the population
|
||||
which is relatively educated
|
||||
more or less articulated
|
||||
They play some kind of role in decision making
|
||||
they're supposed to sort of participate in social life
|
||||
either as managers or cultural managers
|
||||
like, say, teachers, writers, and so on
|
||||
they're supposed to vote, they're supposed to play some role
|
||||
in the way economic and political and cultural life goes on
|
||||
now their consent is crucial. One group that has to be deeply indoctrinated.
|
||||
Then there's, maybe, 80% of the population whose main function is to
|
||||
follow orders and not to think, you know, and not to pay attention, anything...
|
||||
and the other ones are usually pay the cost
|
||||
all right
|
||||
professor Chomsky, Noam. You've outlined a model, with filters, and propaganda is central
|
||||
that's way too public you'd briefly out on those
|
||||
it's basically an institutional analysis of the major media
|
||||
what we call a propaganda model we're talking primarily about the national
|
||||
media, those media that sort of set a general agenda that others more or less
|
||||
adhere to, to the extent that they even pay much attention to national or
|
||||
international affairs
|
||||
now the elite media are the sort of the agenda-setting media, that means the
|
||||
New York Times, The Washington Post the major television channels and so on
|
||||
They set the general framework local media more or less adapt to their structure
|
||||
World News!
|
||||
And they do this in all sorts of ways
|
||||
by selection of topics,
|
||||
by distribution of concerns,
|
||||
by emphasis,
|
||||
framing of issues,
|
||||
by filtering of information
|
||||
by bounding of debate within certain limits
|
||||
they determine, they select, they shape,
|
||||
they control, they restrict, in order to serve the interests of the dominant
|
||||
elite groups in society.
|
||||
there is an unusual a lot of attention focus today
|
||||
on the five nations of Central America
|
||||
This is Democracy's Diary. Here for our instruction our triumphs and disasters
|
||||
the pattern of life's changing fabric. Here is great journalism a revelation of
|
||||
the past,
|
||||
a guide to the present, and a clue to the future.
|
||||
New York Times is certainly the most important newspaper in the United States
|
||||
and one could argue the most important newspaper in the world. The New York Times
|
||||
plays an enormous role in shaping the perception of the current world on
|
||||
the part of the politically active educated classes. Also the New York Times
|
||||
has a special role, and i believe its editors probably feel that they bear a
|
||||
heavy burden in the sense that the New York Times creates History.
|
||||
What happened years ago may have a bearing on what happens tomorrow.
|
||||
Millions of clippings are preserved in The Times library, all indexed for instant use.
|
||||
A priceless archive of events and the men who made them.
|
||||
That is: History is what appears in The New York Times archives,
|
||||
The place where people will go to
|
||||
find out what happened is New York Times,
|
||||
therefore it's extremely important that History is going to be shaped in an
|
||||
appropriate way, that certain things appear, certain things not appear,
|
||||
certain questions be asked, other questions be ignored, and that issues be framed in a particular fashion.
|
||||
Now in whose interests is that History being so shaped?
|
||||
Well, I think that's not very difficult to answer.
|
||||
Now, to eliminate confusion,
|
||||
all of this has nothing to do with liberal or conservative bias.
|
||||
According to the propaganda model both liberal and conservative wings of the
|
||||
media, whatever those terms are supposed to mean,
|
||||
fall within the same framework of assumptions.
|
||||
In fact, if the system functions well it ought to have a liberal bias, or at least
|
||||
appear to, because if it appears to have a liberal bias, that will serve
|
||||
to bound thought even more effectively. In other words, if the press is indeed
|
||||
adversarial, and liberal, and all these bad things,
|
||||
then how can I go beyond there? they're already so extreme in their opposition to power
|
||||
that to go beyond there will be a takeoff from a planet
|
||||
so therefore it must be that the presuppositions that are accepted in the
|
||||
liberal media are sacrosanct, can't go beyond them. And a well functioning
|
||||
system would in fact have a bias of that kind: the media will then serve to say,
|
||||
in effect, "thus far and no further".
|
||||
And we ask what would you expect of those media?
|
||||
just relatively uncontroversial guided free market assumptions, and when
|
||||
you look at them you found a number of major factors entering into determining
|
||||
what their products are. These are what we call the filters, so one of them,
|
||||
for example, is ownership.
|
||||
Who owns them?
|
||||
The major agenda-setting media, after all, what are they?
|
||||
As institutions in the society, what are they?
|
||||
Well, in the first place they are major corporations, in fact huge corporations.
|
||||
Furthermore, they are integrated with, and sometimes owned, by even larger
|
||||
corporations conglomerates. So, for example, by Westinghouse and GE, and so on
|
||||
What I wanted to know was how specifically the elites control the media?
|
||||
What I mean is... I guess...
|
||||
How do the elites control General Motors?
|
||||
Why isn't that a question?
|
||||
I mean, General Motors is an institution of the
|
||||
elites, they don't have to control that they own it.
|
||||
so what we have in first place is major corporations which are parts of even
|
||||
bigger conglomerates. Now, like any other corporation they have a product
|
||||
which they sell to a market. The market is advertisers, that is, other businesses.
|
||||
What keeps the media functioning is not the audience, they make money from their
|
||||
advertisers, and remember we're talking about the elite media, so they're trying
|
||||
to sell a good product, a product which raises advertising rates, and ask your
|
||||
friends in the advertising industry that means that they want to adjust their
|
||||
audience to the more elite and affluent audience, that raises advertising rates.
|
||||
So what you have is institutions, corporations, big corporations that are
|
||||
selling relatively privileged audiences to other businesses.
|
||||
Well, what point of view would you expect to come out of this. Without any further
|
||||
assumptions
|
||||
what you predict is that what comes out is a picture of the world,
|
||||
a perception of the world,
|
||||
that satisfies the needs, and the interests, and the perceptions of
|
||||
the sellers, the buyers, and the product.
|
||||
Now, there are many other factors that press in the same direction.
|
||||
If people try to enter in the system, who don't have that point of view, they're likely to be
|
||||
excluded somewhere along the way.
|
||||
After all, no institution is going to happily design a mechanism to self-destruct.
|
||||
It's not the way institutions function. So they all work to exclude, or marginalize,
|
||||
or eliminate dissenting voices or alternative perspectives and so on
|
||||
because they're dysfunctional. They're dysfunction of the institution itself.
|
||||
0
|
||||
2
|
||||
4
|
||||
6
|
||||
8
|
||||
10
|
||||
11
|
||||
13
|
||||
15
|
||||
17
|
||||
19
|
||||
22
|
||||
24
|
||||
26
|
||||
30
|
||||
32
|
||||
34
|
||||
37
|
||||
39
|
||||
41
|
||||
41
|
||||
43
|
||||
45
|
||||
46
|
||||
47
|
||||
48
|
||||
50
|
||||
52
|
||||
54
|
||||
56
|
||||
58
|
||||
61
|
||||
63
|
||||
66
|
||||
67
|
||||
69
|
||||
76
|
||||
79
|
||||
82
|
||||
84
|
||||
86
|
||||
89
|
||||
97
|
||||
99
|
||||
101
|
||||
102
|
||||
105
|
||||
109
|
||||
112
|
||||
115
|
||||
118
|
||||
123
|
||||
128
|
||||
133
|
||||
138
|
||||
141
|
||||
142
|
||||
150
|
||||
153
|
||||
156
|
||||
161
|
||||
165
|
||||
170
|
||||
172
|
||||
176
|
||||
180
|
||||
189
|
||||
207
|
||||
209
|
||||
210
|
||||
212
|
||||
213
|
||||
214
|
||||
216
|
||||
225
|
||||
229
|
||||
234
|
||||
235
|
||||
237
|
||||
239
|
||||
245
|
||||
251
|
||||
252
|
||||
255
|
||||
261
|
||||
266
|
||||
271
|
||||
275
|
||||
280
|
||||
284
|
||||
289
|
||||
293
|
||||
298
|
||||
301
|
||||
303
|
||||
305
|
||||
308
|
||||
312
|
||||
318
|
||||
322
|
||||
325
|
||||
327
|
||||
331
|
||||
336
|
||||
338
|
||||
341
|
||||
346
|
||||
351
|
||||
355
|
||||
359
|
||||
364
|
||||
367
|
||||
371
|
||||
376
|
||||
382
|
||||
385
|
||||
388
|
||||
395
|
||||
399
|
||||
403
|
||||
404
|
||||
406
|
||||
410
|
||||
412
|
||||
417
|
||||
421
|
||||
431
|
||||
437
|
||||
438
|
||||
441
|
||||
443
|
||||
445
|
||||
451
|
||||
455
|
||||
460
|
||||
467
|
||||
471
|
||||
475
|
||||
481
|
||||
485
|
||||
489
|
||||
494
|
||||
498
|
||||
503
|
||||
504
|
||||
507
|
||||
508
|
||||
513
|
||||
518
|
||||
521
|
||||
525
|
||||
527
|
||||
532
|
||||
537
|
||||
540
|
||||
60
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Media and Values OQtHvElCwV0.en.cnt
Normal file
60
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Media and Values OQtHvElCwV0.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
|||
Marr: Politicians I come across are deeply irritated, ranging on furious,
|
||||
about attacks on them in the press day after day on issues, which have come to be known as sleaze
|
||||
They feel that they are harassed, that they are misunderstood,
|
||||
and that the press has gone above itself - is uppity and is destructive
|
||||
That's the message that they are giving.
|
||||
Are you saying that that whole process doesn't matter?
|
||||
Chomsky: I mean, when the press - the same thing is true here -
|
||||
When the press focuses on the sex lives of politicians,
|
||||
reach for your pocket and see who's pulling out your wallet.
|
||||
I mean, because those are not the issues that matter to people
|
||||
I mean, they're a very marginal interest. The issues that matter to people are somewhere else.
|
||||
So as soon as you hear, you know, the press and
|
||||
presidential candidates and so on talking about values,
|
||||
as I say, put your hand on your wallet, you know that something else is happening
|
||||
Marr: But it's certainly been much more than bed-hopping
|
||||
It's also been about taking money from corporations --
|
||||
Chomsky: corruption, corrupt judges, fine topic --
|
||||
-- big business is not in favor of corruption, you know
|
||||
And if the press focuses on corruption, Fortune Magazine will be quite happy.
|
||||
They don't care about that.
|
||||
They don't want the society to be corrupt. They want it to be run in their interest. That's a different thing
|
||||
Corruption interferes with that.
|
||||
So for example when I was -- I just happen to come back from India -- the Bank of India released
|
||||
an estimate, economists there told me it's low,
|
||||
that a third of the economy is black - meaning mostly rich businessmen not paying their taxes.
|
||||
Well that makes the press because in fact certainly transnationals don't like it.
|
||||
They want the system to be run
|
||||
without corruption, robbery, bribes, and so on, just pouring money into their pockets
|
||||
So yes that's a fine topic for the press
|
||||
on the other hand the topics I've talked about are not fine topics because they're much too significant
|
||||
0
|
||||
6
|
||||
13
|
||||
16
|
||||
20
|
||||
22
|
||||
26
|
||||
30
|
||||
34
|
||||
37
|
||||
40
|
||||
44
|
||||
48
|
||||
50
|
||||
55
|
||||
59
|
||||
63
|
||||
67
|
||||
71
|
||||
75
|
||||
76
|
||||
82
|
||||
84
|
||||
90
|
||||
93
|
||||
99
|
||||
103
|
||||
106
|
||||
111
|
||||
114
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
|
|||
Can you hear us
|
||||
Yes.
|
||||
Prof. Chomsky, welcome to acTVism Munich.
|
||||
Thank you.
|
||||
Let's get straight to the interview.
|
||||
In your 1988 book, entitled
|
||||
"Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media",
|
||||
talk about five institutional filters that control and change the flow of information.
|
||||
These serve certain interests in our society.
|
||||
Can you tell us something about these institutional filters?
|
||||
Have they become stronger or weaker in our time?
|
||||
So, first, there was a later edition of this book in which
|
||||
my co-author Edward Herman and I wrote a new introduction.
|
||||
And Wwr indicated that one of the five filters was too narrow: the fifth.
|
||||
When we wrote the book in the eighties, we called the fifth filter the anti-communism filter.
|
||||
But it should have been called much more general.
|
||||
There's always some fake enemy that's about to
|
||||
to destroy ourselves, against which we have to defend ourselves.
|
||||
Comments, analyzes and the selection of messages are geared towards
|
||||
to support state propaganda.
|
||||
and the course of action against this real or imaginary enemy.
|
||||
For a long time this was the Soviet Union.
|
||||
It's very interesting to see what happened - you learn a lot about
|
||||
Propaganda and research if you look at what happened
|
||||
when the Soviet Union collapsed.
|
||||
This is the best way to learn about the Cold War.
|
||||
What happened?
|
||||
In 1990 there was no longer a Soviet Union. What happened then?
|
||||
First of all, you should ask yourself what happened to NATO.
|
||||
NATO was founded to protect Western Europe from the Russian hordes.
|
||||
Theoretically.
|
||||
And what happened to NATO when there were no Russian hordes left?
|
||||
Has it been dissolved? No, it was removed. It expanded eastwards
|
||||
and is right on the Russian border today.
|
||||
A threat arises, and another world war threatens because of what is happening in Ukraine.
|
||||
In the meantime, NATO's mission has been officially changed.
|
||||
Now it should protect the international energy system: the waterways and pipelines.
|
||||
NATO is a global system, a global force,
|
||||
which is controlled by the United States.
|
||||
This shows what NATO has always been
|
||||
and you learn about anti-communism as a propaganda technique.
|
||||
What happened next
|
||||
A few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the United States invaded Panama
|
||||
Killed hundreds, maybe thousands, of people when the slums were bombed.
|
||||
all to kidnap someone the United States didn't like
|
||||
and brought to justice for crimes
|
||||
most of which he had committed on behalf of the CIA.
|
||||
. Well, that's almost normal with one difference:
|
||||
You couldn't invoke the Russian threat here,
|
||||
because there is no Russian threat.
|
||||
So it was the Hispanic drug dealers who were about to destroy us.
|
||||
It went on for a while, it didn't work very well,
|
||||
so you had to come up with new pretexts.
|
||||
The Middle East is a very interesting case.
|
||||
The Bush administration - the first president in the Bush family - had to do after the fall of the Russians
|
||||
immediately introduce a new national security strategy.
|
||||
In principle, it said that we would continue as before, but with new pretexts.
|
||||
For the Middle East, intervention forces intended for the Middle East applied
|
||||
to stick wherever - and now comes a really interesting wording
|
||||
the serious threat to US interests
|
||||
could not be put in the shoes of the Kremlin.
|
||||
In other words, we lied to you for 50 years. It is not the Russians at all.
|
||||
That is what is called radical nationalism, independent nationalism.
|
||||
And finally, in order to stamp it out, you need the intervention forces.
|
||||
So everything takes its course, but with new pretexts.
|
||||
This shows us that our fifth filter was inadequate. It's not about anti-communism.
|
||||
It's about whatever pretext needs to be invented,
|
||||
the continuing worldwide interference, overthrow, armed forces or
|
||||
to justify international agreements for the protection of large domestic capital.
|
||||
This is the fifth filter. To come back to your question: they are all used today.
|
||||
Since you just mentioned the Middle East issue,
|
||||
I would like to talk to you about the current situation in the Middle East,
|
||||
where a radical fighting force called ISIS is raging, which among other things is decapitating journalists.
|
||||
I would like to refer to your book "Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media",
|
||||
in which you speak of unworthy and worthy victims.
|
||||
Can you briefly explain what this means
|
||||
and how does this apply to the current atrocities there?
|
||||
Well, ISIS, of course, are the unworthy victims.
|
||||
Are you a pretty hideous force?
|
||||
But the US is strangely opposed to it.
|
||||
Take a look at US ISIS policy:
|
||||
there are some forces in the region that are really fighting ISIS, mainly Iran.
|
||||
Iran is fighting ISIS. Do the US support Iran against ISIS?
|
||||
No. Iran is an enemy, we have to undermine it.
|
||||
On the ground is the main armed force against ISIS - in the area around Kobane, Syria - is the PKK,
|
||||
the guerrilla force based in Turkey, which is on the US terrorist list
|
||||
The United States does not support them.
|
||||
Of course, this also applies to the Assad regime, which ISIS is also fighting.
|
||||
So what is US policy regarding ISIS?
|
||||
One of the main rapporteurs on the region, one of the best
|
||||
and the most accurately informed, Patrick Cockburn, calls it an "Alice in Wonderland" policy.
|
||||
A policy that is senseless and mixed up.
|
||||
The Obama administration is somehow trying to fight ISIS
|
||||
while also fighting everyone who is already fighting ISIS.
|
||||
So who are the worthy and unworthy victims?
|
||||
It all depends on who the United States is fighting.
|
||||
Let's talk about some economic issues.
|
||||
We know that the European Union and the United States are just behind closed doors
|
||||
negotiating a free trade agreement known as
|
||||
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, or TTIP for short.
|
||||
Our Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Obama praise how this agreement
|
||||
Job creation, economic growth and trade.
