From 620da191b1244be707949cc27a21ef74d26320a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andras Bacsai <5845193+andrasbacsai@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Feb 2026 14:15:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] chore: prepare for PR

---
 app/Models/Application.php                   |  2 +-
 tests/Unit/ApplicationDeploymentTypeTest.php | 11 +++++++++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/Unit/ApplicationDeploymentTypeTest.php

diff --git a/app/Models/Application.php b/app/Models/Application.php
index d6c222a97..28ef79078 100644
--- a/app/Models/Application.php
+++ b/app/Models/Application.php
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ class Application extends BaseModel
         if (isDev() && data_get($this, 'private_key_id') === 0) {
             return 'deploy_key';
         }
-        if (data_get($this, 'private_key_id')) {
+        if (! is_null(data_get($this, 'private_key_id'))) {
             return 'deploy_key';
         } elseif (data_get($this, 'source')) {
             return 'source';
diff --git a/tests/Unit/ApplicationDeploymentTypeTest.php b/tests/Unit/ApplicationDeploymentTypeTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d240181f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/ApplicationDeploymentTypeTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Models\Application;
+
+it('treats zero private key id as deploy key', function () {
+    $application = new Application();
+    $application->private_key_id = 0;
+    $application->source = null;
+
+    expect($application->deploymentType())->toBe('deploy_key');
+});

From 6cacd2f0ffaf31dd97d987382c843da0d3b54a07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andras Bacsai <5845193+andrasbacsai@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Feb 2026 14:17:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] chore: prepare for PR

---
 resources/views/livewire/project/application/heading.blade.php | 2 +-
 resources/views/livewire/project/service/heading.blade.php     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/resources/views/livewire/project/application/heading.blade.php b/resources/views/livewire/project/application/heading.blade.php
index 96e5d9770..4af466fc5 100644
--- a/resources/views/livewire/project/application/heading.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/livewire/project/application/heading.blade.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <nav wire:poll.10000ms="checkStatus" class="pb-6">
     <x-resources.breadcrumbs :resource="$application" :parameters="$parameters" :title="$lastDeploymentInfo" :lastDeploymentLink="$lastDeploymentLink" />
     <div class="navbar-main">
-        <nav class="flex shrink-0 gap-4 items-center whitespace-nowrap scrollbar min-h-10">
+        <nav class="flex shrink-0 gap-6 items-center whitespace-nowrap scrollbar min-h-10">
             <a class="{{ request()->routeIs('project.application.configuration') ? 'dark:text-white' : '' }}" {{ wireNavigate() }}
                 href="{{ route('project.application.configuration', $parameters) }}">
                 Configuration
diff --git a/resources/views/livewire/project/service/heading.blade.php b/resources/views/livewire/project/service/heading.blade.php
index 15699e507..c33ebc279 100644
--- a/resources/views/livewire/project/service/heading.blade.php
+++ b/resources/views/livewire/project/service/heading.blade.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
     <h1>{{ $title }}</h1>
     <x-resources.breadcrumbs :resource="$service" :parameters="$parameters" />
     <div class="navbar-main" x-data">
-        <nav class="flex shrink-0 gap-4 items-center whitespace-nowrap scrollbar min-h-10">
+        <nav class="flex shrink-0 gap-6 items-center whitespace-nowrap scrollbar min-h-10">
             <a class="{{ request()->routeIs('project.service.configuration') ? 'dark:text-white' : '' }}" {{ wireNavigate() }}
                 href="{{ route('project.service.configuration', $parameters) }}">
                 <button>Configuration</button>

From ec14b55f0acc7cfe7aca16b5493081a518021c0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andras Bacsai <5845193+andrasbacsai@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Feb 2026 14:28:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] chore: prepare for PR

---
 app/Jobs/ApplicationDeploymentJob.php         | 149 +++++++------
 .../MultilineEnvironmentVariableTest.php      | 205 ++++--------------
 2 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 240 deletions(-)

diff --git a/app/Jobs/ApplicationDeploymentJob.php b/app/Jobs/ApplicationDeploymentJob.php
index ee1f6d810..700a2d60c 100644
--- a/app/Jobs/ApplicationDeploymentJob.php
+++ b/app/Jobs/ApplicationDeploymentJob.php
@@ -171,6 +171,8 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
 
     private bool $dockerBuildkitSupported = false;
 
