diff --git a/packages/api/src/utils/axios-handler.ts b/packages/api/src/utils/axios-handler.ts
index 6e44e1e90..868181c85 100644
--- a/packages/api/src/utils/axios-handler.ts
+++ b/packages/api/src/utils/axios-handler.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-import { DOMWindow } from 'jsdom'
-
 export class AxiosHandler {
   name = 'axios'
 
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
-  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, _dom: DOMWindow): boolean => {
+  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, _dom: Document): boolean => {
     const host = this.name + '.com'
     // check if url ends with axios.com
     return url.hostname.endsWith(host)
   }
 
-  prehandle = (url: URL, dom: DOMWindow): Promise<DOMWindow> => {
-    const body = dom.document.querySelector('table')
+  prehandle = (url: URL, dom: Document): Promise<Document> => {
+    const body = dom.querySelector('table')
 
     // this removes ads and replaces table with a div
     body?.querySelectorAll('table').forEach((el, k) => {
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ export class AxiosHandler {
           }
         })
         // replace the table with a div
-        const div = dom.document.createElement('div')
+        const div = dom.createElement('div')
         div.innerHTML = el.innerHTML
         el.parentNode?.replaceChild(div, el)
       }
diff --git a/packages/api/src/utils/bloomberg-handler.ts b/packages/api/src/utils/bloomberg-handler.ts
index 2fbae0ef5..c03af3f4b 100644
--- a/packages/api/src/utils/bloomberg-handler.ts
+++ b/packages/api/src/utils/bloomberg-handler.ts
@@ -1,22 +1,18 @@
-import { DOMWindow } from 'jsdom'
-
 export class BloombergHandler {
   name = 'bloomberg'
 
-  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, dom: DOMWindow): boolean => {
+  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, dom: Document): boolean => {
     const host = this.name + '.com'
     // check if url ends with bloomberg.com
     return (
       url.hostname.endsWith(host) ||
-      dom.document
-        .querySelector('.logo-image')
-        ?.getAttribute('alt')
-        ?.toLowerCase() === this.name
+      dom.querySelector('.logo-image')?.getAttribute('alt')?.toLowerCase() ===
+        this.name
     )
   }
 
-  prehandle = (_url: URL, dom: DOMWindow): Promise<DOMWindow> => {
-    const body = dom.document.querySelector('.wrapper')
+  prehandle = (_url: URL, dom: Document): Promise<Document> => {
+    const body = dom.querySelector('.wrapper')
 
     // this removes header
     body?.querySelector('.sailthru-variables')?.remove()
diff --git a/packages/api/src/utils/golang-handler.ts b/packages/api/src/utils/golang-handler.ts
index 3a3037a59..6e6e29d02 100644
--- a/packages/api/src/utils/golang-handler.ts
+++ b/packages/api/src/utils/golang-handler.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-import { DOMWindow } from 'jsdom'
-
 export class GolangHandler {
   name = 'golangweekly'
 
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
-  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, _dom: DOMWindow): boolean => {
+  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, _dom: Document): boolean => {
     const host = this.name + '.com'
     // check if url ends with golangweekly.com
     return url.hostname.endsWith(host)
   }
 
-  prehandle = (url: URL, dom: DOMWindow): Promise<DOMWindow> => {
-    const body = dom.document.querySelector('body')
+  prehandle = (url: URL, dom: Document): Promise<Document> => {
+    const body = dom.querySelector('body')
 
     // this removes the "Subscribe" button
     body?.querySelector('.el-splitbar')?.remove()
diff --git a/packages/api/src/utils/parser.ts b/packages/api/src/utils/parser.ts
index d5dfc19d0..878f801b1 100644
--- a/packages/api/src/utils/parser.ts
+++ b/packages/api/src/utils/parser.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment */
 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars */
 import { Readability } from '@omnivore/readability'
-import { DOMWindow, JSDOM, VirtualConsole } from 'jsdom'
 import createDOMPurify, { SanitizeElementHookEvent } from 'dompurify'
 import { PageType, PreparedDocumentInput } from '../generated/graphql'
 import { buildLogger, LogRecord } from './logger'
@@ -42,8 +41,8 @@ const DOM_PURIFY_CONFIG = {
 }
 