|
||||
You completely rejected the term free trade agreement and found
|
||||
that there is no free trade, that they do not favor global trade
|
||||
have anything in common with an agreement.
|
||||
Could you do this a little?
|
||||
First of all, we should remember the five filters.
|
||||
It is not a free trade agreement.
|
||||
It has practically nothing to do with free trade.
|
||||
Practically nothing.
|
||||
There are tariffs, but they are very low.
|
||||
And changes in customs agreements change practically nothing.
|
||||
It is protectionism.
|
||||
It is against free trade.
|
||||
First of all, consider that everything is decided in secret.
|
||||
It is fundamentally secret, the population must not know anything about it.
|
||||
However, it is not secret for everyone.
|
||||
The corporate lawyers and lobbyists who write the agreement know what it says.
|
||||
So it's not a secret for corporations and government leaders.
|
||||
Only the population is not allowed to know about it.
|
||||
That should already make you think.
|
||||
Parts of it have leaked, some of it through Wikileaks. A part that leaked
|
||||
was the section on intellectual property rights, one of the central elements of the agreement.
|
||||
And what are intellectual property rights?
|
||||
Well it's a complicated word that describes high protectionist measures
|
||||
for the profits - the exorbitant profits - more American
|
||||
and international pharmaceutical and media groups.
|
||||
This is anti-free trade.
|
||||
This is extreme protectionism in the interests of very wealthy
|
||||
and more powerful parts of the economic system.
|
||||
Other parts of the agreement - and don't forget
|
||||
that because of the confidentiality we don't know any details,
|
||||
however, we can get an idea of other agreements
|
||||
include a number of regulations related to investor rights
|
||||
to protect against the population.
|
||||
Take NAFTA (North American Free Trade agreement) for example, we know that.
|
||||
NAFTA was also negotiated in secret, and is now open to the public.
|
||||
Large parts of it guarantee US investors in Mexico to be treated like domestic.
|
||||
So should General Motors invest in Mexico,
|
||||
it has to be treated like a mexican company.
|
||||
When a person from Mexico comes to New York
|
||||
he does not get the same rights as an American citizen, on the contrary:
|
||||
He could end up in prison for the rest of his life.
|
||||
But US companies should have the same rights as Mexican companies.
|
||||
US agricultural companies, heavily subsidized agricultural companies
|
||||
which completely contradicts the free trade concept
|
||||
to get the right to flood the Mexican market with fruits and vegetables,
|
||||
with which Mexican campesinos can of course not compete.
|
||||
This leads to a so-called immigration crisis,
|
||||
because they are driven from their country and have to flee.
|
||||
That is NAFTA.
|
||||
Another regulation allows corporations, not people, not you or me,
|
||||
but corporations to sue a state
|
||||
should take measures that could reduce profits.
|
||||
So, for example, if Mexico decides to go to an environmental protection zone there,
|
||||
where any US corporation wants to invest,
|
||||
this corporation can sue Mexico for thwarting its profits
|
||||
- future profits in the area,
|
||||
in the area that Mexico is trying to protect.
|
||||
Again, people cannot. But corporations do.
|
||||
These types of provisions can be found in trade agreements.
|
||||
They are not free trade agreements.
|
||||
It's not about free trade, in fact it's mostly not about trade,
|
||||
and they are definitely not agreements, at least
|
||||
when people live in one of the negotiating countries.
|
||||
Most of the people are against the agreements,
|
||||
that's why they work in secret.
|
||||
Every word in the term free trade agreement is simply wrong.
|
||||
In Germany there is a lot of encouragement from the people in the form of
|
||||
independent organizations for the concept of unconditional basic income,
|
||||
according to which citizens receive a sum of money without reservation,
|
||||
to meet their basic needs like rent, food, electricity etc.
|
||||
Can you give your assessment of unconditional basic income?
|
||||
Unconditional basic income?
|
||||
In Germany and elsewhere?
|
||||
It is an interesting concept indeed.
|
||||
It originally comes from the right camp.
|
||||
Clock jumping.
|
||||
Milton Friedman, for example, suggested it.
|
||||
In his view, this could have prevented the measures taken by a welfare state.
|
||||
But it doesn't have to have a reactionary component.
|
||||
It can also be interpreted as a progressive measure that people have rights.
|
||||
Take a look at Article 25 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
|
||||
It states that people have a right to adequate nutrition,
|
||||
Have health, employment, security, etc. These are minimum rights.
|
||||
Every society should guarantee it.
|
||||
Well, one way to guarantee this would be a socially acceptable form
|
||||
an unconditional basic income.
|
||||
In principle, so-called welfare states try to provide this.
|
||||
So yes, that's something you could show.
|
||||
I don't think it goes far enough, but as a short-term solution,
|
||||
it is suitable to alleviate central problems.
|
||||
And there are already elements in various societies,
|
||||
that actually provide such things.
|
||||
Let's get to my last question:
|
||||
Could you list some of the dangers that humanity faces
|
||||
or will face in the 21st century?
|
||||
And what mechanisms are available to the public to prevent these disasters?
|
||||
So what dangers do we have to face in the 21st century?
|
||||
There are two enormous dangers, huge shadows that hang menacingly above everything.
|
||||
The first of these is an environmental disaster that is definitely imminent.
|
||||
We can debate how long it will take, but it will come.
|
||||
And it could get really serious.
|
||||
There are things you can do about it, and something is done in some countries.
|
||||
Denmark, for example, is moving towards sustainable energies.
|
||||
Germany increasingly has plans to focus on sustainable energies.
|
||||
But the majority of us are just racing towards the cliff that we're going to plunge down.
|
||||
One thing is almost certain, if we continue to live or want to survive properly,
|
||||
the fossil fuels from the earth may no longer be extracted.
|
||||
But the opposite happens: energy companies never miss an opportunity
|
||||
to suck every drop of oil or gas from the earth and they can't be stopped.
|
||||
Part of the logic of a capitalist market is to maximize short-term profit,
|
||||
without paying attention to the consequences for others or the future.
|
||||
It is a huge problem.
|
||||
There are things you can do about it, but that happens to a limited extent.
|
||||
It will be a real disaster for our not too distant future generations.
|
||||
The other big shadow is nuclear war.
|
||||
Don't underestimate that.
|
||||
We have repeatedly come close to a nuclear war.
|
||||
A nuclear war is basically the final catastrophe. Some survive, but not much.
|
||||
And we were close to it. There are some serious threats today.
|
||||
In theory, we would know how to deal with these threats, but we don't.
|
||||
Instead, the nuclear programs are being expanded.
|
||||
The U.S. program will be expanded by about a trillion dollars over the next few decades.
|
||||
There are serious crises in Ukraine, in the Middle East
|
||||
and other places that could all lead to nuclear war.
|
||||
These are the biggest problems.
|
||||
There is another problem in the background.
|
||||
It's not about survival, it's about minimal decency.
|
||||
I mean the neoliberal attack on the global population,
|
||||
which has lasted for several generations.
|
||||
It has different effects in different places, but it is almost always very damaging.
|
||||
Some countries have been able to slowly get rid of
|
||||
some of the most important are in South America.
|
||||
For the first time in 500 years, South America has started
|
||||
to free yourself from the imperialist control of the West.
|
||||
In the past century, that meant control by the United States
|
||||
The countries united to develop internal organizations
|
||||
and thus solve the enormous challenges in your own country. Without western dominance.
|
||||
The US has been driven out of almost the entire hemisphere,
|
||||
which is tantamount to a remarkable change in world affairs.
|
||||
In part, they react to the neoliberal attack,
|
||||
which was particularly devastating in South America.
|
||||
You followed the rules and suffered for them.
|
||||
In Europe, austerity measures are extremely destructive to life,
|
||||
survival and democracy.
|
||||
Some attempts are being made to resist
|
||||
especially in the peripheral countries.
|
||||
In the United States, the neoliberal attack has virtually destroyed democracy.
|
||||
It hardly works anymore. Take a look at the last November 2014 elections.
|
||||
Actual turnout statistics have recently been released.
|
||||
They were identified by some of the leading political scientists:
|
||||
Walter Dean Burnham and Thomas Ferguson.
|
||||
They show that turnout in past elections
|
||||
mostly as high as it was in the early 19th century.
|
||||
At that time only white male citizens with possessions were allowed to vote.
|
||||
Today, turnout in a large part of the country has dropped back to this level.
|
||||
This is a sign that people have hope
|
||||
have simply given up in the democratic system.
|
||||
You have every reason:
|
||||
Detailed studies show what we all basically already know:
|
||||
the vast majority's opinions and attitudes have no impact on politics.
|
||||
Today, politics is dominated by an extremely small sector of concentrated wealth.
|
||||
This is plutocracy, this is not democracy.
|
||||
Take a look at the economic situation:
|
||||
Since the neo-liberal attack began largely under Reagan,
|
||||
actually earlier, but under Reagan it escalated,
|
||||
it was a period of stagnation or decline for the majority of the population.
|
||||
Real wages for male workers are back at the level of the sixties.
|
||||
In the meantime, productivity increased and prosperity increased,
|
||||
which only benefits a tiny percentage of the population,
|
||||
actually only a fraction of a percent.
|
||||
For the majority of the population, this means stagnation, sometimes also decline.
|
||||
These are serious problems.
|
||||
You can handle them, they're not the same size as the first two,
|
||||
that I mentioned, but they are to be taken seriously.
|
||||
They seriously affect people's lives significantly
|
||||
Well, there are many more problems to be solved, especially terrorism.
|
||||
A worldwide terror campaign is taking place that goes far too far, further than anyone else.
|
||||
It's Obama's drone campaign.
|
||||
It is a terror campaign of unprecedented magnitude.
|
||||
This campaign is formally, officially, explicitly aimed at people supported by the government
|
||||
suspected of wanting to harm us someday.
|
||||
Maybe one day want to harm us.
|
||||
You have to be killed, along with everyone else,
|
||||
he are in their immediate vicinity.
|
||||
I mean, would Al Qaeda or anyone else launch such a campaign
|
||||
we would be outraged beyond measure, we would probably destroy them.
|
||||
But in this case it is official politics that is supported by the western countries.
|
||||
It is a serious problem. Worldwide terrorism is a serious problem.
|
||||
It ranks very high up.
|
||||
So we could go on and talk about many other things.
|
||||
Noam Chomsky, renowned American linguist and cognitive scientist,
|
||||
Philosopher, political commentator and activist, it was a pleasure
|
||||
To have you with us today. Thank you.
|
||||
16
|
||||
19
|
||||
20
|
||||
24
|
||||
26
|
||||
29
|
||||
32
|
||||
35
|
||||
41
|
||||
44
|
||||
48
|
||||
55
|
||||
59
|
||||
65
|
||||
72
|
||||
78
|
||||
81
|
||||
85
|
||||
90
|
||||
96
|
||||
103
|
||||
106
|
||||
109
|
||||
114
|
||||
117
|
||||
119
|
||||
122
|
||||
124
|
||||
129
|
||||
132
|
||||
138
|
||||
139
|
||||
143
|
||||
148
|
||||
150
|
||||
156
|
||||
160
|
||||
167
|
||||
171
|
||||
173
|
||||
175
|
||||
181
|
||||
183
|
||||
188
|
||||
193
|
||||
198
|
||||
201
|
||||
204
|
||||
207
|
||||
210
|
||||
212
|
||||
217
|
||||
220
|
||||
223
|
||||
226
|
||||
230
|
||||
235
|
||||
241
|
||||
246
|
||||
250
|
||||
254
|
||||
258
|
||||
264
|
||||
269
|
||||
272
|
||||
278
|
||||
284
|
||||
287
|
||||
291
|
||||
303
|
||||
308
|
||||
313
|
||||
316
|
||||
324
|
||||
328
|
||||
331
|
||||
333
|
||||
339
|
||||
343
|
||||
345
|
||||
351
|
||||
354
|
||||
364
|
||||
370
|
||||
373
|
||||
383
|
||||
389
|
||||
392
|
||||
397
|
||||
401
|
||||
406
|
||||
413
|
||||
416
|
||||
421
|
||||
429
|
||||
432
|
||||
437
|
||||
440
|
||||
443
|
||||
446
|
||||
449
|
||||
453
|
||||
457
|
||||
461
|
||||
463
|
||||
466
|
||||
489
|
||||
494
|
||||
496
|
||||
499
|
||||
504
|
||||
508
|
||||
512
|
||||
514
|
||||
517
|
||||
520
|
||||
524
|
||||
526
|
||||
533
|
||||
538
|
||||
540
|
||||
542
|
||||
547
|
||||
554
|
||||
556
|
||||
563
|
||||
567
|
||||
572
|
||||
574
|
||||
580
|
||||
583
|
||||
586
|
||||
589
|
||||
592
|
||||
598
|
||||
603
|
||||
608
|
||||
612
|
||||
623
|
||||
626
|
||||
629
|
||||
634
|
||||
638
|
||||
641
|
||||
646
|
||||
651
|
||||
653
|
||||
658
|
||||
663
|
||||
667
|
||||
670
|
||||
671
|
||||
678
|
||||
682
|
||||
688
|
||||
695
|
||||
698
|
||||
702
|
||||
704
|
||||
709
|
||||
713
|
||||
717
|
||||
719
|
||||
725
|
||||
728
|
||||
730
|
||||
732
|
||||
734
|
||||
744
|
||||
748
|
||||
753
|
||||
756
|
||||
760
|
||||
766
|
||||
770
|
||||
772
|
||||
774
|
||||
776
|
||||
778
|
||||
781
|
||||
786
|
||||
790
|
||||
797
|
||||
806
|
||||
811
|
||||
817
|
||||
820
|
||||
827
|
||||
830
|
||||
839
|
||||
844
|
||||
849
|
||||
852
|
||||
856
|
||||
859
|
||||
861
|
||||
865
|
||||
868
|
||||
875
|
||||
881
|
||||
888
|
||||
893
|
||||
897
|
||||
899
|
||||
905
|
||||
910
|
||||
916
|
||||
922
|
||||
927
|
||||
933
|
||||
938
|
||||
948
|
||||
955
|
||||
960
|
||||
962
|
||||
968
|
||||
975
|
||||
979
|
||||
982
|
||||
986
|
||||
992
|
||||
997
|
||||
1002
|
||||
1006
|
||||
1012
|
||||
1017
|
||||
1020
|
||||
1023
|
||||
1025
|
||||
1030
|
||||
1035
|
||||
1038
|
||||
1044
|
||||
1050
|
||||
1053
|
||||
1059
|
||||
1064
|
||||
1067
|
||||
1073
|
||||
1080
|
||||
1084
|
||||
1087
|
||||
1091
|
||||
1095
|
||||
1097
|
||||
1104
|
||||
1109
|
||||
1112
|
||||
1114
|
||||
1123
|
||||
1130
|
||||
1134
|
||||
1139
|
||||
1142
|
||||
1147
|
||||
1153
|
||||
1159
|
||||
1165
|
||||
1167
|
||||
1171
|
||||
1173
|
||||
1177
|
||||
1185
|
||||
1191
|
||||
1194
|
||||
1196
|
||||
1200
|
||||
1204
|
||||
1209
|
||||
1215
|
||||
1220
|
||||
1223
|
||||
1226
|
||||
1231
|
||||
1233
|
||||
1236
|
||||
1238
|
||||
1241
|
||||
1248
|
||||
1255
|
||||
1257
|
||||
1263
|
||||
1270
|
||||
1276
|
||||
1278
|
||||
1281
|
||||
1283
|
||||
1289
|
||||
1293
|
||||
1296
|
||||
1300
|
||||
1302
|
||||
1307
|
||||
1311
|
||||
1314
|
||||
94
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Moral Responsibility m05AVfltE5k.en.cnt
Normal file
94
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Moral Responsibility m05AVfltE5k.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
|||
Chomsky: I have things that I think I can do and I
|
||||
think are worth doing. That's what I devote myself to.
|
||||
If people want to describe it the way they do,
|
||||
that's there decision.
|
||||
Bolkestein: In a deeper sense, I think, if I would be able to
|
||||
convey something like that to you.
|
||||
Would it be very nice not to be an intellectual
|
||||
with all the responsibilities that go with it?
|
||||
Chomsky: Would it be nice to be a human being without
|
||||
the responsibilities of being a human being?
|
||||
Well, I can imagine that. For example,
|
||||
if you're a human being and you're a citizen of a relatively free society,
|
||||
and you're relatively privileged, you have responsibilities.
|
||||
Moral responsibilities are basically measured by what you are able to do.
|
||||
I don't have any responsibility for things that happened in the 16th century
|
||||
because I can't do anything about them.
|
||||
I do have responsibility for things I can influence.
|
||||
In a totalitarian society,
|
||||
where you've got -- say, extermination camps,
|
||||
there isn't much you can do.
|
||||
In a free society, there's a lot you can do.
|
||||
For people like me who are relatively privileged,
|
||||
there's even more you can do.
|
||||
So that assigns you a responsibility that you cannot escape.
|
||||
You can say "I don't care," you know, you can do that
|
||||
but you can't say "I don't have the responsibility."
|
||||
You can say "I refuse to execute the responsibility"
|
||||
that's a choice.
|
||||
In some ways its easier and in some ways its harder.
|
||||
Don't forget you have to look at yourself in the mirror every day too.
|
||||
And people make the choices.
|
||||
Nobody's a saint, I'm not, I don't spend 24 hours a day trying to help people.
|
||||
I do other things.
|
||||
But I adjust my life in some fashions so that I spend a fair amount of time, in fact a lot of time,
|
||||
doing things that I think contribute to
|
||||
meeting a very substantial moral responsibility.
|
||||
And I think many other people do
|
||||
also and that's what's led to human progress.
|
||||
Otherwise, we'd be still, you know, living in slave states.
|
||||
And I think it's important
|
||||
Bolkestein: Do you recall what the biggest mistake in moral judgement was you ever made?
|
||||
Chomsky: The biggest mistake in moral judgement I ever made
|
||||
was waiting so long to getting involved in protests against the Vietnam War.
|
||||
I should've started it 19 -- the early 1950s.
|
||||
Bolkestein: Does it still weigh on you?
|
||||
Chomsky: Very much. I mean look at the effect on Indochina, which was virtually destroyed.
|
||||
I don't know if I could've made any difference, but one [himself] could have tried, at least.