+    private bool $dockerSecretsSupported = false;
+
     private bool $skip_build = false;
 
     private Collection|string $build_secrets;
@@ -381,13 +383,6 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
 
     private function detectBuildKitCapabilities(): void
     {
-        // If build secrets are not enabled, skip detection and use traditional args
-        if (! $this->application->settings->use_build_secrets) {
-            $this->dockerBuildkitSupported = false;
-
-            return;
-        }
-
         $serverToCheck = $this->use_build_server ? $this->build_server : $this->server;
         $serverName = $this->use_build_server ? "build server ({$serverToCheck->name})" : "deployment server ({$serverToCheck->name})";
 
@@ -403,53 +398,55 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
 
             if ($majorVersion < 18 || ($majorVersion == 18 && $minorVersion < 9)) {
                 $this->dockerBuildkitSupported = false;
-                $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker {$dockerVersion} on {$serverName} does not support BuildKit (requires 18.09+). Build secrets feature disabled.");
+                $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker {$dockerVersion} on {$serverName} does not support BuildKit (requires 18.09+).");
 
                 return;
             }
 
-            $buildkitEnabled = instant_remote_process(
+            // Check buildx availability (always installed by Coolify on Docker 24.0+)
+            $buildxAvailable = instant_remote_process(
                 ["docker buildx version >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo 'available' || echo 'not-available'"],
                 $serverToCheck
             );
 
-            if (trim($buildkitEnabled) !== 'available') {
+            if (trim($buildxAvailable) === 'available') {
+                $this->dockerBuildkitSupported = true;
+                $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker {$dockerVersion} with BuildKit and Buildx detected on {$serverName}.");
+            } else {
+                // Fallback: test DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 support via --progress flag
                 $buildkitTest = instant_remote_process(
-                    ["DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --help 2>&1 | grep -q 'secret' && echo 'supported' || echo 'not-supported'"],
+                    ["DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --help 2>&1 | grep -q '\\-\\-progress' && echo 'supported' || echo 'not-supported'"],
                     $serverToCheck
                 );
 
                 if (trim($buildkitTest) === 'supported') {
                     $this->dockerBuildkitSupported = true;
-                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker {$dockerVersion} with BuildKit secrets support detected on {$serverName}.");
-                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry('Build secrets are enabled and will be used for enhanced security.');
+                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker {$dockerVersion} with BuildKit support detected on {$serverName}.");
                 } else {
                     $this->dockerBuildkitSupported = false;
-                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker {$dockerVersion} on {$serverName} does not have BuildKit secrets support.");
-                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry('Build secrets feature is enabled but not supported. Using traditional build arguments.');
+                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker {$dockerVersion} on {$serverName} does not support BuildKit. Build output progress will be limited.");
                 }
-            } else {
-                // Buildx is available, which means BuildKit is available
-                // Now specifically test for secrets support
+            }
+
+            // If build secrets are enabled and BuildKit is available, verify --secret flag support
+            if ($this->application->settings->use_build_secrets && $this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
                 $secretsTest = instant_remote_process(
                     ["docker build --help 2>&1 | grep -q 'secret' && echo 'supported' || echo 'not-supported'"],
                     $serverToCheck
                 );
 
                 if (trim($secretsTest) === 'supported') {
-                    $this->dockerBuildkitSupported = true;
-                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker {$dockerVersion} with BuildKit and Buildx detected on {$serverName}.");
+                    $this->dockerSecretsSupported = true;
                     $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry('Build secrets are enabled and will be used for enhanced security.');
                 } else {
-                    $this->dockerBuildkitSupported = false;
-                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker {$dockerVersion} with Buildx on {$serverName}, but secrets not supported.");
-                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry('Build secrets feature is enabled but not supported. Using traditional build arguments.');
+                    $this->dockerSecretsSupported = false;
+                    $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Docker on {$serverName} does not support build secrets. Using traditional build arguments.");
                 }
             }
         } catch (\Exception $e) {
             $this->dockerBuildkitSupported = false;
+            $this->dockerSecretsSupported = false;
             $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Could not detect BuildKit capabilities on {$serverName}: {$e->getMessage()}");
-            $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry('Build secrets feature is enabled but detection failed. Using traditional build arguments.');
         }
     }
 