 interface ContentHandler {
-  shouldPrehandle: (url: URL, dom: DOMWindow) => boolean
-  prehandle: (url: URL, document: DOMWindow) => Promise<DOMWindow>
+  shouldPrehandle: (url: URL, dom: Document) => boolean
+  prehandle: (url: URL, document: Document) => Promise<Document>
 }
 
 const HANDLERS = [
@@ -178,12 +177,15 @@ const getReadabilityResult = (
   return null
 }
 
-const applyHandlers = async (url: string, window: DOMWindow): Promise<void> => {
+const applyHandlers = async (
+  url: string,
+  document: Document
+): Promise<void> => {
   try {
     const u = new URL(url)
     const handler = HANDLERS.find((h) => {
       try {
-        return h.shouldPrehandle(u, window)
+        return h.shouldPrehandle(u, document)
       } catch (e) {
         console.log('error with handler: ', h.name, e)
       }
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ const applyHandlers = async (url: string, window: DOMWindow): Promise<void> => {
     if (handler) {
       try {
         console.log('pre-handling url or content with handler: ', handler.name)
-        await handler.prehandle(u, window)
+        await handler.prehandle(u, document)
       } catch (e) {
         console.log('error with handler: ', handler, e)
       }
@@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ export const parsePreparedContent = async (
   // })
   const { document: doc } = parseHTML(document)
 
-  await applyHandlers(url, window)
+  await applyHandlers(url, doc)
 
   try {
     article = getReadabilityResult(url, document, doc, isNewsletter)
diff --git a/packages/api/src/utils/substack-handler.ts b/packages/api/src/utils/substack-handler.ts
index 0f8f2176b..ea6b69bc3 100644
--- a/packages/api/src/utils/substack-handler.ts
+++ b/packages/api/src/utils/substack-handler.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
-import { DOMWindow } from 'jsdom'
-
 export class SubstackHandler {
   name = 'substack'
 
-  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, dom: DOMWindow): boolean => {
+  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, dom: Document): boolean => {
     const host = this.name + '.com'
     // check if url ends with substack.com
     // or has a profile image hosted at substack.com
     return (
       url.hostname.endsWith(host) ||
-      !!dom.document
+      !!dom
         .querySelector('.email-body img')
         ?.getAttribute('src')
         ?.includes(host)
     )
   }
 
-  prehandle = (url: URL, dom: DOMWindow): Promise<DOMWindow> => {
-    const body = dom.document.querySelector('.email-body-container')
+  prehandle = (url: URL, dom: Document): Promise<Document> => {
+    const body = dom.querySelector('.email-body-container')
 
     // this removes header and profile avatar
     body?.querySelector('.header')?.remove()
diff --git a/packages/api/src/utils/wikipedia-handler.ts b/packages/api/src/utils/wikipedia-handler.ts
index 05fc4b5d4..ce30517c9 100644
--- a/packages/api/src/utils/wikipedia-handler.ts
+++ b/packages/api/src/utils/wikipedia-handler.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
-import { DOMWindow } from 'jsdom'
-
 export class WikipediaHandler {
   name = 'wikipedia'
 
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
-  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, _dom: DOMWindow): boolean => {
+  shouldPrehandle = (url: URL, _dom: Document): boolean => {
     return url.hostname.endsWith('wikipedia.org')
   }
 
-  prehandle = (url: URL, dom: DOMWindow): Promise<DOMWindow> => {
+  prehandle = (url: URL, dom: Document): Promise<Document> => {
     // This removes the [edit] anchors from wikipedia pages
-    dom.document.querySelectorAll('.mw-editsection').forEach((e) => e.remove())
+    dom.querySelectorAll('.mw-editsection').forEach((e) => e.remove())
     // this removes the sidebar
-    dom.document.querySelector('.infobox')?.remove()
+    dom.querySelector('.infobox')?.remove()
     return Promise.resolve(dom)
   }
 }