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
5
|
||||
8
|
||||
9
|
||||
13
|
||||
15
|
||||
18
|
||||
21
|
||||
23
|
||||
26
|
||||
27
|
||||
32
|
||||
35
|
||||
41
|
||||
45
|
||||
46
|
||||
50
|
||||
53
|
||||
56
|
||||
58
|
||||
60
|
||||
63
|
||||
64
|
||||
68
|
||||
71
|
||||
74
|
||||
77
|
||||
78
|
||||
82
|
||||
84
|
||||
86
|
||||
92
|
||||
93
|
||||
99
|
||||
102
|
||||
106
|
||||
108
|
||||
112
|
||||
116
|
||||
117
|
||||
121
|
||||
124
|
||||
128
|
||||
131
|
||||
132
|
||||
136
|
||||
142
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Neoliberalism II 9awI2P0Xq8E.en.cnt
Normal file
142
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Neoliberalism II 9awI2P0Xq8E.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
|
|||
what's called neoliberalism
|
||||
is an attack on democracy and is an open attack
|
||||
on democracy. it's not secret.
|
||||
The goal is to minimize the state
|
||||
and, if you minimize the state,
|
||||
you're maximizing something else.
|
||||
What is the thing that you're maximizing?
|
||||
Well, private tyranny. The state is the arena
|
||||
within which the public has some role,
|
||||
at least in principle, in determining policy.
|
||||
In the private sector, it has no role.
|
||||
So, the more that the public arena is minimized,
|
||||
and private power is maximized,
|
||||
the less you have democracy.
|
||||
Now personally,
|
||||
in my view, the state is an illegitimate institution.
|
||||
It should be dismantled,
|
||||
but not as long as private power is there,
|
||||
because that's much worse.
|
||||
That's a system which is unaccountable to the public
|
||||
and the main thrust of neoliberalism
|
||||
is precisely that: is to restrict the arena
|
||||
within which the public can make some difference.
|
||||
[Question: "Then what is your suggestion?"]
|
||||
My suggestion is to extend the public arena
|
||||
and in the classic fashion
|
||||
namely, as I said before, working people
|
||||
should have control of the places in which they work.
|
||||
Not private tyrants.
|
||||
The people of the community should have control
|
||||
of their communities, and they should interact
|
||||
with one another; that increases the public sphere.
|
||||
If the heavy concentration of private power is eliminated,
|
||||
then, I think, moves toward dismantling
|
||||
the entire state system are entirely legitimate--proper
|
||||
But, you face what the world you are in right now.
|
||||
Incidentally, these neoliberal moves
|
||||
are not moves towards establishing a market system.
|
||||
A private corporation is outside the market system.
|
||||
If you look at world trade, about, say, the United States,
|
||||
about half of US trade is not trade at all.
|
||||
It's just transactions internal to a corporation,
|
||||
run by a very visible hand
|
||||
of which just happen to cross borders.
|
||||
So, half of US exports to Mexico
|
||||
don't even enter the Mexican economy.
|
||||
They're just -- parts are being assembled
|
||||
in the United States, transferred to Mexico,
|
||||
to another branch of, say, the same Ford Motor Company,
|
||||
it's called exports,
|
||||
they come back to the United States, it's called imports.
|
||||
That's not trade, that's mercantilism,
|
||||
and that's a huge part of world trade
|
||||
It's kinda corporate mercantilism in which
|
||||
the market is functioning only at the margins
|
||||
and functioning mostly to control people.
|
||||
The ones who are running the world economy have
|
||||
protected themselves very strongly from market discipline [unlike the poor].
|
||||
In fact, if you look at the -- There's some good studies,
|
||||
by good economists,
|
||||
of transnational corporations and there's one major study
|
||||
by two British economists of the top 100 transnational corporations
|
||||
every one of them has benefited from the interventionist
|
||||
policies of its home government
|
||||
and 20 of the 100 have been saved from complete
|
||||
collapse by state takeover and bailout
|
||||
Over and above that, the corporation itself is out of the
|
||||
market system - its internal transactions are centrally directed
|
||||
- these are command economies
|
||||
so you have -- The neoliberal system is an attack,
|
||||
in my view, both on the market and on democracy.
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
5
|
||||
8
|
||||
12
|
||||
14
|
||||
16
|
||||
19
|
||||
22
|
||||
26
|
||||
29
|
||||
32
|
||||
37
|
||||
39
|
||||
42
|
||||
43
|
||||
46
|
||||
48
|
||||
50
|
||||
51
|
||||
55
|
||||
58
|
||||
62
|
||||
66
|
||||
72
|
||||
74
|
||||
77
|
||||
81
|
||||
85
|
||||
87
|
||||
90
|
||||
92
|
||||
96
|
||||
100
|
||||
103
|
||||
107
|
||||
110
|
||||
112
|
||||
115
|
||||
119
|
||||
124
|
||||
127
|
||||
131
|
||||
134
|
||||
137
|
||||
140
|
||||
142
|
||||
146
|
||||
148
|
||||
151
|
||||
153
|
||||
155
|
||||
157
|
||||
160
|
||||
163
|
||||
166
|
||||
169
|
||||
173
|
||||
178
|
||||
180
|
||||
182
|
||||
186
|
||||
191
|
||||
194
|
||||
197
|
||||
200
|
||||
203
|
||||
208
|
||||
212
|
||||
214
|
||||
217
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
|
|||
- Take a look at recent history
|
||||
since the second World War.
|
||||
Something really remarkable has happened.
|
||||
First, human intelligence created
|
||||
two huge sledge hammers capable
|
||||
of terminating our existence
|
||||
or at least organized existence.
|
||||
Both from the second World War.
|
||||
One of them's familiar.
|
||||
- A scientific thunderbolt gives
|
||||
a preview of its destructive force.
|
||||
One of Japan's arsenal cities was selected
|
||||
as the first to feel the weight
|
||||
of atomic power.
|
||||
- It was immediately obvious
|
||||
on August 6, 1945,
|
||||
a day that I remember very well.
|
||||
It was obvious that soon technology would
|
||||
develop to the point where it would
|
||||
lead to terminal disaster.
|
||||
The scientists certainly understood this.
|
||||
In 1947,
|
||||
the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists
|
||||
inaugurated its famous doomsday clock.
|
||||
How close is the minute hand to midnight?
|
||||
And environmental disaster which wasn't
|
||||
thought about much in 1945,
|
||||
but it turns out we now understand
|
||||
that at the end of the second World War
|
||||
the world also entered into a new
|
||||
geological epoch.
|
||||
It's called the anthropocene,
|
||||
the epoch in which humans have
|
||||
a severe, in fact, maybe disastrous impact
|
||||
on the environment.
|
||||
There was a sharp spike in such activities
|
||||
and disaster after 1945.
|
||||
So, geologists pretty much even formally
|
||||
date the origin of the anthropocene to about
|
||||
the same time as the nuclear age.
|
||||
Observing that the Bulletin analysts in 2015
|
||||
mentioned both
|
||||
and moved the clock to three minutes to midnight,
|
||||
the closest it had been since 1984.
|
||||
Immediately after the Trump election,
|
||||
late January this year,
|
||||
the clock was moved again to two
|
||||
and a half minutes to midnight.
|
||||
Closest it's been since '53.
|
||||
So, there's the two existential threats
|
||||
that we've created.
|
||||
In the case of nuclear war,
|
||||
maybe wipe us out.
|
||||
In case of environmental catastrophe,
|
||||
severe impact.
|
||||
Then a third thing happened.
|
||||
Beginning around the '70s,
|
||||
human intelligence dedicated itself
|
||||
to eliminating,
|
||||
or at least weakening,
|
||||
the main barrier against
|
||||
the threats.
|
||||
It's called neoliberalism.
|
||||
If you ask yourself,
|
||||
it was a transition at that period
|
||||
from the period of what some people call
|
||||
regimented capitalism, '50s and '60s,
|
||||
the great growth period,
|
||||
egalitarian growth.
|
||||
A lot of advances
|
||||
and social justice and so on.
|
||||
That changed in the '70s
|
||||
with the onset of the neoliberal era
|
||||
that we've been living in since.
|
||||
- We deregulated the airlines,
|
||||
we deregulated the trucking industry,
|
||||
we deregulated financial institutions,
|
||||
we decontrolled oil and natural gas prices,
|
||||
and we negotiated lower trade barriers
|
||||
throughout the world
|
||||
to get rid of needless
|
||||
and burdensome federal regulations
|
||||
which benefit nobody
|
||||
and which harm all of us.
|
||||
- And if you ask yourself what this era is,
|
||||
it's crucial principle is undermining
|
||||
mechanisms of social solidarity
|
||||
and mutual support
|
||||
and popular engagement
|
||||
in determining policy.
|
||||
It's not called that.
|
||||
What it's called is freedom.
|
||||
- I'm not in favor of fairness.
|
||||
I'm in favor of freedom.
|
||||
And freedom is not fairness.
|
||||
Fairness means somebody has to decide what's fair.
|
||||
- But freedom means subordination
|
||||
to the decisions of concentrated,
|
||||
unaccountable, private power.
|
||||
That's what it means.
|
||||
The institutions of governance
|
||||
or other kinds of association
|
||||
that could allow people to participate
|
||||
in decision making.
|
||||
Those are systematically weakened.
|
||||
Margaret Thatcher said it rather nicely
|
||||
in her aphorism about there is no society
|
||||
only individuals.
|
||||
She was actually, unconsciously no doubt,
|
||||
paraphrasing Marx who in his condemnation
|
||||
of the repression in France
|
||||
said the repression is turning society
|
||||
into a sack of potatoes.
|
||||
That just individuals amorphous mass
|
||||
can't act together.
|
||||
That was a condemnation.
|
||||
For Thatcher, it's an ideal.
|
||||
And that's neoliberalism.
|
||||
We destroy or at least undermine
|
||||
the governing mechanisms in which people,
|
||||
at least in principle,
|
||||
can participate to the extent
|
||||
the society's democratic.
|
||||
So, we can then undermine unions
|
||||
other forms of association,
|
||||
leave a sack of potatoes,
|
||||
and meanwhile transfer decisions
|
||||
to unaccountable private power
|
||||
all in the rhetoric of freedom.
|
||||
Well, what does that do?
|
||||
The one barrier to the threat
|
||||
of destruction is an engaged public,
|
||||
an informed, engaged public acting together
|
||||
to develop means to confront the threat
|
||||
and respond to it.
|
||||
And that's systematically weakened
|
||||
for people to become more passive
|
||||
and apathetic
|
||||
and not disturb things too much.
|
||||
And that's what the neoliberal programs do.
|
||||
So, put it all together
|
||||
and what do you have?
|
||||
A perfect storm.
|
||||
This is all very simple.
|
||||
It's all in front of your eyes.
|
||||
All you have to do is look.
|
||||
Takes no profound intelligence,
|
||||
takes no special insight.
|
||||
Just look at what's in front of your eyes.
|
||||
It's right there.
|
||||
In fact, I think a lot of people see it.
|
||||
1
|
||||
4
|
||||
6
|
||||
10
|
||||
16
|
||||
22
|
||||
24
|
||||
27
|
||||
30
|
||||
32
|
||||
33
|
||||
37
|
||||
39
|
||||
41
|
||||
42
|
||||
44
|
||||
48
|
||||
51
|
||||
54
|
||||
56
|
||||
59
|
||||
61
|
||||
63
|
||||
66
|
||||
69
|
||||
73
|
||||
76
|
||||
79
|
||||
83
|
||||
85
|
||||
88
|
||||
90
|
||||
92
|
||||
95
|
||||
99
|
||||
100
|
||||
104
|
||||
106
|
||||
109
|
||||
113
|
||||
117
|
||||
123
|
||||
124
|
||||
127
|
||||
131
|
||||
133
|
||||
135
|
||||
137
|
||||
140
|
||||
143
|
||||
146
|
||||
148
|
||||
150
|
||||
151
|
||||
153
|
||||
155
|
||||
157
|
||||
159
|
||||
161
|
||||
163
|
||||
165
|
||||
167
|
||||
169
|
||||
171
|
||||
173
|
||||
175
|
||||
179
|
||||
182
|
||||
183
|
||||
185
|
||||
186
|
||||
189
|
||||
191
|
||||
195
|
||||
197
|
||||
199
|
||||
201
|
||||
204
|
||||
207
|
||||
209
|
||||
210
|
||||
212
|
||||
214
|
||||
216
|
||||
219
|
||||
221
|
||||
224
|
||||
231
|
||||
232
|
||||
234
|
||||
237
|
||||
238
|
||||
239
|
||||
241
|
||||
243
|
||||
245
|
||||
248
|
||||
251
|
||||
254
|
||||
256
|
||||
258
|
||||
260
|
||||
263
|
||||
265
|
||||
267
|
||||
270
|
||||
273
|
||||
276
|
||||
279
|
||||
282
|
||||
286
|
||||
288
|
||||
292
|
||||
295
|
||||
297
|
||||
299
|
||||
300
|
||||
302
|
||||
305
|
||||
307
|
||||
312
|
||||
314
|
||||
316
|
||||
317
|
||||
321
|
||||
323
|
||||
326
|
||||
329
|
||||
331
|
||||
333
|
||||
336
|
||||
338
|
||||
341
|
||||
344
|
||||
347
|
||||
350
|
||||
351
|
||||
354
|
||||
355
|
||||
358
|
||||
360
|
||||
361
|
||||
363
|
||||
382
|
||||
384
|
||||
386
|
||||
388
|
||||
391
|
||||
393
|
||||
396
|
||||
399
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
|
|||
NOAM CHOMSKY: No one is going to be brought to The Hague.
|
||||
But recognize that it would be legitimate and justified
|
||||
is an important way to help people understand the scale
|
||||
of what is happening before their eyes.
|
||||
STUART SCOTT: First I want to thank you for coming.
|
||||
We do these ScientistsWarning.TV programs at COP every day at 3am.
|
||||
I have been doing this for several years.
|
||||
My name is Stuart Scott. I am the host of these 'simulated' TV talk shows.
|
||||
And you come live from COP-24.
|
||||
There is an email address for you to contact me,
|
||||
and I can refer your questions to Noam if you have them for him.
|
||||
And I am the Executive Director of ScientistsWarning.org
|
||||
and Faculty of the University of Climate I would like to say.
|
||||
So today's guest, Noam Chomsky.
|
||||
He is an emeritus professor of MIT.
|
||||
He is a laureate professor at the University of Arizona.
|
||||
He is said to be one of the most cited scholars in history.
|
||||
And I believe he is America's conscience,
|
||||
which currently has a particular lack of conscience.
|
||||
And the name we give to this program is
|
||||
Political Betrayal Turning Into Mobilizing Action.
|
||||
And I want to congratulate Noam on his birthday,
|
||||
he turned 90 on December 7.
|
||||
I turned 70 on December 7. So we share our birthday.
|
||||
But he has twenty years more wisdom and experience than I do.
|
||||
And as I said, these are the answers he gave to questions I asked him.
|
||||
And I will read the questions to you.
|
||||
How do you look at the current state of humanity in terms of the climate crisis
|
||||
and our efforts to deal with it in the UN climate negotiations? "
|
||||
NOAM: Well, we are facing a very serious dilemma. A grim, cruel dilemma.
|
||||
On the one hand, there is a serious, terrible crisis.
|
||||
Dealing with it cannot be postponed.
|
||||
It is the main problem that has arisen in human history.
|
||||
This generation - in fact today's leaders and people - will make a decision
|
||||
whether organized human society can survive in any decently livable form.
|
||||
It is no less than that.
|
||||
That is a horn of the dilemma.
|
||||
The other cornerstone of the dilemma is that we must face the reality of the world.
|
||||
We need to find ways to respond that are not justified,
|
||||
but also feasible and effective.
|
||||
For example, it would be perfectly justified
|
||||
for the most powerful person in the world,
|
||||
send the President of the United States to The Hague
|
||||
for trial for serious crimes against humanity.
|
||||
And much smaller figures as well.