@@ -632,7 +629,7 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
 
             // For raw compose, we cannot automatically add secrets configuration
             // User must define it manually in their docker-compose file
-            if ($this->application->settings->use_build_secrets && $this->dockerBuildkitSupported && ! empty($this->build_secrets)) {
+            if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported && ! empty($this->build_secrets)) {
                 $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry('Build secrets are configured. Ensure your docker-compose file includes build.secrets configuration for services that need them.');
             }
         } else {
@@ -653,7 +650,7 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
             }
 
             // Add build secrets to compose file if enabled and BuildKit is supported
-            if ($this->application->settings->use_build_secrets && $this->dockerBuildkitSupported && ! empty($this->build_secrets)) {
+            if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported && ! empty($this->build_secrets)) {
                 $composeFile = $this->add_build_secrets_to_compose($composeFile);
             }
 
@@ -2817,7 +2814,11 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
                 $nginx_config = base64_encode(defaultNginxConfiguration());
             }
         }
-        $build_command = "docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}";
+        if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
+            $build_command = "DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}";
+        } else {
+            $build_command = "docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/Dockerfile -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}";
+        }
         $base64_build_command = base64_encode($build_command);
         $this->execute_remote_command(
             [
@@ -2857,21 +2858,19 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
     private function build_image()
     {
         // Add Coolify related variables to the build args/secrets
-        if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
-            // Coolify variables are already included in the secrets from generate_build_env_variables
-            // build_secrets is already a string at this point
-        } else {
+        if (! $this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
             // Traditional build args approach - generate COOLIFY_ variables locally
-            // Generate COOLIFY_ variables locally for build args
             $coolify_envs = $this->generate_coolify_env_variables(forBuildTime: true);
             $coolify_envs->each(function ($value, $key) {
                 $this->build_args->push("--build-arg '{$key}'");
             });
-            $this->build_args = $this->build_args instanceof \Illuminate\Support\Collection
-                ? $this->build_args->implode(' ')
-                : (string) $this->build_args;
         }
 