|
||||
That would be justified. It is not feasible, it is not effective.
|
||||
Dealing with ... To choose approaches that are feasible and effective,
|
||||
we must recognize the reality of the situation we are facing
|
||||
and adjust our approaches accordingly.
|
||||
STUART: Then I asked him, "What about the atmosphere of denial that is there
|
||||
at the highest level in the United States, where Donald Trump,
|
||||
whom I called a 'recognized sociopath' in my conversation with him,
|
||||
where Donald Trump is president?
|
||||
NOAM: So when the President of the United States says,
|
||||
'I do not believe it. Very intelligent people like me are not believers',
|
||||
that has an impact on a large part of the population.
|
||||
Especially when it's echoed by the people on the level below.
|
||||
So, for example, if you look at the Republican Party Primaries in 2016,
|
||||
each candidate then denied that global warming is taking place
|
||||
or said, maybe, but we shouldn't do anything about it.
|
||||
Which is morally worse.
|
||||
However, they were the ones who were praised in the room as adults.
|
||||
STUART: Then I asked him,
|
||||
"What about directors, business and the general population?"
|
||||
NOAM: I am sure that JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon is well aware
|
||||
of the effect of the free use of fossil fuels.
|
||||
So how does he decide to respond to that?
|
||||
By investing more in fossil fuels.
|
||||
We know very well about the behavior of large fossil fuel companies
|
||||
in the past 40 or 50 years.
|
||||
It is now known that their scientists, The Exxon Mobil Scientists
|
||||
were leading in discovering the meaning and threat
|
||||
of catastrophic global environmental change.
|
||||
And presented piece by piece to their own managers and executives,
|
||||
explaining the nature of the threat.
|
||||
And when James Hansen wrote his famous speech in 1988,
|
||||
warning the world of the threat we face,
|
||||
Did the Exxon Mobil management respond ...
|
||||
... by switching to financing denial and skepticism
|
||||
and increase their use of fossil fuels.
|
||||
And so we can continue.
|
||||
When the New York Times a few weeks ago
|
||||
had a long front page, a thousand-word article on how President Trump
|
||||
huge new fields are opening up in the western United States
|
||||
for oil exploration, for fracking,
|
||||
they talk a little bit about environmental effects,
|
||||
namely, that it could harm the interests of the ranchers who wish to use those countries.
|
||||
There was literally one sentence in those thousand words
|
||||
which stated that by removing the restrictions on methane
|
||||
it can cause a very dangerous gas to escape.
|
||||
One sentence in a thousand words.
|
||||
STUART: Now, when I spoke to Noam - we spoke for over an hour -
|
||||
he was very critical of the mainstream media
|
||||
which downplays or under-represents the word 'climate change'
|
||||
in their reports on this topic.
|
||||
NOAM: And all this has an effect on the population.
|
||||
People listen. They see.
|
||||
They see that no one seems to be taking it seriously.
|
||||
We see the results in polls.
|
||||
Among Republicans, half of Republicans literally deny that global warming is taking place.
|
||||
This also applies to people whose livelihoods are destroyed by long droughts
|
||||
wiping out their sources of fish, food and so on.
|
||||
They say, no that is not happening.
|
||||
That's half of the Republicans. The other half - barely half - say that people are responsible.
|
||||
After all, if the man in charge says,
|
||||
"Very intelligent people like me don't believe that," who am I to question?
|
||||
These are some of the realities we need to face.
|
||||
STUART: Our governments are simply not telling us the truth.
|
||||
They don't say how serious the consequences are.
|
||||
They hide behind ...
|
||||
It's always 'in 10 years', or 'in 12 years',
|
||||
or the target is 2050.
|
||||
And he was generally very critical of governments,
|
||||
how they don't prepare people for the kinds of changes.
|
||||
So then I asked him:
|
||||
"What would be the most effective approach to the task ahead of us,
|
||||
that of addressing this nasty threat? '
|
||||
NOAM: The effective approach is not simply by saying,
|
||||
"Look, there is an emergency. You will have to change everything you do. '
|
||||
That's not going to work.
|
||||
What needs to be done is to approach people,
|
||||
explain that the situation is serious,
|
||||
is likely to be catastrophic unless we do something.
|
||||
And then start showing what is actually true:
|
||||
Those efforts to deal with it are within reach and will actually make your life better.
|
||||
They are not going to destroy your life.
|
||||
We would be much better off living in a green economy.
|
||||
You would do much better not to spend three hours a day in traffic jams
|
||||
if you had efficient mass transportation.
|
||||
You would be better off if it was not necessary to take your children to the doctor
|
||||
because they have asthma, because they cannot breathe the air.
|
||||
If we had drinkable water, yes, things would be better.
|
||||
If we had an environment where people could survive and live decently,
|
||||
then everyone would be better off. And it is within reach.
|
||||
There are things we can do and there are things that are done.
|
||||
Those are the kinds of approaches to take.
|
||||
And it must be done.
|
||||
It is a difficult choice because on the one hand
|
||||
you recognize the enormous character of the catastrophe that is imminent.
|
||||
On the other hand, you have to withhold your answers
|
||||
to address the reality of the world in which you are trying to make a change.
|
||||
An often difficult decision that requires a lot of active effort.
|
||||
These questions arise. And it should be simple ... You should ...
|
||||
It has to be arranged, and quickly.
|
||||
That we have ...
|
||||
Some of the things that happen are almost indescribable.
|
||||
I will only mention what is perhaps the most evil document ever published in human history.
|
||||
That was hardly mentioned in the news.
|
||||
Of course it comes from a bureaucracy.
|
||||
Trump's National Highway Administration agency released a large study,
|
||||
a few hundred pages, a few weeks ago.
|
||||
In conclusion and explaining why all regulations on car emissions should be ended.
|
||||
No rules. Free emissions.
|
||||
And they had a very rational argument.
|
||||
They said, if we extrapolate from what is happening now,
|
||||
then we will enter the abyss towards the end of the century.
|
||||
The temperature will have risen by three or four degrees Celsius.
|
||||
The sea level will be very high - they have greatly underestimated it.
|
||||
People will flee from coastal areas.
|
||||
It's all over.
|
||||
And the emissions don't really contribute that much,
|
||||
so why not enjoy it while we can?
|
||||
The underlying assumption, of course, is,
|
||||
everyone in the world is as criminally insane as we are.
|
||||
And no one is going to do anything about it.
|
||||
"That's the human kind. So, fine, let's steal while the planet burns. '
|
||||
Putting poor Nero in the shadows - he just fumbled while Rome burned.
|
||||
That is the world we stand for.
|
||||
And we have to understand it, tackle it, sink our teeth in it,
|
||||
approach the problems constructively and effectively in a way that is feasible.
|
||||
Suppress the justified feeling
|
||||
that we should take extremely nasty actions.
|
||||
That's not to say we shouldn't be doing those things.
|
||||
Major dramatic actions are very much on the agenda.
|
||||
Attempts to create a general strike, regular mass protests,
|
||||
all these things are important.
|
||||
They must be shaped and aligned so that they,
|
||||
instead of offending people, energizing and mobilizing them.
|
||||
That's the way they should be developed, organized and executed.
|
||||
There are a variety of activities of interest that can be done.
|
||||
From talking to your neighbor to install LED lighting
|
||||
to political action, to demonstrate
|
||||
for the appalling nature of the existing circumstances
|
||||
to the general understanding.
|
||||
All of these things are within reach.
|
||||
There should be no delay in executing it.
|
||||
These are the most important questions that the human species has ever seen.
|
||||
And history shows it can work.
|
||||
We don't have much time.
|
||||
This must be done effectively, quickly, with good thought.
|
||||
Actions like Extinction Rebellion, the teacher strike,
|
||||
the purpose of the strike for Earth, for a general strike ...
|
||||
All of these things can be parallel
|
||||
with efforts to easily introduce legislation
|
||||
to improve renewable energy,
|
||||
to sharply reduce the use of fossil fuels,
|
||||
to end the insane expansion of fossil fuel searches.
|
||||
And ... bringing up fuels.
|
||||
All of this must be done at the same time.
|
||||
Nobody will be taken to The Hague.
|
||||
But recognize that it would be legitimate and justified,
|
||||
is an important way to help people understand the scale
|
||||
of what we are ... what happens before their eyes.
|
||||
We should always keep in mind the slogan that made Antonio Gramsci famous:
|
||||
We should have pessimism of the intellect, but optimism of the will.
|
||||
It has never been more important than it is now.
|
||||
STUART: Pessimism of the intellect but optimism of the will.
|
||||
We must act.
|
||||
Act decisively and quickly.
|
||||
That is why we are here.
|
||||
That's not why the parties are here, unfortunately.
|
||||
They are involved in a continuous ...
|
||||
ritual, annual process of kicking the can over the street.
|
||||
Help us organize against this existential threat to life on Earth through ScientistsWarning.org.
|
||||
And I want to thank you all for coming. My name is Stuart Scott.
|
||||
And that is the contact address.
|
||||
Thank you very much.
|
||||
0
|
||||
2
|
||||
6
|
||||
13
|
||||
18
|
||||
21
|
||||
28
|
||||
30
|
||||
38
|
||||
41
|
||||
43
|
||||
53
|
||||
56
|
||||
63
|
||||
67
|
||||
70
|
||||
75
|
||||
80
|
||||
84
|
||||
91
|
||||
94
|
||||
100
|
||||
103
|
||||
107
|
||||
111
|
||||
116
|
||||
122
|
||||
125
|
||||
130
|
||||
136
|
||||
144
|
||||
152
|
||||
156
|
||||
163
|
||||
171
|
||||
179
|
||||
182
|
||||
184
|
||||
191
|
||||
197
|
||||
201
|
||||
206
|
||||
210
|
||||
214
|
||||
219
|
||||
223
|
||||
227
|
||||
234
|
||||
239
|
||||
242
|
||||
245
|
||||
249
|
||||
253
|
||||
256
|
||||
261
|
||||
268
|
||||
273
|
||||
279
|
||||
287
|
||||
295
|
||||
299
|
||||
302
|
||||
306
|
||||
307
|
||||
312
|
||||
319
|
||||
325
|
||||
328
|
||||
331
|
||||
337
|
||||
340
|
||||
346
|
||||
353
|
||||
358
|
||||
365
|
||||
367
|
||||
376
|
||||
381
|
||||
384
|
||||
391
|
||||
395
|
||||
397
|
||||
401
|
||||
408
|
||||
414
|
||||
418
|
||||
422
|
||||
428
|
||||
433
|
||||
438
|
||||
446
|
||||
449
|
||||
453
|
||||
456
|
||||
462
|
||||
467
|
||||
470
|
||||
472
|
||||
476
|
||||
479
|
||||
489
|
||||
496
|
||||
502
|
||||
504
|
||||
512
|
||||
516
|
||||
521
|
||||
525
|
||||
527
|
||||
532
|
||||
534
|
||||
537
|
||||
540
|
||||
545
|
||||
549
|
||||
551
|
||||
554
|
||||
559
|
||||
564
|
||||
569
|
||||
571
|
||||
574
|
||||
579
|
||||
584
|
||||
588
|
||||
595
|
||||
597
|
||||
602
|
||||
609
|
||||
613
|
||||
618
|
||||
622
|
||||
627
|
||||
636
|
||||
639
|
||||
643
|
||||
647
|
||||
649
|
||||
652
|
||||
660
|
||||
665
|
||||
672
|
||||
678
|
||||
682
|
||||
685
|
||||
686
|
||||
691
|
||||
699
|
||||
702
|
||||
705
|
||||
712
|
||||
715
|
||||
722
|
||||
726
|
||||
728
|
||||
733
|
||||
737
|
||||
742
|
||||
747
|
||||
751
|
||||
752
|
||||
755
|
||||
758
|
||||
762
|
||||
766
|
||||
769
|
||||
776
|
||||
781
|
||||
784
|
||||
790
|
||||
797
|
||||
802
|
||||
805
|
||||
809
|
||||
816
|
||||
822
|
||||
824
|
||||
828
|
||||
834
|
||||
840
|
||||
846
|
||||
850
|
||||
853
|
||||
859
|
||||
861
|
||||
864
|
||||
867
|
||||
875
|
||||
879
|
||||
881
|
||||
889
|
||||
894
|
||||
897
|
||||
899
|
||||
906
|
||||
910
|
||||
914
|
||||
921
|
||||
925
|
||||
929
|
||||
931
|
||||
935
|
||||
942
|
||||
950
|
||||
959
|
||||
965
|
||||
969
|
||||
974
|
||||
975
|
||||
978
|
||||
980
|
||||
984
|
||||
987
|
||||
992
|
||||
1001
|
||||
1004
|
||||
1007
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
136
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Slavery by Another Name R_otknMmNZE.en.cnt
Normal file
136
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Slavery by Another Name R_otknMmNZE.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
|
|||
I just read .. about two weeks ago ..
|
||||
One of the most terrifying books I've read
|
||||
Written by Douglas Blackman
|
||||
Entitled: Slavery under another name
|
||||
It is the first detailed discussion
|
||||
It is not the general story, but rather the first truly detailed discussion of what happened after the age of reconstruction in America
|
||||
There is a short period after the Civil War when blacks were allowed to vote to choose their representatives
|
||||
Things seemed to be going for the better.
|
||||
But the reconstruction ended in 1877
|
||||
and then..
|
||||
In the south ... and in cooperation with the north ...
|
||||
They re-imposed a new order
|
||||
It was much worse than slavery
|
||||
Basically it was
|
||||
Black prison system
|
||||
A legal system that criminalizes life for blacks
|
||||
Prevent loitering .. talking out loud .. looking at a white woman ..
|
||||
They were arresting people
|
||||
They take them to prison .. and stay there for life
|
||||
This is what generated the Industrial Revolution
|
||||
Steel factories .. And so on ..
|
||||
In terrible conditions ... much worse than slavery
|
||||
And for good reasons..for the slave masters they are the capital and they have to take care of them ..
|
||||
But here it is different, they are nothing .. just shopping them to prisons
|
||||
The description is terrible ... and it continued until World War II
|
||||
During WWII and beyond, a short change occurred
|
||||
Economic growth ... and the need for skilled workers
|
||||
So there was some kind of space for the black man to go out and work
|
||||
And maybe get home
|
||||
Although the book does not mention that ..
|
||||
But if you think about it
|
||||
That period ended in 1970
|
||||
When the country headed towards the economy of "money"
|
||||
Nothing remains for those like poor immigrants
|
||||
For example, my father was an immigrant
|
||||
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the economy was growing. She worked in a candy store.
|
||||
Then your son enters college ... and so on.
|
||||
This case is over ..
|
||||
What is happening instead is that the blacks are thrown back to prison
|
||||
Prison returned to the scene, and you know what is happening now
|
||||
Since the 1980s, the number of black prisoners has increased more than any other country
|
||||
It has absolutely nothing to do with crime
|
||||
So I looked at all the history
|
||||
slavery
|
||||
The post-reconstruction phase is worse than slavery
|
||||
Then the Second World War
|
||||
pickup window..
|
||||
It was not pretty..but at least there was something
|
||||
Then back to slavery again and hard work in prison
|
||||
This is the history of blacks in America for centuries
|
||||
In any case, unfortunately, Professor Harvard was arrested
|
||||
But .. you have to compare the two cases ...
|
||||
The book .. by a Wall Street editor
|
||||
It is not ..
|
||||
But the whole picture and what it means .. disappeared
|
||||
Now the picture is different
|
||||
Today a beer party ..
|
||||
There is a black head
|
||||
Everything is over
|
||||
And we moved to a post-ethnic society
|
||||
Oh really?! Take a look at the past and the present
|
||||
It's closing the car industry ... that's what is happening
|
||||
It is basically ..
|
||||
Driving upside down .. closing a small window
|
||||
There is a vacancy .. for ..
|
||||
Condoleezza Rice
|
||||
Barack Obama..
|
||||
Black middle class
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
6
|
||||
8
|
||||
11
|
||||
15
|
||||
22
|
||||
29
|
||||
31
|
||||
34
|
||||
36
|
||||
39
|
||||
42
|
||||
45
|
||||
47
|
||||
50
|
||||
55
|
||||
60
|
||||
62
|
||||
66
|
||||
70
|
||||
75
|
||||
78
|
||||
82
|
||||
87
|
||||
92
|
||||
97
|
||||
104
|
||||
109
|
||||
111
|
||||
113
|
||||
115
|
||||
118
|
||||
125
|
||||
129
|
||||
132
|
||||
136
|
||||
140
|
||||
142
|
||||
146
|
||||
151
|
||||
158
|
||||
160
|
||||
163
|
||||
166
|
||||
169
|
||||
171
|
||||
173
|
||||
176
|
||||
179
|
||||
185
|
||||
192
|
||||
194
|
||||
198
|
||||
199
|
||||
203
|
||||
205
|
||||
208
|
||||
210
|
||||
211
|
||||
214
|
||||
219
|
||||
222
|
||||
225
|
||||
234
|
||||
237
|
||||
238
|
||||
240
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
|||
options there are 3
|
||||
and
|
||||
s
|
||||
seventh
|
||||
[Music] on this front
|
||||
Mayorga these are the instructions
|
||||
and
|
||||
he says of course
|
||||
6
|
||||
27
|
||||
41
|
||||
47
|
||||
50
|
||||
59
|
||||
65
|
||||
75
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
|
|||
AMY GOODMAN: Here on Democracy Now!, Democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report.
|
||||
I'm Amy Goodman, as we return to our conversation with the world-renowned political dissident,
|
||||
professor, linguist Noam Chomsky.