+        // Always convert build_args Collection to string for command interpolation
+        $this->build_args = $this->build_args instanceof \Illuminate\Support\Collection
+            ? $this->build_args->implode(' ')
+            : (string) $this->build_args;
+
         $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry('----------------------------------------');
         if ($this->disableBuildCache) {
             $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry('Docker build cache is disabled. It will not be used during the build process.');
@@ -2899,7 +2898,7 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
                         executeInDocker($this->deployment_uuid, "cat {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile"),
                         'hidden' => true,
                     ]);
-                    if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported && $this->application->settings->use_build_secrets) {
+                    if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported) {
                         // Modify the nixpacks Dockerfile to use build secrets
                         $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile");
                         $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
@@ -2907,9 +2906,8 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
                     } elseif ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
                         // BuildKit without secrets
                         $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --no-cache {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->build_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
-                        ray($build_command);
                     } else {
-                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->build_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile -t {$this->build_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                     }
                 } else {
                     $this->execute_remote_command([
@@ -2919,18 +2917,16 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
                         executeInDocker($this->deployment_uuid, "cat {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile"),
                         'hidden' => true,
                     ]);
-                    if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported && $this->application->settings->use_build_secrets) {
+                    if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported) {
                         // Modify the nixpacks Dockerfile to use build secrets
                         $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile");
                         $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
                         $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t {$this->build_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
                     } elseif ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
                         // BuildKit without secrets
-                        $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile");
-                        $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
-                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t {$this->build_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->build_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                     } else {
-                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->build_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile -t {$this->build_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -2952,7 +2948,7 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
                 $this->execute_remote_command([executeInDocker($this->deployment_uuid, 'rm '.self::NIXPACKS_PLAN_PATH), 'hidden' => true]);
             } else {
                 // Dockerfile buildpack
-                if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported && $this->application->settings->use_build_secrets) {
+                if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported) {
                     // Modify the Dockerfile to use build secrets
                     $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}");
                     $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
@@ -2963,19 +2959,17 @@ class ApplicationDeploymentJob implements ShouldBeEncrypted, ShouldQueue
                     }
                 } elseif ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
                     // BuildKit without secrets
-                    $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}");
-                    $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
                     if ($this->force_rebuild) {
-                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --no-cache {$this->buildTarget} --network {$this->destination->network} -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t $this->build_image_name {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --no-cache {$this->buildTarget} --network {$this->destination->network} -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} --progress plain -t $this->build_image_name {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                     } else {
-                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->buildTarget} --network {$this->destination->network} -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t $this->build_image_name {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->buildTarget} --network {$this->destination->network} -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} --progress plain -t $this->build_image_name {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                     }
                 } else {
                     // Traditional build with args
                     if ($this->force_rebuild) {
-                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache {$this->buildTarget} --network {$this->destination->network} -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} --progress plain -t $this->build_image_name {$this->workdir}");
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache {$this->buildTarget} --network {$this->destination->network} -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} -t $this->build_image_name {$this->workdir}");
                     } else {
-                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->buildTarget} --network {$this->destination->network} -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} --progress plain -t $this->build_image_name {$this->workdir}");
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->buildTarget} --network {$this->destination->network} -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} -t $this->build_image_name {$this->workdir}");
                     }
                 }
                 $base64_build_command = base64_encode($build_command);
@@ -3010,7 +3004,11 @@ COPY ./nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf");
                     $nginx_config = base64_encode(defaultNginxConfiguration());
                 }
             }
-            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/Dockerfile {$this->build_args} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
+            if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
+                $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/Dockerfile {$this->build_args} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
+            } else {
+                $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/Dockerfile {$this->build_args} -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
+            }
             $base64_build_command = base64_encode($build_command);
             $this->execute_remote_command(
                 [
@@ -3035,7 +3033,7 @@ COPY ./nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf");
         } else {
             // Pure Dockerfile based deployment
             if ($this->application->dockerfile) {
-                if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported && $this->application->settings->use_build_secrets) {
+                if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported) {
                     // Modify the Dockerfile to use build secrets
                     $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}");
                     $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
@@ -3044,12 +3042,19 @@ COPY ./nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf");
                     } else {
                         $build_command = "DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --pull {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}";
                     }
-                } else {
-                    // Traditional build with args
+                } elseif ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
+                    // BuildKit without secrets
                     if ($this->force_rebuild) {
-                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache --pull {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --no-cache --pull {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                     } else {
-                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --pull {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --pull {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Traditional build with args (no --progress for legacy builder compatibility)
+                    if ($this->force_rebuild) {
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache --pull {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
+                    } else {
+                        $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --pull {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
                     }
                 }
                 $base64_build_command = base64_encode($build_command);
@@ -3079,18 +3084,16 @@ COPY ./nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf");
                             executeInDocker($this->deployment_uuid, "cat {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile"),
                             'hidden' => true,
                         ]);
-                        if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported && $this->application->settings->use_build_secrets) {
+                        if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported) {
                             // Modify the nixpacks Dockerfile to use build secrets
                             $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile");
                             $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
                             $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --no-cache {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
                         } elseif ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
                             // BuildKit without secrets
-                            $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile");
-                            $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
-                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --no-cache {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --no-cache {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                         } else {
-                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                         }
                     } else {
                         $this->execute_remote_command([
@@ -3100,18 +3103,16 @@ COPY ./nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf");
                             executeInDocker($this->deployment_uuid, "cat {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile"),
                             'hidden' => true,
                         ]);
-                        if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported && $this->application->settings->use_build_secrets) {
+                        if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported) {
                             // Modify the nixpacks Dockerfile to use build secrets
                             $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile");
                             $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
                             $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
                         } elseif ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
                             // BuildKit without secrets
-                            $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile");
-                            $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
-                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                         } else {
-                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}/.nixpacks/Dockerfile -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                         }
                     }
                     $base64_build_command = base64_encode($build_command);
@@ -3132,7 +3133,7 @@ COPY ./nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf");
                     $this->execute_remote_command([executeInDocker($this->deployment_uuid, 'rm '.self::NIXPACKS_PLAN_PATH), 'hidden' => true]);
                 } else {
                     // Dockerfile buildpack
-                    if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported && $this->application->settings->use_build_secrets) {
+                    if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported) {
                         // Modify the Dockerfile to use build secrets
                         $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}");
                         // Use BuildKit with secrets
@@ -3144,19 +3145,17 @@ COPY ./nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf");
                         }
                     } elseif ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported) {
                         // BuildKit without secrets
-                        $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets("{$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}");
-                        $secrets_flags = $this->build_secrets ? " {$this->build_secrets}" : '';
                         if ($this->force_rebuild) {
-                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --no-cache {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --no-cache {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                         } else {
-                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location}{$secrets_flags} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
+                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->build_args} {$this->workdir}");
                         }
                     } else {
                         // Traditional build with args
                         if ($this->force_rebuild) {
-                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
+                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build --no-cache {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
                         } else {
-                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} --progress plain -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
+                            $build_command = $this->wrap_build_command_with_env_export("docker build {$this->buildTarget} {$this->addHosts} --network host -f {$this->workdir}{$this->dockerfile_location} {$this->build_args} -t {$this->production_image_name} {$this->workdir}");
                         }
                     }
                     $base64_build_command = base64_encode($build_command);
@@ -3332,7 +3331,7 @@ COPY ./nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf");
             $this->analyzeBuildTimeVariables($variables);
         }
 