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: We can't overemphasize the fact that we're in a unique moment of human
|
||||
history.
|
||||
In fact, we have been, ever since 1945.
|
||||
In 1945, human history changed dramatically.
|
||||
In August 1945, humans demonstrated that their vaunted intelligence had created a means to
|
||||
destroy life on Earth.
|
||||
Didn't quite have it yet at that point, but it was obvious that it was going to extend
|
||||
and expand, as it in fact did.
|
||||
A couple of years later, 1947, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists established its famous
|
||||
Doomsday Clock.
|
||||
How far are we from midnight, terminal disaster?
|
||||
It was set at seven minutes to midnight.
|
||||
It once reached two minutes to midnight, 1953, when the U.S. and then the Soviet Union detonated
|
||||
thermonuclear weapons, which do have the capacity to essentially destroy life.
|
||||
Then it has oscillated variously.
|
||||
It's now back at two minutes to midnight--with an addition.
|
||||
It was not known in 1945 that we were not only entering the nuclear age, but entering
|
||||
a new geological epoch, what geologists call the Anthropocene, an epoch in which human
|
||||
activity is having severe and deleterious effects on the environment in which human
|
||||
and other life can survive.
|
||||
We also entered into what's now called the sixth extinction, a rapid extinction of species,
|
||||
which is comparable to the fifth extinction 65 million years ago when an asteroid, huge
|
||||
asteroid, hit the Earth, we know.
|
||||
The World Geological Society finally settled on the end of World War II as the onset of
|
||||
the Anthropocene--sharp escalation and destruction of the environment, not only global warming,
|
||||
carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases, but also such things as plastics in the ocean,
|
||||
which are predicted to be greater than the weight of fish in the ocean not far in the
|
||||
future.
|
||||
So we're destroying the environment for organized human life.
|
||||
We're threatening a terminal disaster with regular nuclear confrontations.
|
||||
Anybody who has looked at the record, which is shocking, would have to conclude that it's
|
||||
a miracle that we've survived this long.
|
||||
Humans beings, right now, this generation, for the first time in history, have to ask,
|
||||
"Will human life survive?"
|
||||
And not in the far future will organized societies--those are the issues we should be concerned with.
|
||||
Everything else pales in significance in comparison with this.
|
||||
And going back to NATO, well, what is it doing?
|
||||
It expanded to the Russian border.
|
||||
If you take a look at Trump's policies from a geostrategic point of view, they're totally
|
||||
incoherent.
|
||||
I mean, on the one hand, he's making nice to Vladimir Putin.
|
||||
On the other hand, he's escalating the threats against Russia, and hence to ourselves, as
|
||||
well.
|
||||
Arms the Ukraine, serious threat to Russia.
|
||||
Increasing forces at the Russian border.
|
||||
The Russians are doing the same on the other side.
|
||||
Military maneuvers.
|
||||
The new nuclear program which he has instituted, which is a severe threat to Russia, and indeed
|
||||
the world.
|
||||
Already under Obama, the modernization programs had reached the level where they were posing
|
||||
a literal first-strike threat to Russia.
|
||||
Important work on that has appeared in the scientific journals, Bulletin of the Atomic
|
||||
Scientists.
|
||||
Trump is escalating it, even more modernization of extremely dangerous forces, also significantly
|
||||
lowering the threshold for nuclear war.
|
||||
Also new weapons, which are supposedly tactical nuclear weapons, which, as any nuclear strategist
|
||||
can tell you, are just incentives for escalation to final disaster.
|
||||
These are enormous threats against Russia, ourselves as well, combined with being polite
|
||||
to Putin at a press conference.
|
||||
Geostrategically, this makes no sense.
|
||||
It all makes perfect sense on a different assumption.
|
||||
AMY GOODMAN: Trump has gone after NATO allies from Britain to Germany, and before that,
|
||||
Macron in France as well as Justin Trudeau in Canada.
|
||||
But he also, while questioning NATO, says he's questioning--because he simply wants
|
||||
them to spend more money--and actually named the weapons manufacturers in the United States--that
|
||||
he wants them to spend more money on--saying they should spend four percent of their budgets
|
||||
on weapons.
|
||||
If you could comment on this?
|
||||
NOAM CHOMSKY: In other words, if you're looking for a serious strategy behind this,
|
||||
you're looking in the wrong place.
|
||||
That's not what lies behind it.
|
||||
None of this makes sense from a strategic point of view.
|
||||
None.
|
||||
It's all contradictory, incoherent and so on.
|
||||
That should tell us something: Let's look somewhere else.
|
||||
And it all makes perfect sense on the assumption that he is driven by one overwhelming concern:
|
||||
himself.
|
||||
All of this makes sense for a megalomaniac who wants to make sure that he has power,
|
||||
he has wealth, has to appeal to a number of constituencies to make sure he's supported.
|
||||
One constituency is the overwhelmingly hawkish establishment--you know, expand NATO, build
|
||||
up the military system, modernize nuclear weapons and so on.
|
||||
OK, he's got them in his pocket.
|
||||
The crucial constituency is--and his actual one--are the corporate sector and the super-rich.
|
||||
And he's just lavishing gifts on them.
|
||||
While he's prancing in front of the media, and the media are helping him out by focusing
|
||||
on him, his minions in Congress are carrying out sheer robbery.
|
||||
I mean, it's unbelievable, if you take a look at it point by point.
|
||||
I've mentioned a couple of examples before.
|
||||
Then he has to maintain a voting base; otherwise, he's out.
|
||||
And he does that by posturing.
|
||||
"I'm going to--I'm going to confront NATO, make them pay more, so they won't
|
||||
be robbing us anymore."
|
||||
Great.
|
||||
"I'm going to confront China.
|
||||
Stop stealing our intellectual property."
|
||||
Great.
|
||||
"I'm going to put tariffs on everybody.
|
||||
I'm defending you guys, workers' rights."
|
||||
Point by point, it all falls into place.
|
||||
And I think that's pretty much what's going on.
|
||||
This searching for some coherent geostrategic strategy behind this is almost hopeless.
|
||||
There are a few things, of course.
|
||||
The effort to construct an alliance of the most reactionary Middle Eastern states against
|
||||
Iran--Saudi Arabia, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Egypt under the dictatorship--that's a
|
||||
crazy, but coherent, strategy.
|
||||
I should say that one corollary to the "me first" doctrine, which has been observed
|
||||
over and over, is that if Obama did something, I've got to do the opposite, no matter what
|
||||
it is.
|
||||
Doesn't matter what the consequences are.
|
||||
Otherwise, I'm not, you know, a transformative president, a significant president.
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
10
|
||||
12
|
||||
21
|
||||
22
|
||||
25
|
||||
31
|
||||
43
|
||||
45
|
||||
50
|
||||
54
|
||||
63
|
||||
64
|
||||
67
|
||||
74
|
||||
85
|
||||
90
|
||||
92
|
||||
97
|
||||
105
|
||||
113
|
||||
124
|
||||
126
|
||||
133
|
||||
141
|
||||
144
|
||||
151
|
||||
161
|
||||
169
|
||||
175
|
||||
176
|
||||
179
|
||||
186
|
||||
193
|
||||
196
|
||||
203
|
||||
205
|
||||
217
|
||||
221
|
||||
226
|
||||
229
|
||||
237
|
||||
238
|
||||
244
|
||||
252
|
||||
253
|
||||
256
|
||||
259
|
||||
263
|
||||
267
|
||||
274
|
||||
276
|
||||
284
|
||||
289
|
||||
296
|
||||
297
|
||||
306
|
||||
309
|
||||
318
|
||||
326
|
||||
334
|
||||
337
|
||||
339
|
||||
342
|
||||
350
|
||||
353
|
||||
359
|
||||
365
|
||||
370
|
||||
371
|
||||
373
|
||||
378
|
||||
380
|
||||
383
|
||||
386
|
||||
387
|
||||
391
|
||||
394
|
||||
405
|
||||
407
|
||||
415
|
||||
422
|
||||
435
|
||||
441
|
||||
444
|
||||
452
|
||||
456
|
||||
462
|
||||
468
|
||||
473
|
||||
476
|
||||
482
|
||||
485
|
||||
493
|
||||
494
|
||||
495
|
||||
497
|
||||
500
|
||||
501
|
||||
505
|
||||
510
|
||||
512
|
||||
517
|
||||
525
|
||||
528
|
||||
537
|
||||
547
|
||||
551
|
||||
559
|
||||
564
|
||||
565
|
||||
568
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
204
cnt/Noam Chomsky - The Anti-War Movement 85-S4xdsqZg.en.cnt
Normal file
204
cnt/Noam Chomsky - The Anti-War Movement 85-S4xdsqZg.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
|
|||
Interviewer: The mistakes that you think the Anti-war movement
|
||||
has made over the years and things that maybe we should have done differently and
|
||||
different approaches that we make make in the future.... Clearly we have had some successes, even some significant successes.
|
||||
But on the other hand we've also failed in some sense.
|
||||
So what what do you think we've done
|
||||
that wasn't so wise and what things should we have been doing?
|
||||
Chomsky: A lot of things could have been a lot better.
|
||||
Sectors of the Anti-War Movement,
|
||||
you know who they were, very nice people, our friends and so on
|
||||
undertook tactics.
|
||||
If you undertaking something.....
|
||||
Always, if you're any kind of an activist, and pick something you decide to do
|
||||
you have to make a distinction between two kinds of tactics.
|
||||
You could call them 'feel good' tactics, that make me feel good about myself, and 'do good' tactics that do good for somebody else.
|
||||
To a large extent, the Anti-war movement dissolved
|
||||
into 'feel good tactics' which were harmful. A fact the Vietnamese were aware of.
|
||||
What they liked was quiet, non-violent demonstrations
|
||||
like a group of women standing quietly somewhere.
|
||||
What they didn't like was what was being done?
|
||||
say ????
|
||||
These are tactics that are understandable from the point of view of the people; they were frustrated ,they were bitter.
|
||||
Nothing was working so let's go out smash some windows.
|
||||
Let's go out and have a fight in a Third Avenue bar. Sure the people were authentic and so on.
|
||||
You know these are like just gifts to the Ultra Hawks (Pro-War Factions)
|
||||
They help to build up support for the war
|
||||
It was obvious they were going to have that effect
|
||||
As the movement dissolved into sects after '68
|
||||
A lot of was just self-destructive.
|
||||
The other BIG error was to stop.
|
||||
By 1975, end of the war,
|
||||
around 70% of the population
|
||||
condemned the war as fundamentally wrong and immoral - not a mistake!
|
||||
They're kind of unbelievable figures, because nobody ever said that.
|
||||
Where did they get it from? What did they even mean? Who knows? Nobody checked.
|
||||
But that meant there was a huge reservoir of
|
||||
possible support for Anti-war activity. It dissolved, it left. They went away.
|
||||
You started condemning the Khmer Rouge, or doing some other things.
|
||||
Then comes the central American massacres and so it goes on.
|
||||
There are other things. Nobody agrees with me about this. My friends on the left,
|
||||
many of them don't even understand my own view ,
|
||||
which goes back to around 1970, that the U.S won the war.
|
||||
The business world recognized that the US won, you read in the Far Eastern Economic Review.
|
||||
But the left is committed to the doctrine that we won.
|
||||
That we stopped the war, the Vietnamese won.The people united and the rest of it. It's not what happened.
|
||||
We have a rich documentary record, and it's very instructive.
|
||||
We should think about it and be intellectually honest about it.
|
||||
The U.S. didn't go to war in order to conquer Vietnam. The U.S. didn't care if Vietnam dropped off the planet.
|
||||
But the U.S. went to war for good reasons.
|
||||
Interviewer: You would think people in movement would understand that.
|
||||
It was always pretty clear but we have a rich documentary record, in fact we've had it since about 19.., since the pentagon papers.
|
||||
They went to war for the usual reasons - the 'Mafia Principle'. Which is the dominant principle of world affairs?
|
||||
The Godfather does not accept disobedience. It's dangerous.
|
||||
If one country gets away with disobedience, doesn't matter how tiny it is, somebody else will get the idea,
|
||||
then they'll be disobedient. Pretty soon the whole system erodes.
|
||||
That's the one of the dominant principles of world affairs.
|
||||
And Vietnam is a case in point.
|
||||
They were afraid that Vietnamese Nationalism
|
||||
would be successful and have successful economic development.
|
||||
It would be, to use Kissinger's terminology, a 'virus' that would spread contagion.
|
||||
So it would spread to Thailand, Malaysia, go on to
|
||||
Indonesia, and know you're in real trouble. Indonesia has real resources.
|
||||
Pretty soon, maybe ultimately Japan.
|
||||
Which, Asia historian, John Dower, called the Super Domino.
|
||||
Japan would accommodate, that was the word used,
|
||||
to an independent East and Southeast Asia. It would become its technological or military center
|
||||
which would mean that the United States would have lost the specific phase of the First or Second world war.
|
||||
In 1950 they weren't ready to lose the second world war. So you've got to stop it.
|
||||
You've got a virus, that's spreading contagion. There's a cure - destroy the virus and
|
||||
inoculate the potential victims. It was done.
|
||||
South Vietnam was pretty much destroyed by
|
||||
1965 and the rest of Indochina not long afterwards.
|
||||
It would never be a model for independent development. The surrounding countries were
|
||||
inoculated by vicious dictatorships. The most important was Indonesia. It was really rich.
|
||||
In 1965 came the Suharto Coup which was greeted with total euphoria in the United States.
|
||||
It killed maybe a million people and destroy the only mass popular organization,
|
||||
opened the country up to the West
|
||||
No more accommodation. No more contagion. In fact, McGeorge Bundy, who is not a total fool.
|
||||
He was the national security adviser for Kennedy and Johnson. In the later years,
|
||||
Bundy said, 'In retrospect, we should have stopped the war in 65'.
|
||||
And he was right.
|
||||
Vietnam was already essentially destroyed, no virus.
|
||||
Indonesia, the big prize, has been inoculated.
|
||||
You've got a vicious military dictatorship. 'Our kind of guy', as Clinton called Suharto.
|
||||
So, Japan's safe, and it'll be on our side so what's the point destroying the rest of the place.
|
||||
It was a waste of time.
|
||||
The Anti-war movement should understand that. It's a pattern that is followed over and over again.
|
||||
It is a dominant principle of international affairs. It makes perfect sense.
|
||||
It's kind of interesting. It's sometimes ridiculed like the Domino theory - who believes that ha-ha.
|
||||
Everybody believes it - because it's true! The world is mostly run like the Mafia.
|
||||
If you don't understand that you're not going to understand the next thing that happens in the world.
|
||||
In fact that's part of the reason for the incredible antagonism to Iran.
|
||||
Why Iran? Terrible government.
|
||||
There's a lot of terrible governments like Saudi Arabia which is a lot worse. Well, they were disobedient.
|
||||
They're not going to let them get away with it. It's even sad, they took hostages.
|
||||
Are we going to let them get away with that?
|
||||
Disobedience.
|
||||
Cuba is a striking example.
|
||||
For decades the majority of the population has been in favor of normalizing relations with Cuba.
|
||||
Okay so disregarding the population is normal.
|
||||
The business world is in favor of it - has been for a long time. Big sectors like, energy
|
||||
agribusiness, pharmaceuticals, really powerful sectors. But we can't do it.
|
||||
We've got to keep punishing them because they were disobedient, and you don't get away with that.