-        if ($this->dockerBuildkitSupported && $this->application->settings->use_build_secrets) {
+        if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported) {
             $this->generate_build_secrets($variables);
             $this->build_args = '';
         } else {
@@ -3819,7 +3818,7 @@ COPY ./nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf");
                 $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Service {$serviceName}: All required ARG declarations already exist.");
             }
 
-            if ($this->application->settings->use_build_secrets && $this->dockerBuildkitSupported && ! empty($this->build_secrets)) {
+            if ($this->dockerSecretsSupported && ! empty($this->build_secrets)) {
                 $fullDockerfilePath = "{$this->workdir}/{$dockerfilePath}";
                 $this->modify_dockerfile_for_secrets($fullDockerfilePath);
                 $this->application_deployment_queue->addLogEntry("Modified Dockerfile for service {$serviceName} to use build secrets.");
diff --git a/tests/Feature/MultilineEnvironmentVariableTest.php b/tests/Feature/MultilineEnvironmentVariableTest.php
index e32a2ce99..453e11109 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/MultilineEnvironmentVariableTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/MultilineEnvironmentVariableTest.php
@@ -1,144 +1,59 @@
 <?php
 
-test('multiline environment variables are properly escaped for docker build args', function () {
-    $sshKey = '-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----
-b3BlbnNzaC1rZXktdjEAAAAABG5vbmUAAAAEbm9uZQAAAAAAAAABAAAAMwAAAAtzc2gtZW
-QyNTUxOQAAACBbhpqHhqv6aI67Mj9abM3DVbmcfYhZAhC7ca4d9UCevAAAAJi/QySHv0Mk
-hwAAAAtzc2gtZWQyNTUxOQAAACBbhpqHhqv6aI67Mj9abM3DVbmcfYhZAhC7ca4d9UCevA
-AAAECBQw4jg1WRT2IGHMncCiZhURCts2s24HoDS0thHnnRKVuGmoeGq/pojrsyP1pszcNV
-uZx9iFkCELtxrh31QJ68AAAAEXNhaWxANzZmZjY2ZDJlMmRkAQIDBA==
------END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----';
-
+test('generateDockerBuildArgs returns only keys without values', function () {
     $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'SSH_PRIVATE_KEY', 'value' => "'{$sshKey}'", 'is_multiline' => true],
+        ['key' => 'SSH_PRIVATE_KEY', 'value' => "'some-ssh-key'", 'is_multiline' => true],
         ['key' => 'REGULAR_VAR', 'value' => 'simple value', 'is_multiline' => false],
     ];
 
     $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
 
-    // SSH key should use double quotes and have proper escaping
-    $sshArg = $buildArgs->first();
-    expect($sshArg)->toStartWith('--build-arg SSH_PRIVATE_KEY="');
-    expect($sshArg)->toEndWith('"');
-    expect($sshArg)->toContain('BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY');
-    expect($sshArg)->not->toContain("'BEGIN"); // Should not have the wrapper single quotes
-
-    // Regular var should use escapeshellarg (single quotes)
-    $regularArg = $buildArgs->last();
-    expect($regularArg)->toBe("--build-arg REGULAR_VAR='simple value'");
+    // Docker gets values from the environment, so only keys should be in build args
+    expect($buildArgs->first())->toBe('--build-arg SSH_PRIVATE_KEY');
+    expect($buildArgs->last())->toBe('--build-arg REGULAR_VAR');
 });
 
-test('multiline variables with special bash characters are escaped correctly', function () {
-    $valueWithSpecialChars = "line1\nline2 with \"quotes\"\nline3 with \$variables\nline4 with `backticks`";
+test('generateDockerBuildArgs works with collection of objects', function () {
+    $variables = collect([
+        (object) ['key' => 'VAR1', 'value' => 'value1', 'is_multiline' => false],
+        (object) ['key' => 'VAR2', 'value' => "'multiline\nvalue'", 'is_multiline' => true],
+    ]);
 
+    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
+    expect($buildArgs)->toHaveCount(2);
+    expect($buildArgs->values()->toArray())->toBe([
+        '--build-arg VAR1',
+        '--build-arg VAR2',
+    ]);
+});
+
+test('generateDockerBuildArgs collection can be imploded into valid command string', function () {
     $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'SPECIAL_VALUE', 'value' => "'{$valueWithSpecialChars}'", 'is_multiline' => true],
+        ['key' => 'COOLIFY_URL', 'value' => 'http://example.com', 'is_multiline' => false],
+        ['key' => 'COOLIFY_BRANCH', 'value' => 'main', 'is_multiline' => false],
+    ];
+
+    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
+
+    // The collection must be imploded to a string for command interpolation
+    // This was the bug: Collection was interpolated as JSON instead of a space-separated string
+    $argsString = $buildArgs->implode(' ');
+    expect($argsString)->toBe('--build-arg COOLIFY_URL --build-arg COOLIFY_BRANCH');
+
+    // Verify it does NOT produce JSON when cast to string
+    expect($argsString)->not->toContain('{');
+    expect($argsString)->not->toContain('}');
+});
+
+test('generateDockerBuildArgs handles variables without is_multiline', function () {
+    $variables = [
+        ['key' => 'NO_FLAG_VAR', 'value' => 'some value'],
     ];
 
     $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
     $arg = $buildArgs->first();
 
-    // Verify double quotes are escaped
-    expect($arg)->toContain('\\"quotes\\"');
-    // Verify dollar signs are escaped
-    expect($arg)->toContain('\\$variables');
-    // Verify backticks are escaped
-    expect($arg)->toContain('\\`backticks\\`');
-});
-
-test('single-line environment variables use escapeshellarg', function () {
-    $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'SIMPLE_VAR', 'value' => 'simple value with spaces', 'is_multiline' => false],
-    ];
-
-    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
-    $arg = $buildArgs->first();
-
-    // Should use single quotes from escapeshellarg
-    expect($arg)->toBe("--build-arg SIMPLE_VAR='simple value with spaces'");
-});
-
-test('multiline certificate with newlines is preserved', function () {
-    $certificate = '-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDXTCCAkWgAwIBAgIJAKL0UG+mRkSvMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMEUxCzAJBgNV
-BAYTAkFVMRMwEQYDVQQIDApTb21lLVN0YXRlMSEwHwYDVQQKDBhJbnRlcm5ldCBX
-aWRnaXRzIFB0eSBMdGQwHhcNMTkwOTE3MDUzMzI5WhcNMjkwOTE0MDUzMzI5WjBF
------END CERTIFICATE-----';
-
-    $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'TLS_CERT', 'value' => "'{$certificate}'", 'is_multiline' => true],
-    ];
-
-    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
-    $arg = $buildArgs->first();
-
-    // Newlines should be preserved in the output
-    expect($arg)->toContain("\n");
-    expect($arg)->toContain('BEGIN CERTIFICATE');
-    expect($arg)->toContain('END CERTIFICATE');
-    expect(substr_count($arg, "\n"))->toBeGreaterThan(0);
-});
-
-test('multiline JSON configuration is properly escaped', function () {
-    $jsonConfig = '{
-  "key": "value",
-  "nested": {
-    "array": [1, 2, 3]
-  }
-}';
-
-    $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'JSON_CONFIG', 'value' => "'{$jsonConfig}'", 'is_multiline' => true],
-    ];
-
-    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
-    $arg = $buildArgs->first();
-
-    // All double quotes in JSON should be escaped
-    expect($arg)->toContain('\\"key\\"');
-    expect($arg)->toContain('\\"value\\"');
-    expect($arg)->toContain('\\"nested\\"');
-});
-
-test('empty multiline variable is handled correctly', function () {
-    $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'EMPTY_VAR', 'value' => "''", 'is_multiline' => true],
-    ];
-
-    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
-    $arg = $buildArgs->first();
-
-    expect($arg)->toBe('--build-arg EMPTY_VAR=""');
-});
-
-test('multiline variable with only newlines', function () {
-    $onlyNewlines = "\n\n\n";
-
-    $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'NEWLINES_ONLY', 'value' => "'{$onlyNewlines}'", 'is_multiline' => true],
-    ];
-
-    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
-    $arg = $buildArgs->first();
-
-    expect($arg)->toContain("\n");
-    // Should have 3 newlines preserved
-    expect(substr_count($arg, "\n"))->toBe(3);
-});
-
-test('multiline variable with backslashes is escaped correctly', function () {
-    $valueWithBackslashes = "path\\to\\file\nC:\\Windows\\System32";
-
-    $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'PATH_VAR', 'value' => "'{$valueWithBackslashes}'", 'is_multiline' => true],
-    ];
-
-    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
-    $arg = $buildArgs->first();
-
-    // Backslashes should be doubled
-    expect($arg)->toContain('path\\\\to\\\\file');
-    expect($arg)->toContain('C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32');
+    expect($arg)->toBe('--build-arg NO_FLAG_VAR');
 });
 