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
8
|
||||
15
|
||||
18
|
||||
21
|
||||
25
|
||||
30
|
||||
33
|
||||
40
|
||||
42
|
||||
45
|
||||
49
|
||||
53
|
||||
61
|
||||
65
|
||||
72
|
||||
76
|
||||
80
|
||||
83
|
||||
85
|
||||
93
|
||||
96
|
||||
101
|
||||
104
|
||||
108
|
||||
112
|
||||
119
|
||||
123
|
||||
128
|
||||
131
|
||||
134
|
||||
139
|
||||
143
|
||||
148
|
||||
152
|
||||
159
|
||||
165
|
||||
170
|
||||
176
|
||||
180
|
||||
186
|
||||
192
|
||||
197
|
||||
204
|
||||
207
|
||||
212
|
||||
218
|
||||
222
|
||||
226
|
||||
232
|
||||
238
|
||||
243
|
||||
249
|
||||
254
|
||||
258
|
||||
260
|
||||
263
|
||||
267
|
||||
273
|
||||
278
|
||||
282
|
||||
285
|
||||
291
|
||||
295
|
||||
303
|
||||
309
|
||||
314
|
||||
319
|
||||
322
|
||||
326
|
||||
329
|
||||
334
|
||||
341
|
||||
347
|
||||
351
|
||||
354
|
||||
361
|
||||
366
|
||||
371
|
||||
374
|
||||
377
|
||||
381
|
||||
387
|
||||
394
|
||||
397
|
||||
404
|
||||
410
|
||||
417
|
||||
422
|
||||
429
|
||||
433
|
||||
435
|
||||
441
|
||||
446
|
||||
448
|
||||
450
|
||||
452
|
||||
458
|
||||
462
|
||||
468
|
||||
473
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
|
|||
You said that if the Nuremberg
|
||||
principles were applied, every post-World
|
||||
War II president would be indictable.
|
||||
It's probably true. -Can we run down them real fast?
|
||||
What did Eisenhower do that would
|
||||
indict him? -Eisenhower overthrew the
|
||||
conservative nationalist government of
|
||||
Iran with a military coup. He overthrew
|
||||
the first and last democratic government
|
||||
in Guatemala by military coup and
|
||||
invasion, leading to years of... In Iran it
|
||||
led to 25 years of brutal dictatorship,
|
||||
finally overthrown in 79. In Guatemala it
|
||||
led to massive atrocities which are
|
||||
still continuing. That's after almost 50
|
||||
years. In Indonesia,
|
||||
this was not known until recently, but he
|
||||
conducted a major clandestine terror
|
||||
operation of the post-war period, up
|
||||
until Cuban and Nicaragua, in an effort to
|
||||
break up Indonesia and strip off the outer
|
||||
islands where most of the resources are,
|
||||
and undermine what was then
|
||||
considered as the threat of Indonesian
|
||||
democracy. Indonesia was too free and
|
||||
open. It was allowing a political party
|
||||
of the poor to participate. They were
|
||||
gaining a lot of ground, so
|
||||
Eisenhower supported and helped
|
||||
instigate a military rebellion in the
|
||||
outer islands. This is just for starters.
|
||||
These are all indictable offenses. -What about Kennedy?
|
||||
Kennedy was one of the worst.
|
||||
Kennedy, first of all, invaded South
|
||||
Vietnam. During the Eisenhower
|
||||
administration they had blocked a
|
||||
political settlement in 1954, and
|
||||
instituted a kind of Latin American-
|
||||
style terror state which had killed
|
||||
maybe 60 or 70 thousand people by the
|
||||
end of the Eisenhower period, and it had
|
||||
instigated a response, a reaction that
|
||||
Kennedy recognized couldn't be
|
||||
controlled internally, so he simply invaded.
|
||||
In 1962, about a third of the bombing
|
||||
missions were carried out by the US
|
||||
Air Force in the South by US planes with
|
||||
South Vietnamese insignia but US pilots.
|
||||
He authorized napalm. He began
|
||||
the use of chemical weapons to destroy
|
||||
food crops. They began programs which
|
||||
drove millions of people into what
|
||||
amounted to concentration camps.
|
||||
That's aggression. In the case of Cuba it was
|
||||
just a massive campaign of international
|
||||
terrorism which almost led to the
|
||||
destruction of the world, led to the
|
||||
missile crisis, and we can continue.
|
||||
Again, these are all indictable offenses.
|
||||
Johnson? -Well, Johnson expanded the war
|
||||
in Indochina to the point where he
|
||||
ended up probably leaving three or four
|
||||
million people dead. He invaded the
|
||||
Dominican Republic to block what looked
|
||||
like a potential democratic revolution there.
|
||||
He supported the Israeli occupation
|
||||
in its early stages. Again, we can go
|
||||
around the world.
|
||||
Take, let's say Carter. -I'll get there but Nixon's next.
|
||||
Nixon we don't even have
|
||||
to talk about. We can skip that one, OK?
|
||||
Ford then. -Well, Ford was
|
||||
only there for a short time but long
|
||||
enough to endorse the Indonesian
|
||||
invasion of East Timor which became
|
||||
about as close to genocide as anything
|
||||
in the modern period. They pretended to
|
||||
oppose it, but secretly supported it, in fact
|
||||
not so secretly. Immediately
|
||||
after the invasion the US did join the
|
||||
rest of the world in formally condemning
|
||||
it at the Security Council, but
|
||||
ambassador Moynihan
|
||||
was kind enough to explain to us in his
|
||||
words that his instructions were to
|
||||
render the United Nations utterly
|
||||
ineffective in any actions it might take
|
||||
to counter the Indonesian
|
||||
invasion and he says proudly that he did
|
||||
this with considerable success, and his
|
||||
next sentence says in the next few
|
||||
months it seems that about sixty
|
||||
thousand people were killed and then he
|
||||
goes off to the next topic. That's the
|
||||
first few months. It went on to probably
|
||||
hundreds of thousands. Formally the
|
||||
US announced the boycott of weapons
|
||||
but secretly it increased the supply of
|
||||
weapons including counterinsurgency
|
||||
equipment so that the Indonesians could
|
||||
consummate the invasion. That's just a
|
||||
short period in office but that's
|
||||
indictable, seriously, in fact.
|
||||
That's a major war crime. -Carter? Carter increased,
|
||||
as the Indonesian atrocities were
|
||||
increasing -- they peaked in 1978 -- Carter's
|
||||
flow of weapons to Indonesia increased.
|
||||
When Congress imposed human rights
|
||||
restrictions -- by then there was a human
|
||||
rights movement in Congress to block the
|
||||
flow of advanced weaponry to Indonesia
|
||||
-- Carter arranged through Mondale, the vice
|
||||
president, to get Israel to send US
|
||||
Skyhawks to Indonesia to enable
|
||||
Indonesia to complete what turned out to
|
||||
be near genocide, killing maybe a quarter
|
||||
of the population or something.
|
||||
In the Middle East, Carter had just won the
|
||||
Nobel Prize. His great achievement was
|
||||
the Camp David agreements. The Camp David
|
||||
agreements are presented as a diplomatic
|
||||
triumph for the United States. In fact,
|
||||
they were a diplomatic catastrophe.
|
||||
At Camp David the United States and Israel
|
||||
accepted finally Egypt's 1971 offer which
|
||||
the US had rejected at the time except that
|
||||
now it was worse from the US-Israeli point
|
||||
of view because it included the
|
||||
Palestinians. In order get
|
||||
Israel to accept Egypt'S 1971 offer,
|
||||
after a major war and atrocities and so
|
||||
on, Carter raised military and other
|
||||
aid to Israel to more than fifty percent of
|
||||
total aid worldwide. Israel used it at
|
||||
once in exactly the way they said they
|
||||
were going to do, as every sane person
|
||||
knew, as an opportunity to attack their
|
||||
northern neighbor, first in 1978 then in
|
||||
1982, and to increase integration of the
|
||||
occupied territories. And that's for
|
||||
starters. We can continue. -Reagan? -I don't
|
||||
think we have to talk about that one, either.
|
||||
I mean Reagan is the first president to
|
||||
have been condemned by the International
|
||||
Court of Justice for what they called
|
||||
the unlawful use of force, meaning
|
||||
international terrorism, in the war
|
||||
against Nicaragua. Again, that's just for
|
||||
starters. The Security Council
|
||||
endorsed it in two resolutions, both of
|
||||
which were vetoed by the United States.
|
||||
[George H.W.] Bush? -Well, we can begin with the
|
||||
invasion of Panama. The invasion of
|
||||
Panama, which according to the
|
||||
Panamanians killed about 3,000 people.
|
||||
Since it's never investigated, who knows
|
||||
if that's true or not. This was done
|
||||
in order to kidnap a disobedient thug
|
||||
who had been supported by the United
|
||||
States right through his worst
|
||||
atrocities. -Noriega. -Noriega, who was
|
||||
brought to Florida and tried for crimes
|
||||
that he had committed mostly on the CIA
|
||||
payroll.
|
||||
OK, that's aggression. You could go into
|
||||
the details of the war in Iraq, but there
|
||||
were plainly opportunities for... they
|
||||
might not have worked,
|
||||
but there were opportunities for
|
||||
diplomatic settlement which the Bush
|
||||
administration refused to consider, and,
|
||||
incidentally, the press would not report,
|
||||
with a single exception: Long Island
|
||||
Newsday, which did report the whole
|
||||
story throughout accurately, and it is the
|
||||
only newspaper in the country to have
|
||||
done so. The Bush administration then did
|
||||
attack and the attack was carried out
|
||||
and in a manner which is criminal under
|
||||
the laws of war. They attacked
|
||||
infrastructure. If you attack New
|
||||
York City and you destroy the electrical
|
||||
system, the sewage systems and
|
||||
so on, that amounts to biological warfare,
|
||||
and that's the nature of the attack.
|
||||
Then came a sanctions regime, which was
|
||||
mostly Clinton, but began with Bush,
|
||||
which by conservative estimates
|
||||
killed hundreds of thousands of people
|
||||
while strengthening Saddam Hussein.
|
||||
That takes us off to Clinton. That's the
|
||||
beginning. That's by no means the end.
|
||||
We could run through it.
|
||||
That one case suffices, but there are
|
||||
plenty of others. -[GW] Bush?
|
||||
Let's go on with Clinton. One of Clinton's
|
||||
very minor escapades
|
||||
was sending a couple of cruise missiles
|
||||
to the Sudan to destroy what they knew
|
||||
to be a pharmaceutical plant. There was
|
||||
no intelligence failure. According to the
|
||||
only estimates we have from the German
|
||||
ambassador and the regional
|
||||
director of Near East Foundation, which does
|
||||
field work in Sudan, both of them
|
||||
estimated several tens of thousands of
|
||||
deaths from one cruise missile.
|
||||
Very serious. If somebody did that to us,
|
||||
we'd regard it as bad news, and again we can
|
||||
continue. In the Middle East, for
|
||||
example, Clinton began by declaring
|
||||
past UN resolutions,
|
||||
in the words of his administration, "obsolete
|
||||
and anachronistic" because we're finished
|
||||
with that. No more international law.
|
||||
Then comes a period called a peace
|
||||
process except that during the peace
|
||||
process Israeli settlement,
|
||||
which means settlement paid for by the
|
||||
US taxpayer and supported by US military
|
||||
aid and diplomacy, continually increased.
|
||||
The most extreme year was Clinton's last
|
||||
year: the highest level of settlement, the
|
||||
highest since 1992.
|
||||
Meanwhile the territories were cantonized
|
||||
and broken up into small regions with
|
||||
infrastructure projects and new
|
||||
settlement. I don't know what you call
|
||||
that, but it's under military occupation,
|
||||
and if anyone else was doing it, we would call
|
||||
it a crime, and again we can continue.
|
||||
0
|
||||
1
|
||||
3
|
||||
6
|
||||
9
|
||||
11
|
||||
15
|
||||
17
|
||||
21
|
||||
24
|
||||
29
|
||||
34
|
||||
36
|
||||
40
|
||||
43
|
||||
46
|
||||
49
|
||||
53
|
||||
57
|
||||
60
|
||||
63
|
||||
65
|
||||
68
|
||||
72
|
||||
74
|
||||
77
|
||||
80
|
||||
82
|
||||
86
|
||||
88
|
||||
90
|
||||
93
|
||||
97
|
||||
99
|
||||
102
|
||||
104
|
||||
107
|
||||
110
|
||||
112
|
||||
115
|
||||
118
|
||||
121
|
||||
126
|
||||
128
|
||||
132
|
||||
138
|
||||
140
|
||||
146
|
||||
148
|
||||
151
|
||||
155
|
||||
160
|
||||
163
|
||||
165
|
||||
168
|
||||
170
|
||||
173
|
||||
174
|
||||
178
|
||||
181
|
||||
184
|
||||
186
|
||||
190
|
||||
194
|
||||
197
|
||||
199
|
||||
203
|
||||
206
|
||||
209
|
||||
212
|
||||
213
|
||||
216
|
||||
220
|
||||
223
|
||||
226
|
||||
229
|
||||
232
|
||||
235
|
||||
239
|
||||
244
|
||||
248
|
||||
251
|
||||
253
|
||||
256
|
||||
259
|
||||
262
|
||||
265
|
||||
268
|
||||
270
|
||||
274
|
||||
276
|
||||
279
|
||||
281
|
||||
283
|
||||
286
|
||||
288
|
||||
291
|
||||
294
|
||||
298
|
||||
300
|
||||
302
|
||||
306
|
||||
310
|
||||
312
|
||||
316
|
||||
318
|
||||
322
|
||||
325
|
||||
328
|
||||
331
|
||||
334
|
||||
338
|
||||
342
|
||||
345
|
||||
349
|
||||
353
|
||||
356
|
||||
360
|
||||
363
|
||||
365
|
||||
368
|
||||
371
|
||||
374
|
||||
377
|
||||
380
|
||||
386
|
||||
390
|
||||
394
|
||||
395
|
||||
399
|
||||
402
|
||||
405
|
||||
409
|
||||
414
|
||||
417
|
||||
419
|
||||
421
|
||||
424
|
||||
427
|
||||
431
|
||||
434
|
||||
439
|
||||
440
|
||||
443
|
||||
446
|
||||
448
|
||||
450
|
||||
453
|
||||
455
|
||||
459
|
||||
462
|
||||
464
|
||||
471
|
||||
474
|
||||
476
|
||||
478
|
||||
480
|
||||
483
|
||||
488
|
||||
490
|
||||
491
|
||||
494
|
||||
496
|
||||
498
|
||||
499
|
||||
502
|
||||
507
|
||||
509
|
||||
511
|
||||
512
|
||||
514
|
||||
516
|
||||
519
|
||||
522
|
||||
524
|
||||
527
|
||||
529
|
||||
534
|
||||
537
|
||||
540
|
||||
544
|
||||
546
|
||||
549
|
||||
552
|
||||
554
|
||||
558
|
||||
561
|
||||
563
|
||||
566
|
||||
567
|
||||
570
|
||||
574
|
||||
577
|
||||
579
|
||||
582
|
||||
584
|
||||
586
|
||||
589
|
||||
591
|
||||
596
|
||||
598
|
||||
600
|
||||
603
|
||||
607
|
||||
610
|
||||
613
|
||||
615
|
||||
619
|
||||
621
|
||||
624
|
||||
627
|
||||
632
|
||||
636
|
||||
639
|
||||
642
|
||||
645
|
||||
647
|
||||
650
|
||||
655
|
||||
656
|
||||
660
|
||||
663
|
||||
666
|
||||
669
|
||||
671
|
||||
674
|
||||
678
|
||||
680
|
||||
683
|
||||
684
|
||||
688
|
||||
212
cnt/Noam Chomsky - The Faurisson Affair qyVQzmuPEvs.en.cnt
Normal file
212
cnt/Noam Chomsky - The Faurisson Affair qyVQzmuPEvs.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
|
|||
Chomsky: Faurisson was a professor of French literature at Lyon University
|
||||
he published a few private pamphlets denying the existence of gas chambers
|
||||
He was then suspended from teaching on the grounds that he could not be protected from violence
|
||||
He was then at that point..
|
||||
He was then brought to trial for falsification of history. The book that you're referring to is entitled
|
||||
Memoir in Defense Against Those Who Accuse Me of Falsification of History on a matter of gas chambers.
|
||||
It was in fact submit --
|
||||
I didn't know if its existence,
|
||||
But it was submitted to the tribunal, basically, the court for which he was tried for falsification of history and later condemned
|
||||
How did I get involved in this?
|
||||
Well, some stage along the line,
|
||||
I was asked to sign a civil rights petition, as I do thousands of times.
|
||||
As I do for Salman Rushdie, which no doubt enrages the Ayatollah Khomeini.
|
||||
[mumbling, talking over eachother]
|
||||
Here's a case where a price wasn't put on his head, he was actually punished.
|
||||
There's lots of differences
|
||||
I do believe in freedom of speech
|
||||
I realized that's not a popular position around here, but I believe in it.
|
||||
Bolkestein: I share that opinion, so don't be afraid
|
||||
Chomsky: Just as I defended people like, say, Henry Kissinger and Walt Rostow,
|
||||
although I despise what they stand for, when Walt Rostow -- one of the plan --
|
||||
a real war criminal in my view, when he came back to try to get a position back at MIT in 1969,
|
||||
I was in fact the spokesman for a group of students, radical students,
|
||||
who said that if he is being denied this position on political grounds,
|
||||
we're going to protest and demonstrate about it.
|
||||
Because we think this war criminal has a right to teach.
|
||||
Bolkestein: Would you have quit?
|
||||
Chomsky: If he had been turned down on political grounds, I might have.
|
||||
Because I don't believe that people should be turned down on political grounds
|
||||
But my point is -- that's a really controversial position, incidentally, the war was going on,
|
||||
we were talking about a man who was a war criminal, and was going to continue research, which he'd be using
|
||||
Let's go back to Faurisson
|
||||
There's a very clear academic freedom issue -- very clear -- a man is
|
||||
Prevented from teaching French literature because he wrote a pamphlet about gas chambers.
|
||||
That is outrageous
|
||||
It couldn't have happened in the United States, I should say.
|
||||
He was then brought to trial for falsification of history, which is even more outrageous
|
||||
He was actually condemned which is even worse
|
||||
I signed a petition
|
||||
Calling on the tribunal to defend his civil rights. I was one of the 500 signers
|
||||
At that point, the French press, which apparently has no conception of freedom of speech,
|
||||
Concluded that since I had called for his civil rights, I was therefore defending his theses
|
||||
I was -- which is absurd, of course, anyone who knows anything about civil rights knows that you're defend -
|
||||
Typically, defending freedom of speech for views you detest there's no other point to it.
|
||||
I was then asked by the person who organized the petition to write a statement on freedom of speech.
|
||||
Just banal comments about freedom of speech pointing out the difference between
|
||||
defending a person's right to express his views and defending the views expressed.
|
||||
So I did that, I wrote a rather banal statement called Some Elementary Remarks on Freedom of Expression.
|
||||
And I told him: do what you like with it.
|
||||
At that point, Faurisson was writing his memoir in defense,
|
||||
unknown to me, and my statement was added as a [?] as an opinion
|
||||
It was attached to this
|
||||
statement in which he defended himself.
|
||||
Bolkestein: Which was asked from you before?
|
||||
Chomsky: No, but in fact, see I can't -- really, I told him do what you like with it
|
||||
I didn't know about the book but
|
||||
actually, I think it's completely --
|
||||
like for example, if Henry Kissinger was brought to trial for freedom of -- for falsification of history,
|
||||
I would have no objection to having something I wrote on freedom of speech attached to a memoir in which he defends himself from the charge.
|
||||
--- but I'm saying but you know I mean -- freedom of speech issues are important, crucial, in fact.
|
||||
Some of the most crucial issues. So when I learned -- now those are the facts --
|
||||
Bolkestein: There's one one simple question:
|
||||
Didn't you ask yourself afterwards whether it was very wise of you on your part?
|
||||
To act at least like you were defending him
|
||||
instead of the right of free speech?
|
||||
Chomsky: No, because I never acted that way. I never defended him as a person.
|
||||
I realized as soon as I signed the petition
|
||||
That this is going to be interpreted by people who have not yet reached the Enlightenment. We're still in the Middle Ages
|
||||
It's going to be interpreted as a defense of his views of course
|
||||
I realized that, I understand the world. but freedom of speech issues are important, and I'm perfectly willing to face that
|
||||
Bolkestein: But why did you try at the last moment to get it back from him?
|
||||
Chomsky: That's the one thing I'm sorry about ---
|
||||
In fact I tried to retract it. ---
|
||||
I wrote a letter, which was then publicized, in which I said, look
|
||||
Things have reached the point where the French intellectual community
|
||||
Simply is incapable of understanding the issues at this point, It's just going to confuse matters even more if my
|
||||
comments on freedom of speech
|
||||
Happen to be attached to this book which I didn't know existed. So just to clarify things I better separate them
|
||||
Now in retrospect, I think I probably shouldn't have done that I should have just said fine
|
||||
then let it appear because it ought to appear, but that's
|
||||
apart from that I
|
||||
regard this as not only trivial, but as compared with other positions I've taken on freedom of speech
|
||||
invisible this doesn't begin to
|
||||
compare
|
||||
With defending the rights of American War criminals to do their work while that work is being used to murder and destroy
|
||||
It doesn't begin to compare with dozens of other cases where I defended freedom of speech
|
||||
Bolkestein: Why didn't it occur to you that maybe his facts were wrong? ---
|
||||
Chomsky: Of course they're wrong
|
||||
I can't even understand this question
|
||||
Why didn't it occur to me that maybe his views are wrong? Of course it occurred to me.
|
||||
I knew it. You know if you want to
|
||||
Read what I said that --- the reason I retracted it was quite different
|
||||
It was that I realized at some point the French intellectuals cannot make the distinction between -- [who cares?]
|
||||
I agree and that's why I say I shouldn't have even retracted.
|
||||
Everything -- as I said -- that's the one thing that I regret
|
||||
well I regret the fact that I tried to accommodate to the medieval character of the French intellectual
|
||||
And I should have not done that I should have simply said: look, if you can't understand it, That's your problem
|
||||
Now, that's a very difficult position to make in Europe
|
||||
I should say that an issue like this is almost inconceivable in the United States in fact
|
||||
There are examples very similar to Faurisson. There's a professor of engineering at
|
||||
Northwestern University, a major university, who writes books denying that the Holocaust took place I mean if he were
|
||||
Deprived of the right to teach and brought to trial for the falsification of history
|
||||
there'd be a huge uproar across the country
|
||||
Because there's a commitment to freedom of speech and that means freedom of speech for views that you detest
|
||||
That's the only time when the issue arises. Now if a person can fail to
|
||||
Distinguish between defending rights and defending the theses expressed, they have to go back to the Middle Ages and start all over again
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
8
|
||||
14
|
||||
16
|
||||
22
|
||||
27
|
||||
28
|
||||
29
|
||||
36
|
||||
38
|
||||
40
|
||||
44
|
||||
49
|
||||
52
|
||||
55
|
||||
57
|
||||
62
|
||||
66
|
||||
69
|
||||
75
|
||||
81
|
||||
87
|
||||
92
|
||||
95
|
||||
97
|
||||
99
|
||||
102
|
||||
105
|
||||
108
|
||||
112
|
||||
118
|
||||
125
|
||||
131
|
||||
136
|
||||
138
|
||||
141
|
||||
145
|
||||
148
|
||||
150
|
||||
155
|
||||
160
|
||||
164
|
||||
170
|
||||
184
|
||||
191
|
||||
195
|
||||
200
|
||||
207
|
||||
209
|
||||
213
|
||||
219
|
||||
221
|
||||
223
|
||||
225
|
||||
228
|
||||
231
|
||||
232
|
||||
237
|
||||
244
|
||||
250
|
||||
259
|
||||
263
|
||||
268
|
||||
271
|
||||
274
|
||||
282
|
||||
285
|
||||
291
|
||||
294
|
||||
298
|
||||
303
|
||||
307
|
||||
312
|
||||
316
|
||||
321
|
||||
329
|
||||
330
|
||||
335
|
||||
339
|
||||
343
|
||||
345
|
||||
350
|
||||
352
|
||||
353
|
||||
360
|
||||
375
|
||||
378
|
||||
384
|
||||
388
|
||||
391
|
||||
392
|
||||
397
|
||||
404
|
||||
408
|
||||
415
|
||||
422
|
||||
427
|
||||
431
|
||||
435
|
||||
440
|
||||
448
|
||||
454
|
||||
457
|
||||
462
|
||||
468
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
|
|||
The most dangerous organization in human history
|
||||
I wanted to ask you a statement stating that the Republican Party is
|
||||
the most dangerous organization
|
||||
in world history
|
||||
Can you explain that?
|
||||
I also said that it was an extremely outrageous statement
|
||||
But the question is whether this is really true
|
||||
Has there ever been such an organization in world history,
|
||||
which would with such zeal
|
||||
insisted on destruction
|
||||
organized human
|
||||
of life on Earth?
|
||||
I don't know of any.
|
||||
Is the Republican organization, which I can hardly call a political party, so preoccupied with this destruction?
|
||||
Absolutely clear.
|
||||
We don't even have to think about it.
|
||||
Let's just look back at their latest campaign
|
||||
lots of advertising. And very few comments on the most important fact
|
||||
absolutely each of their candidates
|
||||
either deny that it was happening
|
||||
what's going on
|
||||
in particular a serious move towards an environmental disaster,
|
||||
or found a couple of, say, moderates, like Jeff Bush, who said:
|
||||
Well, maybe it's happening, we don't really know,
|
||||
but it doesn't really matter, because mining works well,
|
||||
so we can continue to mine fossil fuels.
|
||||
Then there was a man in the hall, whom they called an "adult".
|
||||
John Cassige
|
||||
He alone stated that it was true that global warming was taking place,
|
||||
but that it doesn't matter. He is the governor of Ohio,
|
||||
and coal will continue to be used to generate energy in Ohio
|
||||
and we will not apologize to anyone for that.
|
||||
So we have 100% interest
|
||||
for the path to disaster.
|
||||
Then let's also look at what has happened since then.
|
||||
Elections were held on November 8,
|
||||
and at the same time, as most of you surely know,
|
||||
a very important conference took place in Morocco - in Marrakech,
|
||||
almost 200 countries gathered for the United Nations Conference,
|
||||
at the United Nations Conference,
|
||||
to make specific commitments
|
||||
resulting from oral agreements
|
||||
which resulted
|
||||
from a previous meeting in Paris
|
||||
in December 2015 at the International Conference on Global Warming
|
||||
The Paris Conference sought to reach a demonstrable agreement,
|
||||
but she couldn't
|
||||
because of the most dangerous organization
|
||||
in human history. The Republican Congress would not accept it
|
||||
no commitments in this regard
|
||||
So the world was left to verbal agreements,
|
||||
but without specific commitments.
|
||||
At the conference on November 8, they wanted to move this forward,
|
||||
A report was also published on November 8
|
||||
world meteorological organization
|
||||
quite a catastrophic analysis
|
||||
the state of the environment
|
||||
and probable prospects also showed
|
||||
that we are approaching dangerously close
|
||||
to the edge,
|
||||
by the Paris Conference
|
||||
aimed to delay as much as possible,
|
||||
and other sinister predictions.
|
||||
At this stage, the conference practically stopped
|
||||
Because the news came from the election
|
||||
and it turned out to be the most powerful country in history
|
||||
the richest, the strongest, the most influential
|
||||
leader in the free world
|
||||
she decided not only
|
||||
not to support these efforts (conferences),
|
||||
but even actively undermine them.
|
||||
So we have literally the whole world on one side,
|
||||
who tries to do something here and there,
|
||||
although not enough. Still, there are a few countries that have gone
|
||||
relatively far away, such as Denmark and a few others,
|
||||
and on the other hand, in spectacular loneliness
|
||||
stands the earth
|
||||
run by the most dangerous organization in human history,
|
||||
which says:
|
||||
we will not be involved, we will actually undermine these efforts
|
||||
we will maximize the use of fossil fuels,
|
||||
which will take us soon through the turning point
|
||||
we will not financially support developing countries
|
||||
(as agreed in Paris)
|
||||
which are trying to improve something about
|
||||
climate threats
|
||||
we remove regulations
|
||||
to delay the devastating impact
|
||||
production
|
||||
carbon dioxide
|
||||
as well as other hazardous gases
|
||||
such as methane and others.
|
||||
OK, so the conference stopped at that moment
|
||||
so she continued
|
||||
but with a new question:
|
||||
Can any of this debris be saved?
|
||||
And quite surprisingly
|
||||
countries around the world have turned for salvation
|
||||
to another country: China.
|
||||
So here we have the world,
|
||||
which of all possible places
|
||||
seeks rescue from China,
|
||||
while the United States
|
||||
they are a menacing machine
|
||||
to destroy the planet
|
||||
With all three branches of government
|
||||
in the hands of one of the most dangerous
|
||||
organizations in human history!
|
||||
And I don't have to discuss what
|
||||
has happened since then,
|
||||
but basically they are cabinet meetings
|
||||
designed to
|
||||
to go to the hands of people whose commitments are connected with the faith,
|
||||
that it is necessary
|
||||
destroy
|
||||
everything in your department
|
||||
what could be to the human species
|
||||
to the benefit.
|
||||
That they are not led only
|
||||
desire for profit and power.
|
||||
And they do this very systematically.
|
||||
one after another: EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
|
||||
was very noticeably reduced in finances
|
||||
In fact, the main field he deals with
|
||||
environmental issues,
|
||||
is an energy department, which is also very sharp
|
||||
cut finances, especially
|
||||
environmental programs.
|
||||
In truth, a ban was even issued
|
||||
publish and publish information and materials related to this issue.
|
||||
And we are not just talking about the national scale.
|
||||
Republican Party
|
||||
(or whatever we call it)
|
||||
it does this at all levels.
|
||||
So a few years ago in North Carolina,
|
||||
where is the legislation
|
||||
mainly thanks to Gerrymandering (voter privilege technique),
|
||||
legislation is in the hands of Republicans,
|
||||
a study was created,
|
||||
they actually asked for a study
|
||||
sea level rise.
|
||||
She was to find out what its impact would be on the North Carolina coast.
|
||||
A serious scientific study was created,
|
||||
which predicted -
|
||||
I don't know how many years ahead,
|
||||
but quite a short time -
|
||||
sea level rise of about one meter
|
||||
which would have a devastating effect on eastern North Carolina
|
||||
And the legislation responded by naming
|
||||
that she enforced by law
|
||||
prohibit any action,
|
||||
or even a discussion,
|
||||
which could address climate change.
|
||||
Actually the best comment I would have
|
||||
he should quote literally
|
||||
is from Stephen Colbert, who said:
|
||||
"If you have a serious problem,
|
||||
that's the best way to deal with it,
|
||||
when you approve by law it does not exist. "
|
||||
And look, the problem is solved. But this is happening across the country
|
||||
and it doesn't just go
|
||||
and simply about climate change -
|
||||
it's bad enough there
|
||||
but we have another huge ghost here
|
||||
under which
|
||||
we are trying
|
||||
somehow survive
|
||||
and that is nuclear war
|
||||
This is a completely different story. Here are both reports - like Obama
|
||||
so even more Trump -
|
||||
they radically increase this danger.
|
||||
Threat from new developments
|
||||
is captured very effectively
|
||||
and can be expressed best and easiest
|
||||
on the world state monitor,
|
||||
based on the beginning of the nuclear age
|
||||
bulletin of atomic scientists
|
||||
I'm sure you all know about him,
|
||||
and this bulletin of atomic scientists
|
||||
regularly associates a group of scientists,
|
||||
political analysts
|
||||
and other highly respected personalities,
|
||||
and they try to calculate a kind of estimate of the situation,
|
||||
in which the world is currently located.
|
||||
Their question is: How far are we (or rather close) to the extinction of the species?
|
||||
They use the "Doomsday Clock" to do this
|
||||
(Judgment Hours)
|
||||
When those hours strike midnight, it means we're done. The extinction of the human race and many others.
|
||||
And every year they ask themselves the question:
|
||||
How far / close is the minute hand from midnight
|
||||
Come on in 1947
|
||||
at the beginning of the Atomic Age
|
||||
they moved the hand to 7 minutes to midnight
|
||||
Since then, it has moved forward or backward every year.
|
||||
The hand came closest to midnight
|
||||
in 1953
|
||||
when both the US and Russia powers
|
||||
which is an extremely serious threat to survival
|
||||
there is an interesting story behind that, which I will leave aside now
|
||||
maybe it will be time later
|
||||
But then the hand reached two in the middle of midnight
|
||||
and since then it has been moving back and forth
|
||||
Two years ago
|
||||
I think in 2014
|
||||
analysts included for the first time in the calculation something that had been ignored until then:
|
||||
the fact that along with the beginning of the nuclear age
|
||||
she started the same way
|
||||
new geological epoch -
|
||||
the so-called anthropocene.
|
||||
There was talk of an epoch,
|
||||
in which human action
|
||||
drastically affects the general environment.
|
||||
The birth of this epoch begins to speak,
|
||||
but the World Geological Organization
|
||||
recently determined its beginning
|
||||
roughly at the same time as the beginning of the nuclear age.
|
||||
So we are going through these two eras
|
||||
in which
|
||||
is the possibility of human survival at great stake
|
||||
and with us, of course, everything else
|
||||
all living, mostly all living,
|
||||
which is already very seriously endangered
|
||||
so a few years ago, i think in 2014,
|
||||
he began to include the Bulletin in his calculation
|
||||
even this fact,
|
||||
and moved the minute hand
|
||||
except for: three minutes to midnight,
|
||||
where she remained for the last year.
|
||||
One week after Trump's election
|
||||
the clock shifted again
|
||||
at two minutes to midnight
|
||||
it is the closest they have ever been since 1953
|
||||
and that means,
|
||||
that the extinction of the human species
|
||||
is a very open question.
|
||||
I don't want to say it's exclusively
|
||||
work of the Republican Party
|
||||
obviously not
|
||||
but it is certain that they lead an open defense
|
||||
and the effects of the extinction of the human species
|
||||
I agree to such a statement
|
||||
is very outrageous
|
||||
for this reason, I simply suggest
|
||||
look at the facts
|
||||
and assess whether they have weight,
|
||||
or whether it deserves to be bitterly condemned. It is up to you.
|
||||
From my point of view, things are absolutely clear.