 test('generateDockerEnvFlags produces correct format', function () {
@@ -155,54 +70,14 @@ test('generateDockerEnvFlags produces correct format', function () {
     expect($envFlags)->toContain('line2');
 });
 
-test('helper functions work with collection input', function () {
+test('generateDockerEnvFlags works with collection input', function () {
     $variables = collect([
         (object) ['key' => 'VAR1', 'value' => 'value1', 'is_multiline' => false],
         (object) ['key' => 'VAR2', 'value' => "'multiline\nvalue'", 'is_multiline' => true],
     ]);
 
-    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
-    expect($buildArgs)->toHaveCount(2);
-
     $envFlags = generateDockerEnvFlags($variables);
     expect($envFlags)->toBeString();
     expect($envFlags)->toContain('-e VAR1=');
     expect($envFlags)->toContain('-e VAR2="');
 });
-
-test('variables without is_multiline default to false', function () {
-    $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'NO_FLAG_VAR', 'value' => 'some value'],
-    ];
-
-    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
-    $arg = $buildArgs->first();
-
-    // Should use escapeshellarg (single quotes) since is_multiline defaults to false
-    expect($arg)->toBe("--build-arg NO_FLAG_VAR='some value'");
-});
-
-test('real world SSH key example', function () {
-    // Simulate what real_value returns (wrapped in single quotes)
-    $sshKey = "'-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----
-b3BlbnNzaC1rZXktdjEAAAAABG5vbmUAAAAEbm9uZQAAAAAAAAABAAAAMwAAAAtzc2gtZW
-QyNTUxOQAAACBbhpqHhqv6aI67Mj9abM3DVbmcfYhZAhC7ca4d9UCevAAAAJi/QySHv0Mk
-hwAAAAtzc2gtZWQyNTUxOQAAACBbhpqHhqv6aI67Mj9abM3DVbmcfYhZAhC7ca4d9UCevA
-AAAECBQw4jg1WRT2IGHMncCiZhURCts2s24HoDS0thHnnRKVuGmoeGq/pojrsyP1pszcNV
-uZx9iFkCELtxrh31QJ68AAAAEXNhaWxANzZmZjY2ZDJlMmRkAQIDBA==
------END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----'";
-
-    $variables = [
-        ['key' => 'KEY', 'value' => $sshKey, 'is_multiline' => true],
-    ];
-
-    $buildArgs = generateDockerBuildArgs($variables);
-    $arg = $buildArgs->first();
-
-    // Should produce clean output without wrapper quotes
-    expect($arg)->toStartWith('--build-arg KEY="-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----');
-    expect($arg)->toEndWith('-----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----"');
-    // Should NOT have the escaped quote sequence that was in the bug
-    expect($arg)->not->toContain("''");
-    expect($arg)->not->toContain("'\\''");
-});