|
||||
0
|
||||
0
|
||||
3
|
||||
5
|
||||
8
|
||||
11
|
||||
15
|
||||
18
|
||||
21
|
||||
25
|
||||
27
|
||||
30
|
||||
33
|
||||
35
|
||||
42
|
||||
44
|
||||
46
|
||||
51
|
||||
57
|
||||
60
|
||||
63
|
||||
65
|
||||
68
|
||||
74
|
||||
78
|
||||
81
|
||||
84
|
||||
87
|
||||
90
|
||||
93
|
||||
96
|
||||
99
|
||||
102
|
||||
106
|
||||
109
|
||||
114
|
||||
117
|
||||
120
|
||||
126
|
||||
130
|
||||
134
|
||||
137
|
||||
142
|
||||
145
|
||||
148
|
||||
154
|
||||
157
|
||||
161
|
||||
163
|
||||
166
|
||||
168
|
||||
172
|
||||
174
|
||||
177
|
||||
180
|
||||
186
|
||||
188
|
||||
190
|
||||
194
|
||||
197
|
||||
200
|
||||
203
|
||||
206
|
||||
209
|
||||
214
|
||||
217
|
||||
222
|
||||
225
|
||||
229
|
||||
232
|
||||
235
|
||||
236
|
||||
239
|
||||
242
|
||||
245
|
||||
248
|
||||
250
|
||||
253
|
||||
255
|
||||
259
|
||||
262
|
||||
265
|
||||
268
|
||||
269
|
||||
276
|
||||
279
|
||||
280
|
||||
283
|
||||
286
|
||||
289
|
||||
292
|
||||
295
|
||||
298
|
||||
300
|
||||
302
|
||||
306
|
||||
309
|
||||
312
|
||||
314
|
||||
317
|
||||
319
|
||||
319
|
||||
322
|
||||
323
|
||||
326
|
||||
329
|
||||
332
|
||||
334
|
||||
337
|
||||
340
|
||||
342
|
||||
345
|
||||
347
|
||||
351
|
||||
353
|
||||
353
|
||||
355
|
||||
356
|
||||
357
|
||||
359
|
||||
362
|
||||
365
|
||||
369
|
||||
373
|
||||
376
|
||||
379
|
||||
382
|
||||
384
|
||||
385
|
||||
388
|
||||
391
|
||||
395
|
||||
398
|
||||
400
|
||||
402
|
||||
405
|
||||
408
|
||||
411
|
||||
415
|
||||
417
|
||||
419
|
||||
422
|
||||
425
|
||||
428
|
||||
429
|
||||
430
|
||||
433
|
||||
436
|
||||
439
|
||||
442
|
||||
445
|
||||
448
|
||||
451
|
||||
453
|
||||
455
|
||||
458
|
||||
461
|
||||
463
|
||||
465
|
||||
469
|
||||
472
|
||||
474
|
||||
477
|
||||
478
|
||||
481
|
||||
482
|
||||
484
|
||||
487
|
||||
490
|
||||
493
|
||||
496
|
||||
498
|
||||
505
|
||||
508
|
||||
511
|
||||
514
|
||||
517
|
||||
520
|
||||
522
|
||||
525
|
||||
528
|
||||
531
|
||||
534
|
||||
537
|
||||
540
|
||||
543
|
||||
546
|
||||
549
|
||||
552
|
||||
555
|
||||
557
|
||||
561
|
||||
564
|
||||
566
|
||||
568
|
||||
571
|
||||
574
|
||||
580
|
||||
595
|
||||
598
|
||||
601
|
||||
603
|
||||
607
|
||||
610
|
||||
614
|
||||
620
|
||||
623
|
||||
626
|
||||
630
|
||||
632
|
||||
635
|
||||
638
|
||||
640
|
||||
643
|
||||
646
|
||||
648
|
||||
652
|
||||
655
|
||||
657
|
||||
661
|
||||
663
|
||||
665
|
||||
668
|
||||
671
|
||||
675
|
||||
677
|
||||
678
|
||||
680
|
||||
683
|
||||
686
|
||||
688
|
||||
691
|
||||
696
|
||||
698
|
||||
702
|
||||
705
|
||||
708
|
||||
711
|
||||
715
|
||||
718
|
||||
721
|
||||
724
|
||||
725
|
||||
728
|
||||
731
|
||||
734
|
||||
738
|
||||
104
cnt/Noam Chomsky - The Nanny State IJUWDdvZhJY.en.cnt
Normal file
104
cnt/Noam Chomsky - The Nanny State IJUWDdvZhJY.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
|
|||
Hedges: You talk about the nanny state
|
||||
What do you mean - the nanny state? What do you mean by that?
|
||||
Chomsky: The nanny state is a state that gives gifts
|
||||
to sectors that have the power to demand it,
|
||||
which typically means the rich and the powerful.
|
||||
I mean there are, you know --
|
||||
Hedges: So is this like subsidies to the fossil fuel industry?
|
||||
Chomsky: Hundreds of billions of dollars - I think it's something like
|
||||
500 billion a year to the fossil fuel industry.
|
||||
Hedges: Talking about government subsidies?
|
||||
Chomsky: Plain government subsidies
|
||||
Take, say, the financial industries,
|
||||
which are the ones that exploded during the neoliberal period,
|
||||
there was an interesting IMF study that came out of -
|
||||
International Monetary Fund - a couple years ago which
|
||||
tried to determine the source of the profits of the six largest American banks.
|
||||
Turned out, it's almost entirely public subsidy through the indirect effects of the
|
||||
implicit government guarantee - it's called informally "too big to fail"
|
||||
It means that there's an implicit guarantee that they're not going to fail,
|
||||
which means you get access to cheap credit,
|
||||
inflated credit ratings,
|
||||
incentive to carry out risky, hence generally profitable, transactions.
|
||||
If anything goes wrong, the public will bail you out.
|
||||
That amounts to, as the business press estimated,
|
||||
that at about 80 billion dollars a year, just straight subsidy.
|
||||
In fact, everywhere you look,
|
||||
there's massive subsidy, and it's more than that.
|
||||
I mean, take, say, the high-tech economy -
|
||||
the computers, internet, satellites,
|
||||
micro electronics, the components of your iPhone, whatever it may be -
|
||||
almost invariably, they trace back to
|
||||
public subsidy in the state sector of the economy.
|
||||
Either actual state sector, like places like this [MIT], which are
|
||||
fundamentally part of the state sector, or subsidy to IBM or something like that.
|
||||
And in fact what typically happens -- computers are a striking case --
|
||||
for decades, the risky and creative work was basically funded by the public
|
||||
Finally, it's handed over to private corporations for
|
||||
marketing and profit, and they indeed are protected by monopoly pricing rights.
|
||||
Hedges: You had an interesting figure here, you said corporations spend about 2.6 billion a year on
|
||||
lobbying expenditures. That's more than the 2 billion
|
||||
we spend to fund the House, at 1.18 billion, and the Senate, at 860 million.
|
||||
What does that say about our democracy?
|
||||
Chomsky: Well, actually, the huge increase in lobbying
|
||||
also took place at this transition point between
|
||||
the regulated capitalism and the neoliberal capitalism.
|
||||
[In the] early 70s, you start getting a very sharp increase in the number of lobbyists.
|
||||
In fact, there's probably more lobbyists -- they're basically writing the legislation.
|
||||
I mean, a congressperson usually relies on the staff
|
||||
to write the legislation, which maybe he or she tweaks and signs.
|
||||
What does the staff do?
|
||||
They consult with lobbyists, who are often experts in the area where they're writing the legislation.
|
||||
So they produce suggestions - sometimes actual texts of legislation - which then go to the Congress
|
||||
0
|
||||
2
|
||||
6
|
||||
10
|
||||
15
|
||||
19
|
||||
20
|
||||
25
|
||||
28
|
||||
32
|
||||
34
|
||||
36
|
||||
39
|
||||
42
|
||||
46
|
||||
49
|
||||
57
|
||||
65
|
||||
71
|
||||
77
|
||||
80
|
||||
83
|
||||
88
|
||||
91
|
||||
95
|
||||
99
|
||||
100
|
||||
104
|
||||
108
|
||||
112
|
||||
116
|
||||
120
|
||||
125
|
||||
130
|
||||
137
|
||||
142
|
||||
149
|
||||
153
|
||||
159
|
||||
167
|
||||
170
|
||||
177
|
||||
180
|
||||
183
|
||||
187
|
||||
191
|
||||
197
|
||||
203
|
||||
208
|
||||
214
|
||||
216
|
||||
224
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
|||
Psychology?
|
||||
Well...
|
||||
Actually, I mean, you know, people differ, so you can't really generalize
|
||||
But I think the general thing is something that we all know from our own experience
|
||||
I mean, unless you're -- well, take your own personal experience
|
||||
I mean, unless you happen to be an unusual kind of saint, maybe the first one since Jesus or something
|
||||
Unless you're that kind of person, you've done some rotten things in your life.
|
||||
Like maybe when you were eight years old -
|
||||
you know - you took a toy from your younger brother because nobody was looking.
|
||||
Well just go back to that circumstance, or something similar to it, and ask yourself honestly
|
||||
Did you say
|
||||
"I'm taking the toy from my little brother because I want it, and I'm bigger than he is, and nobody's looking so I'll take it" ?
|
||||
Or did you say "look, it's really my toy, and besides, he had no right to it, and besides,
|
||||
"I need it more than he does, and anyhow, it's better for everybody if I have it" ? You know
|
||||
Well, like I say, unless you're a saint,
|
||||
you took the second way out, and furthermore anybody in their lifetime has had a thousand experiences like that
|
||||
Well, I think that's the way things work
|
||||
You have some --
|
||||
It's not that you --
|
||||
You know --
|
||||
I mean, belief formation is often contingent on the outcomes that you want
|
||||
You know? You want a certain outcome, you construct the system of beliefs,
|
||||
which makes that exactly right and just.
|
||||
I suspect that that's the psychology in most of these cases
|
||||
If you're an editor or a journalist or you know professor or something or other,
|
||||
there are some things you want, like prestige and respectability and salary -
|
||||
you know - invited to the right parties, and all that kind of thing,
|
||||
and if you want to get that kind of stuff you have to
|
||||
see things in certain ways.
|
||||
Okay, so you start seeing things in those ways just like you did with your little brother. You know?
|
||||
My guess is that's probably
|
||||
overwhelmingly the psychology
|
||||
I don't think many people are cynical enough to be just flat, outright liars,
|
||||
saying "I'm gonna lie because that way they'll pay my salary"
|
||||
That's, but you know, people differ, so your guess is as good as mine
|
||||
I have nothing to say about this the only thing we know about these kinds of things are from
|
||||
introspection you know and I suspect that what I'm describing is pretty close to universal.
|
||||
I did take it away from my younger brother when nobody was looking
|
||||
3
|
||||
5
|
||||
6
|
||||
9
|
||||
15
|
||||
18
|
||||
24
|
||||
28
|
||||
31
|
||||
36
|
||||
43
|
||||
44
|
||||
51
|
||||
57
|
||||
62
|
||||
65
|
||||
72
|
||||
75
|
||||
77
|
||||
79
|
||||
80
|
||||
86
|
||||
89
|
||||
91
|
||||
94
|
||||
100
|
||||
106
|
||||
110
|
||||
113
|
||||
116
|
||||
121
|
||||
123
|
||||
125
|
||||
129
|
||||
134
|
||||
138
|
||||
142
|
||||
151
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
|
|||
We should recognize, what I think is true, I've written about it plenty myself,
|
||||
that the so called Bolshevik "revolution", really a coup, was really a counter revolution
|
||||
which placed state power in the hands of a highly authoritarian, anti-socialist group,
|
||||
which within a couple of months had destroyed the factory councils, had destroyed the soviets,
|
||||
had dismissed the constituent assembly because they knew they were going to lose
|
||||
and had eliminated every popular movement and had done exactly what Trotsky said,
|
||||
turn the the country into a labor army under the control of the maximal leader.
|
||||
That was mid 1918.
|
||||
Since then there hasn't been a shred of socialism in the Soviet Union.
|
||||
Now, of course they called it socialism, but they also called it democracy.
|
||||
They were the peoples democracy, the purest form of democracy and socialism.
|
||||
The west, the big propaganda system in the world of course laughed at the democracy part,
|
||||
but it loved the socialism part, because that's a way to defame socialism.
|
||||
So if you think that the fall of Soviet Union is a blow to socialism,
|
||||
you ought to also think on the same grounds that it's a blow to democracy.
|
||||
After all, they called themselves democracies too so why isn't it a blow to democracy?
|
||||
Makes as much sense.
|
||||
It's only when it gets filtered through the western propaganda system
|
||||
that it's not a blow to democracy but it is a blow to socialism.
|
||||
But there is absolute no reason to play that game,
|
||||
whether you play it in dissent or in the nation or on the right or anywhere else.
|
||||
Expose it for the fraud that it is.
|
||||
What ideology? The ideology of totalitarianism? Yeah it's deeply flawed.
|
||||
I mean they were the initial modern totalitarians.
|
||||
It has nothing to do with socialism. They destroyed socialism within weeks.
|
||||
They didn't wait. By 1918 it was finished.
|
||||
And they knew it. It was not a secret. They knew it.
|
||||
In fact Lenin, as soon as got grips of things, he moved to what he called state capitalism.
|
||||
Which is what it was. Had nothing to do with socialism.
|
||||
Socialism... I mean you can argue but there is no point arguing what the word means but
|
||||
what it always meant at the core was that producers take control over the production.
|
||||
Working people take control of production which sometimes is called industrial democracy.
|
||||
That was the absolute core of it.
|
||||
Well there was more socialism in Germany, in western Europe, than there was in Russia.
|
||||
Russia is about the most anti-socialist place you can imagine since 1918.
|
||||
Had wage labor, had super exploitation,
|
||||
had no elements of workers control or involvement or participation.
|
||||
What has that got to do with socialism? It's the exact opposite on every point.
|
||||
As I say, the west liked to call that socialism
|
||||
while laughing at fact that they called themselves democrats
|
||||
but that's for purely propaganda reasons.
|
||||
I mean, unless you are committed to being part of the western propaganda system
|
||||
there's nothing to say about that issue of dissent except to laugh.
|
||||
0
|
||||
4
|
||||
11
|
||||
18
|
||||
24
|
||||
29
|
||||
33
|
||||
36
|
||||
38
|
||||
42
|
||||
46
|
||||
51
|
||||
56
|
||||
61
|
||||
66
|
||||
69
|
||||
72
|
||||
73
|
||||
77
|
||||
80
|
||||
83
|
||||
87
|
||||
93
|
||||
98
|
||||
102
|
||||
106
|
||||
110
|
||||
114
|
||||
122
|
||||
124
|
||||
128
|
||||
135
|
||||
138
|
||||
141
|
||||
147
|
||||
152
|
||||
155
|
||||
163
|
||||
166
|
||||
169
|
||||
172
|
||||
175
|
||||
178
|
||||
52
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Thought bmDgBkgqTVY.en.cnt
Normal file
52
cnt/Noam Chomsky - Thought bmDgBkgqTVY.en.cnt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
|||
We have little information about what the thought is
|
||||
There is no clarity as to how to obtain such information
|
||||
However, much of our knowledge of thought appears through language, so this leads to considering language and thought as one thing
|
||||
But you can also look carefully at that if you like
|
||||
It's the only evidence we have, but it doesn't look as though they are the same
|
||||
There seem to be many types of thought that cannot be divided and clear. And I see no reason to suspect that some kind of thought occurs without a live structure and has no language
|
||||
There is a huge project in computational cognitive science, and I think it is a waste of time
|
||||
Which is due to the wrong reading of a short research paper written by "Allen Turing" in 1950, a mathematician who found modern computational sciences and so on.
|
||||
He had a research paper called something like Do the Machines Think!
|
||||
He designed a test, now called the "Turing Test" and called it "a game of imitation".
|
||||
And there was a lot of effort to try anything he discussed or explain what he said
|
||||
If the machine was, and here is a god in the sense of a program and not a physical computer, then if the program was able to succeed in that test, then this shows us that he is thinking
|
||||
If you are an employee of "IBM: a computer manufacturer," you will be paid to build "Watson: a computer that answers questions" or software that is supposed to pass the test.
|
||||
And, as you know, they defeat humans in chess, or gyardy, or something
|
||||
With each one of them you can get a hundred thousand dollars if you designed such programs
|
||||
There is one line in Turing's research paper and it seems neglected
|
||||
What he said is, "The question of whether machines think is empty and does not deserve controversy."
|
||||
He is right. Question What do you think or not? Like a question, let's say, if a submarine is swimming! If you want to call that a swim, it does swim and vice versa.
|
||||
But it is not a real question but rather a human space, I think in Japanese they do it, someone told me, but in English no.
|
||||
But these are not real questions, they are only questions of how to use the word
|
||||
Something is happening now which is freely referred to as the thought, but we do not know much about what it is
|
||||
I will not discover this as long as interest is restricted by the reach of perception
|
||||
Some of you may know that there are recent experimental results showing that decisions made about the action of a machine, for example "pick this up", the decision was actually made in parts of a second before you were conscious of making a decision
|
||||
Indeed, this has been misunderstood as a controversy of free will, but has nothing to do with it. What this means is that the decisions were made in a way that is not attainable
|
||||
I don't think it surprises you, anybody alive and think about what they are doing
|
||||
But it is contrary to the principle of belief, and I believe that these principles will collapse unless we take note of these things
|
||||
0
|
||||
4
|
||||
9
|
||||
23
|
||||
26
|
||||
30
|
||||
43
|
||||
54
|
||||
70
|
||||
75
|
||||
84
|
||||
93
|
||||
107
|
||||
116
|
||||
121
|
||||
129
|
||||
133
|
||||
140
|
||||
154
|
||||
164
|
||||
170
|
||||
175
|
||||
182
|
||||
201
|
||||
213
|
||||
219
|
||||
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show more
Loading…
Reference in a new issue